Industrial Dehumanization——Viewed from the husband and wife relationship in "Odour of Chrysanthemums"

Lawrence is regarded as one of most accomplished short story writers in twentieth century,with "Odour of Chrysanthemums" one of his early works.Through the death of a miner,the text shows how humanity was ruined by industrial civilization.This essay is intended to unveil the destructive force by analyzing the relationship between the husband and wife.

The Hunter Gracchus:A Franz Kafka Story of Death’s Dehumanization

A key benefit of publishing illness narratives is giving voice to sick or dying people,in order to promote a deepened understanding of patients’experiences of illness.Reading this kind of stories can also help healthcare providers to reflect about facing the difficult concept of“a good death”(a good way to die).Following considerations arise from a close reading of Franz Kafka’s incomplete short story entitled“The Hunter Gracchus”(1917)and,in particular,from the condition in which he puts the protagonist,the Hunter Gracchus.Kafka creates a completely surrealistic story concerning the artificial extension of persistently compromised vital functions of a person affected by an irreversible pathology.The protagonist,who seems to be aware of his poor condition,is really distressed by living the dying process spread over a long time and so diluted.Realistic connotations of this short story were not clear at Kafka’s time,but,nowadays,because of advances in medicine,with the availability of medications or invasive interventions developed to prolong life,many patients can experience a condition similar to hunter Gracchus’s one.We believe,therefore,that could be important reading and then reflecting on this story,especially assuming the hunter’s point of view,for the purpose of developing a new approach to the current problem of the“dehumanization”of dying.To make the reflection process as free as possible,we thought that it would have been better to give the voice to the Poet,and for this reason,we tried to avoid adding words of“wisdom”to support one thesis or another.In our opinion,reflecting upon the specific experience of a person who is practically dead but still not allowed to die could encourage health-care providers to consider meaning and consequences of serious illnesses,exploring their feelings about life-sustaining treatments and death.

Wolf Nature,Dog Nature and Human Nature——An Interpretation of the Theme of Sherwood Anderson's Death in the Woods

This thesis,by analyzing the wolf nature,the dog nature and the human nature,and their relations,expounds the author's personal interpretation of the theme of Sherwood Anderson's short story Death in the Woods.The author maintains that Anderson reveals to readers the ugliness of life and the strange beauty of life,condemns the loss of love and the dehumanization of human life in the modern world and implies Anderson's deep concern on the human alienation,an important theme in the 20th century modern literature.

An Interpretation of the Theme of Death in the Woods

Death in the Woods is one of Sherwood Anderson’s masterpieces.This paper intends to explore the theme of Death in the Woods.The author reveals to readers the ugliness of life and the strange beauty of life in this short story.It condemns the loss of love and dehumanization of human life in the modern world and implies Anderson's deep concern for human alienation.It is an important theme of modern literature in the 20th century.

Patient and Provider Perspectives of Disrespect and Abuse during Childbirth in Tanzania: A Literature Review

Objective: Disrespectful and abusive (D&A) maternity care is a deterrent to facility childbirth and can thus contribute to child and maternal mortality. This study will review existing literature on D&A in Tanzania to better understand and contextualize the issue. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to find relevant publications on D&A during childbirth in Tanzania. The search was conducted on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health). The inclusion criteria were as follows: qualitative, quantitative, and ethnographic studies conducted in Tanzania on obstetrical violence;published in English;focused on prevalence, incidence, root causes, historical trends, interventions, and policy recommendations for obstetrical violence in Tanzania. Results: Twenty-one studies were selected for this literature review. Up to 73.1% of women reported experiencing at least one form of D&A during labor. Commonly reported D&A events include non-dignified care, non-confidential care, and physical abuse. Other forms of D&A, including detention in facilities and asking for unofficial payments, are also reported. Ninety-six percent of nurses, midwives, and nursing assistants in Tanzania self-reported engaging in at least one form of D&A. Lack of training and provider support, long work hours, fear of blame, and limited infrastructure were reported as factors leading to D&A by providers. Conclusions: In Tanzania, D&A during childbirth is prevalent in healthcare systems. The direct relationship between D&A and poor maternal and fetal health is well-documented. Individual and systemic factors influence both provider and patient perspectives of D&A, providing a window into a complex and sensitive phenomenon. It is important that D&A in Tanzania be viewed holistically, and that interventions target the multifaceted nature of the issue.

A Theory of a Human-Centered Social Cognitive Chain

The absence of anthropology from cognitive science may be related to the fact that the Western-dominated cognitive approach is not human-centered. From an anthropological perspective, we propose a possible social cognitive model—the human-centered social cognitive chain. It is a theory of the human cognitive process that includes two phenomena—anthropomorphism and dehumanization;has two directions—upward and downward;involves two dimensions—morality and competence;and produces two results—cuteness and coolness. It is a way for humans to understand the whole world with themselves as starting point and end point, governing social cognition. The human-centered social cognitive chain involves gods, humans, animals, plants, artificial objects, pure objects, and even abstract concepts, on the basis of which upward and downward anthropomorphism and upward and downward dehumanization arise. The existing research on anthropomorphism and dehumanization is slightly biased in that it only emphasizes upward anthropomorphism and downward dehumanization. Theoretically, both anthropomorphism and dehumanization should be twostage processes based on essentialism, but humans engaged in cognition tend to adopt a dimensional view that simplifies them. The morality-competence dichotomy reflects this tendency and results in the cognitive outcomes of cuteness, where morality is valued higher than competence and coolness, where competence is valued higher than morality. The humancentered social cognitive chain is the paradigm by which humans understand themselves, their culture, and the world.