Approach to Delimiting Metropolitan Regions' Boundary and Grading Urban Hierarchy Within a Metropolitan Region——A Case Study of Shanghai Metropolitan Region

In metropolitan regions, the change in the strength of "flows" between a core city and surrounding cities re-flects the range of the core city's influence, while the gravity between core city and other cities reflects the strength of potential relation between them. This article firstly attempts to delimit the boundary of metropolitan regions with the two dimensions measure combining "flows" and gravitation. The former is measured through the flow of people be-tween the core city and surrounding cities, and the latter is measured through both population and gross domestic products (GDP) of the core city and surrounding cities. The hierarchy of the cities within a metropolitan region is classified in order to emphasize the roles of the cities belonging to the metropolitan regions, different from the general way through population scale and administrative level, and is typical in China. This paper uses the Shanghai metropolitan region as a research case, determining boundary of this metropolitan region clearly and classifying hierarchy of the cities within the region. The final results are significantly different to previous work, even overthrowing the traditional system of urban hierarchy partly. It is helpful to highlight the function of cities in organizing the regional economy, the level structure of metropolitan regions, and each city's relative importance in a metropolitan region, which can be taken as scientific basis for planning integrated regions or urban systems.

Species delimitation in the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) from Korea using DNA barcoding

Codium, one of the largest marine green algal genera, is difficult to delimit species boundary accurately based on morphological identification only. DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for discriminating species of seaweeds. The plastid elongation factor TU （tufA） is considered as maker to perform DNA barcoding of green algal species than rbcL gene due to universality and rapid evolution rate. We conducted DNA barcoding application to Codium specimens from the Jeju Island, Korea to overcome the limit of morphological identification and to confirm the species diversity. As a result of applying tufA marker, we newly generated fifty-five tufA barcodes to resolve eight species. TufA marker exhibited 6.1%–21.8% interspecific divergences, wider than the gap of rbcL exon 1, 3.5%–11.5%. Molecular analysis of rbcL exon 1 sequences of Codium revealed eight distinct species like tufA analysis separated in five phylogenetic groups. DNA barcoding of the genus Codium using tufA marker is more helpful to overcome the limit of morphological identification, and this is more potential to reveal cryptic species and to resolve the relationships among subspecies than rbcL analysis alone. The complement of tufA barcoding and rbcL analyses including morphology for the genus Codium in the northwestern Pacific will give much more reliable achievement for discovering species diversity and resolving the phylogenetic relationships.

Influence of uncertainty in delimitation of seismic statistical zone on results of PSHA

The seismic hazard of research area is evaluated by probabilistic analysis method for three different seismic statis-tical zone scenarios. The influence of uncertainty in seismic statistical zone delimiting on the evaluation result is discussed too. It can be seen that for those local sites along zone's border or within areas with vast change of upper bound magnitude among different scenarios the influence on seismic hazard result should not be neglected.

Delimitation of Countries,Regions and Cities Which the Tropic of Cancer Traverses and Its Development Strategies

The central value 23°26′17″ of the Tropic of Cancer is used for delimiting the standard position of the Tropic of Cancer as well as countries, regions and cities which the Tropic of Cancer traverses. It is confirmed that the Tropic of Cancer runs through 19 countries and regions in the world, and it traverses Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian （sea area） and Taiwan provinces in China. At the same time, regions which the Tropic of Cancer traverses are divided into three regions, namely the extensive Tropic of Cancer region, the Tropic of Cancer region and the core area of the Tropic of Cancer. The series of delimitation and division aims to explore ways of sustainable development under the restriction of resources and environment and build collaborative development areas of the Tropic of Cancer at all leaves, especially setting up the collaborative de- velopment zone of the Tropic of Cancer in China and international collaborative development circle of the Tropic of Cancer.

Delimitation of Grain Production Functional Zones:An Empirical Analysis of Fangzi District in Weifang City

To solve some unreasonable problems in the acceptance process of the delimitation project of grain production functional zones,the acceptance results of grain production functional zones in Fangzi District,Weifang City were elaborated from the aspects of the third party organization,inspectors,expert group,acceptance criteria,acceptance method,acceptance contents,etc.,and the overall performance of the project was reviewed.The problems that need to be rectified during the implementation of the project were put forward,and the irrationality of the acceptance and the places that need to be improved were pointed out,which would provide a better guiding value for the delimitation of grain production functional zone and the acceptance and performance evaluation of similar projects.

