Conceptual Updating and Improvement Path for China’s Criminal Norms of Juvenile Delinquency

China’s criminal norms of juvenile delinquency suffer problems such as outdated legislative models,a lack of special pro-visions on convictions,an extensive criminal punishment system,and an oversimplified rights recovery system.Therefore,it is necessary to find an appropriate path to improve and strengthen the protection of special,prior rights of minors,based on updating relevant concepts.From the perspective of the law of juvenile delinquency,the law of hu-man development reflects the decisiveness of juvenile delinquency,and the law of age-crime curve showcases the stages of juvenile delinquen-cy.In terms of the treatment of juveniles who have committed crimes,the approach to juvenile delinquency in criminal law should shift from“commutation for children at discretion”to“child-friendly”and from social defense to individual rehabilitation.Based on conceptual updat-ing,the criminal norms for juvenile delinquency should be improved in four aspects:first,establishing special rules to broaden the path of exculpation;second,promoting the leniency of sentencing by taking into account the perpetrator factor;third,introducing special types of punishment and methods of enforcement to strengthen preventive and educational punishments;fourth,building a multilevel rights recovery system to ensure the rehabilitation and development of juvenile offend-ers.

The Health and Morals of Minors： The Glue-Sniffing Epidemic in Louisiana Legislation and Law, 1966-1972

In response to horror stories throughout the country concerning childhood deaths from sniffing model airplane glue, organizations around Louisiana would begin lobbying for legislation to criminalize the practice in 1966. State lawmakers spent much of that summer crafting an anti-glue-sniffing measure for the state. The debates that resulted from the attempt, however, never really focused on the sustainability or practical use of such a law, but instead on the kind of law it would ultimately be -- whether, for example, retailers would be liable for selling glue to minors, even though model airplanes and other kits and toys required such items. Or whether the ingredients in model airplane glue could be classed as schedule one narcotics. Such questions ultimately framed a debate about the fundamental nature of the offense being committed. Ultimately, （unlike other Deep South states） Louisiana decided that sniffing glue was not a drug crime. Instead, it was a problem that affected ＂the health and morals of minors＂.

Principal Component Analysis of Male Criminal Behavior

The present study was conducted in order to establish factors that can potentially facilitate crime, as well as the status of the emotional wellbeing presented in the prison population. The sample was composed of 358 inmates of the Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation number 7 in Mexico. A questionnaire was specifically developed;it evaluated sociodemographic factors and Likert scales of substance intake, domestic violence, and depressive symptoms. Validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.703) of the instrument showed appropriate relations between the reagents of the scales;results showed—through Chi-Square analysis—statistically significant differences in the correlations between sociodemographic factors, domestic violence, addictions, and depressive symptoms. Although results showed a connection between domestic violence and substance abuse with criminal behavior, low socioeconomic conditions exhibited a higher degree of correlation with criminal activity. On the other hand, high depression symptoms are present in one out of every five inmates.

Strategies for Dealing with Gang Activity in Urban Communities

As disturbing as youth and gun violence is, it is not hard to reduce the mortality rate because it is preventable. The information provided in this research will help to get policies waiting to be reviewed by legislators, and any new proposal that reaches the appropriate legislative chamber, reviewed without obstacles and will help to prevent youth violence. Upon completion of this research, the study shows that rates of youth violence have decreased based on programs implemented at the state government level with a stronger juvenile justice system holding offenders accountable to ensure public safety and reduce youth violence and victimization. The study shows that community and school involvement with law enforcement and government agencies are some of the strategies needed to help reduce gun violence and rebuild communities.

Confessions of a Closet Comic Book Reader： How Comics Warped Minds and Challenged Cultural Standards

In 1952, the federal government was called upon to investigate the comic book industry in order to determine if reading comic books influenced juvenile delinquency. The United States could not afford to look weak from any angle; the idea of Communist nations exploiting moral weakness of any kind was frightening to many. However, the Soviets were already aware of moral issues on the American home front that were affecting the health of the nation, such as civil rights, sexism （sexual confusion）, a rise in fascism, and juvenile delinquency. This study will discuss the investigation of the comic book industry as the sole contributors to juvenile delinquent issues, as Fredric Wertham charged in his book Seduction of the Innocent. In addition, this study focuses on the ways in which Entertaining Comics （EC） pushed the envelope and challenged Cold War standards of ideal middle class values. Their creative resistance led to the federal investigation which nearly destroyed the comic book industry. Through these investigations, the federal government re-defined the first amendment as it applied to this type of media as a way to curtail what they believed was the Soviet Union＇s efforts to use our own literature as a propaganda tool for their people.

