克拉-2异常高压气藏岩石应力敏感性测定及其对产能的影响(英文)

KeLa-2 gas reservoir is the largest uncompartimentalized gas field so far discovered in China, with a reserve of hundreds of billions of cubic meters of dry gas. It has such features as extremely long interval (550m), high pressure (74.5MPa) and pressure coefficient (2.022). Gas reservoirs with a pressure coefficient of over 2.0 are not commonly found. The abnormal high-pressure reservoirs are quite different in characteristic and performance during the process of depletion exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to know the property of pressure sensitivity for this abnormal high-pressure reservoir. The aim of this paper is to test the reservoir pressure sensitivity and to analyze its effect on the deliverability of gas. Through some experiments, the permeability change with the confining pressure of rock samples from KeLa-2 abnormal high-pressure gas reservoir is measured. A power function is used to match the measured data, and to derive an empirical equation to describe the change of permeability through the change of the reservoir pressure or effective overburden pressure. Considering the permeability change during the development of reservoirs, a conventional deliverability equation is modified, and the deliverability curve for KeLa-2 gas reservoir is predicted. The research indicates that the extent of the pressure sensitivity of rock samples from KeLa-2 is higher than that from the Daqing oilfield. KeLa-2 reservoir rock has the feature of an undercompaction state. The pressure sensitivity of a reservoir may decrease the well deliverability. It is concluded that for KeLa-2 reservoir the predicted absolute open flow (AOF), when the pressure sensitivity is taken into account, is approximately 70% of the AOF when permeability is constant and does not change with pressure.

Enhanced resistance of marine shrimp Exopalamon carincauda Holthuis to WSSV by injecting live VP28-recombinant bacteria

Recombinant bacteria secreting the transmembrane-truncated region of white spot syndrome virus （WSSV） envelope protein VP28 named DhpVB were constructed, using live Escherichia coli as a deliverer and a con- stitutive secretory expression plasmid as the expression vector. With the ability to deliver recombinant pro- tein products outside, DhpVB could make VP28 directly interact with the shrimp when injected into shrim- p. In order to test the protection potential, live DhpVB were injected into the marine shrimp Exopalamon carincauda Holthuis for three times and WSSV challenge was performed twice simultaneously at the last two injections of the bacteria. The results showed that DhpVB displayed statistically significant advantage over bacteria without VP28 after the second challenge with an average RI （Resistance index） of 0.67±0.08, compared with 0.41±0.09 of bacteria without VP28 （P 〈0.05）. The data suggested that a quasi-immune response may exist in E. carincauda and live bacteria carrying VP28 could enhance the shrimp resistance against WSSV.

HOW ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION SHOULD GO FORWARD INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Mr.Chairman,Ladies and Gentlemen,It is a great honour and pleasure for me tohave the opportunity to deliver this lecture on“How Acupuncture-Moxibustion Should Go For-ward into the 21st Century”.In 1978,the International Conference onPrimary Health Care held in Alma-Ata recog-nized the potential of traditional medicine in ex-tending primary health care to underserved pop-ulations.In many developing countries,in fact,people have always used both traditional

Deliverability of wells in carbonate gas condensate reservoirs and the capillary number effect

With the development of the Tazhong No. 1 carbonate gas condensate reservoir in China, it has become more and more important to study the characteristics of gas condensate well deliverability. A single-well radial simulator for dual-permeability reservoirs was established to study the influences of fluid properties, permeability, and pressure drawdown on well deliverability with and without the capillary number effect. The simulation shows that well deliverability basically maintains its initial value and is not affected by the capillary number when the formation pressure is higher than dew-point pressure. However, well deliverability drops rapidly when the formation pressure is lower than dew-point pressure. Even if the condensate dropout is very low, well deliverability without the capillary number effect reduces to 50 percent of its initial value when reservoir pressure declines to 95 percent of dew-point pressure, but well deliverability is significantly improved if the capillary number effect exists. The capillary number effect is most significant when reservoir pressure is just lower than dew point pressure, then the effect decreases; the reduction of well deliverability is mainly caused by the reduction of gas relative permeability of the matrix system near the wellbore.