Effect of natural prolongation with geological features on maritime delimitation

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entitled the coastal States to naturally extend the continental shelf, which has caused more drastic disputes of maritime delimitation. This paper devotes to clarifying the significant concept of natural prolongation through an effect method combing the legal principles and technical analysis. Firstly, the classic samples with respect of the development of geological features are traced. Based on these samples, the classification with a model is proposed in order to affirm the concept＇s significance under certain geomorphologic situations. Lastly, scientific analysis is used to present two potential prolongation situations and emphasize that all the technical analysis on maritime delimitation should be complied with international law and protect the common interest of all the mankind.

On the Delimitative Aspect: Verbal Reduplication

Previous literature shows that scholars differ considerably on what verbal reduplication indicates.By making use of an oral speech corpus,we analyzed and tested the data and found that the functions of verbal reduplication have close relationships with the time that the action takes place.this is a point that is different from other perfective aspectual categories,which are usual ly used in the past time.Due to its basic meaning,the delimitative aspect shows preference for volitional verbs.It has the semantic features of dynamicity,perfectivity,delimitativity,and transitoriness,yet it stresses the non-durativity of the event.

Historical mitochondrial genome introgression confounds species delimitation: evidence from phylogenetic inference in the Odorrana grahami species complex

Species delimitation is essential to informing conservation policy and understanding ecological and evolutionary processes.Most of our recent gains in knowledge on animal diversity rely on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial(mt)DNA variation.Concordant results based on both have led to an unprecedented acceleration in the identification of new species and enriched the field of taxonomy.However,discordances are also found commonly between morphological and mtDNA evidence.This confounds species delimitation,especially when gene flow or mt genome introgression has occurred.Here,we illustrate how mt genome introgression among species of the Odorrana grahami complex confounds species delimitation using the combined evidence of morphological characters,mt variation,and thousands of nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS).Fifty-eight samples across the distribution of the O.grahami complex were included.The mtDNA matrilineal genealogy indicated 2 clades,with O.grahami and Odorrana junlianensis clustered together.In contrast,all nuclear evidence including gene trees,species trees,and genetic structure analyses based on GBS data support 3 species with distinct genetic clusters.These 3 distinct genetic clusters also correspond to distinct morphological characters.They affirm the distinct taxonomic entities of both O.grahami and O.junlianensis,as well as a third clade distinct from either.Which species the third clade belongs to remains unclear and will require further testing.The nuclear genomic loci contradict the COI evidence,with indications of rampant historical mt genome introgression among the species of the O.grahami complex.These discordant signals previously confused species delimitation efforts in this group.Based on these findings,we recommend the integration of independent data,especially nuclear genomic evidence,in species delimitation so as to be robust against the pitfalls of mt introgression.

城镇更新区的识别与划定

城镇更新区的识别与划定作为城市更新规划编制的重要内容,亟需行业规范标准给予指引,中国城市规划学会标准化工作委员会组织编制的团体标准《城镇更新区划定技术导则(T/UPSC 0014-2023)》,提出了系统性的城镇更新区划定技术与方法。基于技术导则研究的现实背景和核心问题,着重从更新区识别的影响要素、更新对象识别的要点与方法,以及更新区划定的工作流程与技术要点等方面,阐述了技术导则文件的编制目的、原则和关键内容,为保证城镇更新规划工作科学、合理、规范和有效进行提供了基础性的技术支撑。

The BPP program for species tree estimation and species delimitation

This paper provides an overview and a tutorial of the BPP program, which is a Bayesian MCMC program for analyzing multi-locus genomic sequence data under the multispecies coalescent model. An example dataset of five nuclear loci from the East Asian brown frogs is used to illustrate four different analyses, including estimation of species divergence times and population size parameters under the multispecies coalescent model on a fixed species phylogeny （A00）, species tree estimation when the assignment and species delimitation are fixed （A01）, species delimitation using a fixed guide tree （A10）, and joint species delimitation and species-tree estimation or unguided species delimitation （A11）. For the joint analysis （A11）, two new priors are introduced, which assign uniform probabilities for the different numbers of delimited species, which may be useful when assignment, species delimitation, and species phylogeny are all inferred in one joint analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of the assumptions, the strengths and weaknesses of the BPP analysis [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 854-865, 2015].