对未成年人违法犯罪的思考

我国现有１８岁以下青少年四亿多，占全国总人口的三分之一，这四亿多人将是２１世纪上半叶国家建设和发展的决定力量，他们的素质状况如何，特别是青少年犯罪问题解决得如何，不仅是维护社会稳定的需要，也是关系到中华民族兴衰存亡的战略课题。作为政法工作者，笔者试图...

Impulsivity Subtypes and Maladaptive Road Performance among Drivers in Germany and Switzerland

Excessive speed and speeding substantially compromise road safety in Germany and Switzerland.Approximately one third of all fatal accidents are caused by maladjusted speed.Recent studies attribute a special importance to the impulsivity construct in the context of maladaptive road behavior.Thus,the effects of impulsivity on risky driving behaviors(speeding violations)were examined in a Swiss-German sample of N=361 car drivers(both on speed affine drivers and putative ordinary drivers).The participants filled in a questionnaire battery consisting of an impulsiveness scale as well as traffic-related attitudes and cognitive appraisal tendencies on the one hand and indicators for maladaptive behaviors at and beyond traffic domain on the other hand.The directions of the observed correlations between the scales were as expected,with impulsivity correlating negatively with age(young drivers scored higher)but not at all with gender or driving experience.To find out more about the functionality of impulsivity,specific personality profiles were carried out via cluster analysis.Three different control types were empirically found(impulsivity subtype,reduced compliance subtype,vulnerability subtype),while high impulsive drivers scored high in impulsivity,low on compliance,high on affective responsiveness and described themselves as affordance-prone.The impulsive type additionally shows more speeding offences stored in the driving license file,overrides speed limits for more than 15 km/h more frequently and even shows deviancy beyond traffic domain.The results are discussed in the light of the impulse control system and conclusions are drawn regarding assessment of driving aptitude and interventions.The theoretical framework including a hierarchical structured model of deviance was confirmed empirically.

Reducing Recidivism With the Chances Program:Immigrant Juvenile Delinquents in Israel

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Chances program,a program that was established in 2004 in order to prevent juvenile delinquency among immigrant youth in Israel.Previous research showed that immediately after the program ended,all participants stopped their delinquent behavior.The current research tested the effectiveness of the program two and a half years later and explored the risk of or immunity to recidivism among graduates of the program.A sample of 145 graduates was asked to fill out a closed questionnaire examining the effectiveness of the program through self‐report questions about recidivism.The results were significant,showing that only three of the graduates(14%of the sample)continued to commit felons,while the great majority(86%)reintegrated into normative life within the community including school,employment,and army service.Fears of disappointing their tutor were found central to the discontinuation of delinquency.The graduates also attributed other elements of the Chances program to their normative behavior and reintegration into normative society.The implications of this study demonstrate that although the Chances program was designed to treat immigrant delinquent youth,its success can be relevant for treating native‐born delinquent youth as well.

Juvenile Delinquency and Psychopathic Behavior: About a Case in Abidjan

Violent and murderous juvenile delinquency born of the phenomenon of young people organized in gangs commonly called “microbes”, has become a real security problem for Ivorian society. It is in this context that this study has set itself the main objective of depicting the psychopathic behavior of a young “microbe” delinquent who has committed several violent crimes. It was a monographic study of the correlational-explanatory type that mobilized observation and semi-directive interviews for the production of data. The method of phenomenological analysis permits to detect traits of psychopathy in a 21-year-old youth through family history and accounts of criminal acts committed. The results of the study showed, on the one hand, a family dysfunction that gave the bed of behaviors such as the lack of empathy, the absence of remorse and the superficiality of the affects, thus translating a deficit on the level of the affective dimension. We also noted the presence of antisocial behavior such as living on the streets or in smoking rooms consuming and selling drugs. There were further implications such as theft, physical aggression and intentional homicide. According to the psychopathy literature, emotional insensitivity juxtaposed with behavior disorder was a primary combination of characteristics that help identify adolescents who exhibit psychopathic traits. Faced with this reality, this study pleads for the establishment of a special aid program to better control the deadly violence of these people.