An Inversion Evolutionary Algorithm on How to Convert FDP to TSP

The Film Copy Deliverer Problem (FDP),much more difficult than TSP,is a new problem in the combination optimization. In this paper,a new algorithm is introduced. First,the FDP is converted to TSP. Then an evolutionary algorithm based on inversion operator is adopted. Compared with other Genetic Algorithms,it is not only more simple and easier to realize but also faster and more accurate.

Cost and value in medical education：the role of statistical process control

Medical education is associated with significant costs[1].These costs have led to a growing interest in how to deliver high quality or high quantity education on a limited budget.This in turn has led to an interest in how best to measure quantity,quality and cost and how to track these variables over time.The ultimate aim of the interest in cost and value in medical education is to

Design and Realization of an NFC-Driven Smart Home System to Support Intruder Detection and Social Network Integration

The Internet of thing（Io T） emerges as a possible solution to realize a smart life in the modern age. In this article, we design and realize a novel near field communication（NFC）-driven smart home system for Io T, which integrates the wireless sensor network（WSN）, social networks, and the cloud computing. NFC technology provides a way for users to exchange information between them and the system by simply contacting. So, we propose to use NFC as the system drive in the architecture, such that users can intuitively interact with the system and deliver their intentions. Then, the corresponding service over the system will control or adjust the “things” at home to fit users＇ needs. Furthermore, the proposed system provides a platform for developers to easily and rapidly implement their smart home related services. In the system, WSN sensing and control, NFC communications and identification, user profile management and preference analysis, and social network integration are all provided as platform services. We will show how the system works for home automation, intruder detection, and social network sharing.

邬贺铨:标准数字化是大势所趋

Standards digitalization is a priority of future standardization work in China,as the National Standardization Development Outline puts forward“promoting the transformation of standardization in a digital,networked and smart way”.When delivering a report at the National Standardization Work Conference earlier this year.

高中英语“阅读写作一体化”写作教学模式初探

英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,更是语言能力的重要表现形式。通过写作,英语知识不断得到巩固并内化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是,英语写作教学一直是我国英语教学中最薄弱的环节,教师大都只注意写作结果,而忽视写作前的指导和铺垫过程,学生的习作也多表现为信息处理凌乱,表达欠逻辑性且多中式英语,以致出现了＂听到写作学生心烦,见到习作教师头痛＂的现象。

Modular Hydrogels for Drug Delivery

The development of novel drug delivery systems is an essential step toward controlled site-specific administration of therapeutics within the body. It is desirable for delivery vehicles to be introduced into the body through minimally invasive means and, these vehicles should be capable of releasing drug to their intended location at a controlled rate. Furthermore, it is desirable to develop drug delivery systems that are capable of in vivo to suffer degradation and to deliver the drug completely, avoiding the need to surgically remove the vehicle at the end of its useful lifetime. Hydrogels are of particular interest for drug delivery applications due to their ability to address these needs in addition to their good biocompatibility, tunable network structure to control the diffusion of drugs and, tunable affinity for drugs. However, hydrogels are also limited for drug delivery applications due to the often quick elution of drug from their highly swollen polymer matrices as well as the difficulty inherent in the injection of macroscopic hydrogels into the body. This paper presents an overview to the advances in hydrogels based drug delivery. Different types of hydrogels can be used for drug delivery to specific sites in the gastrointestinal tract ranging from the oral cavity to the colon. These novel systems exhibit a range of several peculiar properties which make them attractive as controlled drug release formulations. Moreover, such materials are biocompatible and can be formulated to give controlled, pulsed, and triggered drug release profiles in a variety of tissues.