Molecular phylogeographic analyses and species delimitations reveal that Leopoldamys edwardsi(Rodentia:Muridae)is a species complex

Leopoldamys edwardsi is a species with wide distribution ranges in southern China but is not discussed in stud­ies on geographic variation and species differentiation.We used 2 mitochondrial(Cytb,CO1)and 3 nuclear(GHR,IRBP and RAG1)genes to clarify species phylogeography and geographical differentiation.Maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian phylogenetic inference(BI)trees consistently indicated that L.edwardsi is a spe­cies complex containing 3 main lineages with high Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)divergences(i.e.lineages LN,LS and LHN)found in the northern and southern China and Hainan Island,respectively.The 3 species delimitation methods,automated barcoding gap discovery,Bayesian poisson tree process analysis and Bayesian phylogenet­ics and phylogeography,consistently supported the existence of cryptic species.Divergence times among the main lineages were inferred to be during the Pleistocene,with LHN/LS split at 1.33 Ma and LN/(LHN+LS)at 2.61 Ma;the diversifications of L.edwardsi complex might be caused by the rapid uplifts of Tibetan Plateau,paleo­climate change and complex topography.The divergence between LHN and LS was probably related to the sepa­ration of Hainan Island from the mainland via the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait.Lineages LN and(LS+LHN)likely diverged due to the Wuyi-Nanling mountain range forming a dispersal barrier.Our results suggested that L.edwardsi complex contains at least 3 distinct species:LHN represents L.hainanensis,endemic to Hainan Island and previously considered as a subspecies L.e.hainanensis;LS represents a cryptic species distributed through­out the southern Chinese continent;and LN represents the nominotypical species L.edwardsi.

复杂地质背景下大陆坡脚点的确定方法:以莫桑比克南部陆缘为例

针对复杂地质背景下的大陆架划界问题,提出了一种新的大陆坡脚点(foot point of the continental slope,FOS)确定方法。该方法基于水深平均梯度变化计算坡脚点所在位置,并结合相反证明以及凸包性、分段性、连续性原则进行优化。以莫桑比克南部陆缘为研究区域,利用2021年实测的高精度多波束地形数据,应用该方法提取了大陆架划界最关键的依据——FOS,并与联合国大陆架界限委员会使用的Geocap软件提取的结果进行对比,确认了相同的FOS位置,证明该方法是准确有效的。

The art and science of species delimitation

DNA-based approaches to systematics have changed dramatically during the last two decades with the rise of DNA barcoding methods and newer multi-locus methods for species delimitation. During the last half-decade, partly driven by the new sequencing technologies, the focus has shifted to multi-locus sequence data and the identification of species within the frame-work of the multi-species coalescent （MSC）. In this paper, I discuss model-based Bayesian methods for species delimitation that have been developed in recent years using the MSC. Several approximate methods for species delimitation （and their limitations） are also discussed. Explicit species delimitation models have the advantage of clarifying more precisely what is being delimited and what assumptions we are making in doing so. Moreover, the methods can be very powerful when applied to large multi-locus datasets and thus take full advantage of data generated using today＇s technologies [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 846-853,2015].

自然资源综合化“一查”体系构建技术研究

长期以来,受自然资源调查监测实施部门分散的影响,自然资源调查业务中概念不统一、内容有交叉、指标相矛盾等问题比较突出,尚未形成统一的技术标准和方法,且成果难以共享。针对江苏省自然资源调查监测工作推进和业务管理的实际需求,以自然资源综合调查监测国家试点项目为依托,按照“一查”试点的工作任务与要求,开展了调查标准体系构建与技术方法研究。完成了表达资源禀赋与利用的自然资源分类标准、指标体系和数据库标准的制定,提出了“一底两分多码”的自然资源多级实体定界与多重属性表达方法,构建了服务“多用”的“一查”技术体系,能够为自然资源调查和“两统一”管理、国土空间规划编制等业务提供支撑和依据。

Uprooting phylogenetic uncertainty in coalescent species delimitation： A meta-analysis of empirical studies

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies rely on the accurate quantification of biodiversity. In recent studies of taxonomically ambiguous groups, species boundaries are often determined based on multi-locus sequence data. Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography （BPP） is a coalescent-based method frequently used to delimit species; however, empirical studies suggest that the requirement of a user-specified guide tree biases the range of possible outcomes. We evaluate fifteen multi-locus datasets using the most recent iteration of BPP, which eliminates the need for a user-specified guide tree and reconstructs the species tree in synchrony with species delimitation （= unguided species delimitation）. We found that the number of species recovered with guided versus unguided species delimitation was the same except for two cases, and that posterior probabilities were generally lower for the unguided analyses as a result of searching across species trees in addition to species delimitation models. The guide trees used in previous studies were often discordant with the species tree topologies estimated by BPP. We also compared species trees estimated using BPP and ＊BEAST and found that when the topologies are the same, BPP tends to give higher posterior probabilities [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 866-873, 2015].