Epidemiological and Psychosocial Profile of Juvenile Delinquency: Case Study of Delinquent Children and Adolescents under Court Order in Benin (2015)

Background: Given the scale of juvenile delinquency in Benin, families, judicial bodies and the society seemed overwhelmed. The objective was to study the epidemiological and psychosocial profile of delinquent children and adolescents under court order (DCAUCO) in Benin civil prisons in 2015. Methods of study: It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which involved 117 children aged 11 to 18 years, recruited from 6th May to 10th September 2015 in nine Civil Prisons and a Child and Adolescent Care Center in Benin. Data were collected through face-to-face interview between the interviewer and the interviewee in addition to ASSIST-WHO, Family Assessment Device and ParentalAcceptance and Rejection Scale. Results: The average age was 16.1 ± 1.1 years, ranging from 11 to 18 years. Sex ratio M/F was 22.4. School dropout rate was 76.9%. Orphans represented 53.9%. The proportion of juvenile offenders coming from broken families was 30.8%. Theft (46.2%) and rape (19.7%) were the main offenses committed. 99.1% had no criminal records and the judge requested for all of them a detention warrant. Psychoactive substance consumption records (46.2%) were found, including: alcohol (46.2%), tobacco (23.9%), and cannabis (10.3%). They felt maternal and paternal absence respectively in 48.7% and 44.4% cases and pleaded guilty in 71.8%. Pleading guilty was a resilience factor on which the counseling would have to rely for their rehabilitation and social reintegration.

Analysis on the Reform Path of the Hierarchical Treatment System for Juvenile Delinquents in China

Although it has stipulated a treatment system for juvenile delinquents in the existing law of China,the related provisions are scattered throughout different legal norms and need to be integrated and perfected.The existing treatment of juvenile delinquents,including administrative treatment and judicial treatment,mainly faces the following problems:(a)The treatment measures are too rough and simple to effectively combine punishment with leniency effectively;(b)The hierarchical treatment measures are not perfect enough procedurally;(c)The non-criminal treatment measures do not produce the desired effect.Based on a good understanding of the basic connotations of the hierarchical treatment system for juvenile delinquents,it is necessary to take the following steps:(a)Treat the juvenile delinquents in appropriate ways according to the subject,specific content,and severity of juvenile delinquencies;(b)Take highly-targeted and flexible treatment measures at different stages of criminal proceedings,namely,take criminal coercive measures against juvenile delinquents in a prudent manner and impose criminal punishments against them in a relatively lenient manner,to better help them return to society.

Child Upbringing and Delinquency： Implication for Societal Development in Nigeria

This paper investigated the influence of parental child upbringing styles and juvenile delinquency and the implication for societal development. A total number of 35 female and male delinquent inmates of Children Correctional Centre in Cross River State and 35 female and male non-delinquents from a normal school aged from 12 years to 17 years took part in the study. The Child Rearing Questionnaire （CRQ） designed by the researcher was used for data collection. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Chi-square was used in testing the study hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The result of the data analysis showed that parental child-rearing style has a significant influence on the three aspects of dishonest behaviour, namely lying, stealing, and truancy, and parents＇ bonding with their children is also significant. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that parents should adopt more of authoritative child upbringing styles. Parents are expected to guide and modify the behaviour of their children to conform with the acceptable behaviours in society as well as participate in activities aimed at preventing crime or disorder being committed by their children.

An Analysis of Children's Educational View of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist

Charles Dickens—the greatest representative of English critical realism writer in the 19th century.The age when he lived and his own experience contributed to his more attention to the low-class people of the society and children's education.His first work of critical realism Oliver Twist is also not exceptional which shows attention of the children's education,compassion and concerning about children's growth in the novel.The author argues from the view of pedagogy to analyze the causes of the tragic fate of five secondary typical characters(Monks,Dick,Noah,Dodger and Charley)to reveal children's educational view of Charles Dickens—the harmony of family relationships,the humanization of school system and the fraternity of social system in Oliver Twist.At the same time,the author would study that children educational view of Charles Dickens's influence on the children's education in our country,especially for the education of delinquent children in modern society.