Design and Simulation of a Feedback Control System for a Steel Plate Storage

A discrete event heuristic feedback control system fo r a steel plate storage at Odense Steel Shipyard Ltd is developed and implemente d in a computer-based simulation model. The plant is subject to stochastic dist urbances. The control system is able to handle this stochastic behaviour bec ause of the feedback design. The present simulation results indicate that a bene fit in the range of 30%～40% is reachable by modifying the plant. Plant description The steel plate storage is located at Odense Steel Shipyard Ltd, Denmark. The st eel plate storage contains steel plates used to build ship sections. The size of the storage is 600x35 meters. It consists of 32x8 stacks of plates. Plates are delivered and removed dynamically. The plate storage contains 5.000 steel plates in average. Over time, new plates delivered to the storage replace plates removed from the storage. The maximum si ze of a plate is 17x4 meters with a weight of up to 22 tons. The plates are uniq ue and dedicated to a specific purpose but in average the 5 000 plates consist o f 2 500 types. Plates are transported around the plate storage by two portal cranes. The cranes drive on a common rail and hence they cannot overtake each other. The cranes us e magnetic force to lift the plates. The crane can deliver the lifted plate to a conveyor belt or to another stack depending on whether the plate has been order ed for the current day or later. The plant is subject to different kinds of disturbances. The processes performed at the plant are stochastic. Furthermore, the due dates of the plates are frequ ently changed and hence the effect of previously sorting might be lost. The control task is to dispatch movements of plates to the two cranes. The overa ll goal is to minimize the costs at the plate storage and hence the two cranes a re used for executing the movements as fast as possible without colliding and re spect other physical constraints. Problem solution Different approaches have been investigated to solve the problem. A discrete eve nt heuristic feedback controller is used as an online algorithm. The controller is combined with a local search heuristic for improving the initial plan deliver ed by the controller. The improved plan is used as a reference for another feedb ack controller. To indicate the size of the problem, consider an example where the online algori thm is used for executing 600 movements for one day. Through the day the algorit hm finds the locally optimal movement between 20 executable movements. Then the number of different solutions is 20 600! Notice that the possibility of cho osing another destination for the plates to be moved is not taken into account! Results Without time disturbances the controller using an optimised plan as a reference supply the best performance. Nevertheless, when time disturbances are introduces the discrete event heuristic feedback controller performs as well. The comparis on depends on the size of the disturbances. When the disturbances reach a certai n level the discrete event heuristic feedback controller supply the best perform ance and robustness. If the performance is compared with the working system of today, it seems realis tic that a 30%～40% reduction in time is reachable.

Antitumor effects of cytokine gene-encoded vaccinia virus on murine melanoma

Recombinant vaccinia virus has many advantagesover more restricted vectors like retrovirus andadenovirus. The proven safety of vaccinia virus, which isrestricted to local and transitory infection, favors clinicalapplication of vaccinia virus to deliver cytokines locally.

Treatment of rat metastatic liver cancer by hepatic artery injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing cytokines

In recent years, great enthusiasm is given to theresearches of cancer gene therapy, which seems to bea promising novel strategy for cancer treatment.There are several strategies to deliver target genes intobodies. Among them, adenovirus-mediated genetransfection exhibits great advantages including highgene transfer efficiency and high expression level. Butthe optimal route of gene delivery is still uncertain.

Summary overview of human gene therapy trials in the U.S.

It has been approximately six and one-half yearssince the first patient was enrolled in a gene therapyclinical trial. Since that important begining, this typeof genetic intervention has grown into a worldwideinvestigative activity involving about 2100 patients asof December 1996. Although it was initially

SIMULATION OF A COLD ROLLING PLANT'S GOODS DELIVERY FORECASTING SYSTEM

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Process Facilities of 50 kt/a TDI Unit at North Jinghua PU Company Run Smoothly

The facilities of 50 kl/a TDI unit at the North Jinghua Polyurethane Company in Liaoning province have been operating smoothly and safely for 158 h to deliver 500 tons of first-grade TDI products.The construction of this project has incarnated that the North Jinghua Polyurethane Company has completely mastered the TDI production technique.

Nanoparticles as a tool to deliver drugs to the retina and brain:an update

Over the past few years,different neurontargeted nanoparticles(NPs)were designed to deliver drugs to enhance neuron protection and recovery,and much progress was made in our understanding of the uptake mechanism and the related physicochemical properties.Physicochemical properties attracting much attentions in NP's design and modification include particle size,surface hydrophobicity。

THE MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATION IN EARLY STAGE OF CARCINOGENESIS OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT

The carcinogenic effect of BaP on the re-spiratory system have been extensively inves-tigated.It has not been reported that thehuman respiratory tract(HRT)would undergopreneoplastic lesions experimentally afterexposure to BaP,because of being in diffi-culty to obtain the studying materials ofnormal HRT.