论条约法上的历史性权利在海洋划界中的例外作用

历史性权利是我国主张南海权益的基本法律依据之一。未来,我国与相关国家进行海洋划界时,势必将重点围绕历史性权利这一基本法律依据而展开。在此背景下,明晰历史性权利在海洋划界中的作用,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。以《联合国海洋法公约》为代表的条约法确立了历史性权利在海洋划界中的例外作用。例外作用的启动方式,有着自身的实质性和形式性的要求。例外作用的对象包括显性对象与隐性对象两大类。例外作用的效力一方面体现在排除国际强制管辖之效力,另一方面体现在强制调解对例外作用的承接效力。条约法上的历史性权利在海洋划界中的例外作用规则,可为我国未来与相关国家进行海洋划界提供适法指引。

东北亚海洋国家的海洋管辖权主张及划界分析

朝鲜、韩国、日本、俄罗斯这四个东北亚海洋国家都签署了《联合国海洋法公约》,并都依据《公约》竭力维护各自的海洋管辖权主张。目前,东北亚有日韩《关于确定邻接两国的大陆架北部边界的协定》《苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国关于划定苏联和朝鲜国家边界的条约》《苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国之间专属经济区和大陆架边界协定》三个生效的海洋划界条约/协定。四国竭力扩展各自的海洋管辖权主张范围以便在海洋划界中占据有利法律地位。四国海洋划界原则和实践中适用等距离方法。这些特点为中国未来与朝韩日三国海洋划界提供了启示,可以考虑务实适用“等距离/有关情况”规则或公平原则。

等距离线在国际海洋划界方法论中的地位变迁、原因及启示

《大陆架公约》第6条规定的“等距离/特殊情况规则”与2009年黑海划界案正式确立的三阶段划界方法均将等距离线置于其重要地位。尽管国际法院与其他裁判机构否认适用等距离线方法的强制性,但等距离线方法在国际司法实践中的运用却渐趋广泛。经审视后发现,可预测性和操作方便性是等距离线方法在司法实践中得以广泛运用的主要原因,保持个案之间的一致性和连续性也是裁判机构选择该划界方法的重要理由。基于此,因存在领土主权争议或海岸线长度占优势以及当事国大陆架不共架而反对适用等距离线方法的国家,需对将相关争端提交司法程序或仲裁程序的解决方式持审慎态度。

Practice and Exploration of the Delimitation and Implementation of Urban Development Boundary in Hangzhou

The urban development boundary is an institutional arrangement of overall planning and regulations of regional urban-rural space and ecological space, an important public policy which ensures the healthy and orderly development of urbanization, and one of the key contents that deepens the reform of the economic system. The delimitation of the urban development boundary is considered as a significant content for urban master plan revision and a fundamental basis for urban space layout and infrastructure layout in Hangzhou. As to the methods of delimitation, from the requirements of overall and long-term regional development, with the idea of "seeking the greatest common divisor," and in line with the layout requirements of population, facilities, and economic activities, the 18 space control elements sorted out according to the laws are integrated to form "one space map" that meets various requirements through interdepartmental negotiation and consultation. It should adhere to the principles including that it should follow related laws, should be implemented in space, should have multi-plan integration, and should be easy in operation. The Hangzhou Municipal Government formulates the Implementation Plan of the Hangzhou Urban Development Boundary, which, in line with the overall requirements of an intensive and highly efficient production space, a livable and moderate living space, and a pleasant and picturesque ecological space, classifies and disposes the present construction outside the urban development boundary, specifies the protection and utilization requirements for the space outside the urban development boundary, promotes the integration of functions inside and outside the urban development boundary, and establishes long-term management mechanisms including formulating regulations, dynamic monitoring, assessments of government performance, and social supervision.