“They Call Me Mother”——Experiences of working on cases of juvenile delinquency

Iam a judge, working on cases of juvenile delinquency since September 1987. At the same time, I am a mother. Not only my own children call me "mother," but also many of the youngsters whom I have tried and sentenced. As a mother, I’m sympathetic towards these youngsters who have taken a misstep in life. As a judge,

Exploring the Influence of Family Education on Children in Red Fin­ger

In recent years,cases of juvenile delinquency have gradually increased,mainly due to indulging in games to kill people;blindly pursuing grades,and committing suicide by jumping off buildings when the rates are unsat­isfactory;some divorced families do not care for their children and thus commit crimes,or some parents dote on their children.The child becomes a pervert and embarks on the road of crime.This article selects the novel Red Finger by the Japanese writer Keigo Higashino because the mother’s exces­sive doting has made the child lawless and embarked on the road of murder.Faced with such a result,the means adopted by the parents turned out to be throwing the corpse,helping the son to cover up the crime,and even forc­ing the son’s criminal behavior on the mother who has Alzheimer’s disease.The juvenile delinquency family is fundamental,and the parents want to raise a child with a good personality;it is necessary to create a harmonious family atmosphere.The social background of Red Finger is Japan in the 1990s.The economic crisis broke out in Japan.Fathers have to work very hard.However,the lack of communication between fathers and children at work for a long time has affected the children’s family happiness.The role of fathers is even just a figure in the mouth of mothers,and the company of parents to children.The education of children and the way of dealing with problems are subtly affecting children’s life values.This paper uses Satya’s family education theory to study the characters’personalities and the influ­ence of family education on children’s growth in the novel Red Finger.

Econometric Model to Estimate the Probability of Default and Loss Given Default in the EBA Stress Test in 2016

In this research,an econometric with panel data using Ordinary least squares OLS model is constructed following the guidelines recommended by the EBA stress test methodology for 2016.The findings indicate that macroeconomic factors affecting defaults are the expected ones in the Spanish credit institutions.However,loan impairments do not follow the patterns that a priori would be normal.Divergent is outcomes in defaults and impairments:the Non-Performing Loans(NPL)is pro-cyclical and impairment losses are counter-cyclical.

Love Makes a Delinquent a "Cartoonist"

Gu Ming loved painting from his early childhood. At six, he began to learnpainting from a noted master. His talent, cleverness and aptness of learning, plushis father's influence and guidance by a noted master, made him once quite wellknown in his locality. For this, he received particular love from his parents.However, as he was growing up, he went astray.Gu Ming was thrown into prison on four occasions. Thanks to the fatherlylove shown by the prison wardens, he plucked up his courage and buttressed hisconfidence and in the end realized his dream of becoming a cartoonistThe following is a story told by Gu Ming about himself:

On China's Protection of Delinquent Minors'Rights

At the end of June 2011, China had 29 reformatories for delinquent minors, where 17,149 convicts aged 18 oryounger were serving their terms. These facilities have persistently followed the policy of ＂combining punishment with redemption, with redemption taken as the main objective＂ as well as a policy that calls for the integration of ＂educa- tion, persuasion and redemption＂ Good results have been achieved thanks to implementation of these policies, es- pecially since the People＇s Republic of China Law on the Protection of Minors was promulgated in September 1991.

“A New Historic Youth”:Lettrism, Delinquency, and the Fait Divers in Postwar France

This essay seeks to historicize Lettrist activity in France and to situate Lettrist aesthetic productions and destructions in relation to the memory of German Occupation of France during World War II,and to the violent outbursts and acting out of the Lettrists'contemporaries.Isidore Isou and others belonged to a rather unique generation in the history of France-a generation that caused adults a great deal of concern as young men and women committed crimes and acts of violence at unprecedented rates.Attending to the cultural historical specificities of the Lettrists and other young troublemakers in postwar France,I argue that Lettrism,as an aesthetic idea,could never have gained or sustained momentum without the mid-century fait divers,a specific genre of miscellaneous news story.In the years immediately following the end of World War II,the raison d'etre of the young Lettrists in France could perhaps be defined as the construction of situations that would generate banal news items of a very specific nature.Refraining Lettrist activity as essentially compatible with the raw material for faits divers,as defined by Roland Barthes,helps us to appreciate the somewhat-surprising interest the group generated at a historic moment when France had never been more concerned with the gratuitous misdeeds of young men.