Response of delta sedimentary system to variation of water and sediment in the Yellow River over past six decades

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×10^9 m^3 and 3.41×10^8 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×10^10 m^3 and 2.42×10^8 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×10^8 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×10^8t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea （SSCT） is 25.4-26.0 kg/m^3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.

Eco-toxicity and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Burullus Lake in Egypt

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of growing concern due to their potential ecological and human health risks.This study presents a comprehensive assessment of PAHs contamination in the surface sediments of Burullus Lake,a vital and second largest delta lake in Egypt.The aim was to evaluate the eco-toxicity and potential health risks associated with the presence of these compounds.Surface seven sediment samples were collected from various drains in the southern part of Burullus Lake.Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract PAHs(16PAHs)from the sediment sample.Analytically,target compounds were located using HPLC.The results showed that samples contained PAHs levels ranging from 0.038×10^(-6)to 0.459×10^(-6),which is considered heavily polluted by the European standard for PAHs pollution.Additionally,there was no apparent source of PAHs in the ElKhashah drain or the Brinbal Canal,as HPLC found none of the compounds.The most prevalent compound in sediment samples along the study area was fluoranthene.The diagnostic indices in the present study indicated that the hydrocarbons in the region originated from pyrolytic and man-made sources along the drains of Burullus Lake.The principal component analysis(PCA)and diagnostic ratios revealed that coal combustion and pyrolytic sources were responsible for the PAHs contamination in the surface sediments.The non-carcinogenic risk(HI),which is the product of the HQs for the adult and child populations,respectively,was calculated.HI values under 1,therefore,demonstrated that they had no carcinogenic effects on human health.TEQs and MEQs in the sediments of Burullus Lake do not have a cancer-causing impact on people.For the safety of nearby wildlife,aquatic life,and people,all activities that raise petroleum hydrocarbon levels in Burullus Lake must be adequately regulated and controlled.According to the ecological risk assessment,there is little chance that PAHs will be found in the sediments of Burullus Lake.This study underscores the urgent need for effective pollution control measures and regular monitoring of PAHs levels in Burullus Lake sediments to protect the aquatic ecosystem and public health.It also highlights the importance of considering eco-toxicity and human health risks in integrated risk assessments of PAHs-contaminated environments.

REE geochemistry of core sediments of Cauvery delta,India for provenance studies

The rare earth element(REE)geochemical composition of sediments from two cores were used to investigate the provenances of the Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments of Cauvery delta,South India.The chondrite-normalized REE patterns and bi-variant plots of Th/Co vs.La/Sc and La/Th vs.Th/Yb indicated felsic source of sediments.Chondrite-normalized plots of REE in both cores are almost parallel and exhibit similar fractionation ratio(Ce/Yb)_N of^8.2.Furthermore,persistence in REEs patterns implies either uniform source rocks and/or efficient homogenization of sediments during transportation and deposition.Chondrite-normalized patterns of the samples show enrichment of light rare earth elements and flat pattern of heavy rare earth elements;such patterns imply dominance of felsic composition rocks in the provenance.Further,these samples show quite resemblance with Charnockites and Gneisses of Palani and Kodaikanal hill areas.Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the Pleistocene sediments of Uttrangudi core show similar abundance,fractionation,and Eu anomaly values as of selected samples from Tertiary rocks near southwest part of the delta.We attribute the increased input from this region to the upliftment because of tectonic activity and lowering of sea level during the Pleistocene.

Sediment transport in the Luanhe River delta:grain size trend analysis

Sediment grain size in the deltaic environment of the Luanhe River(LR),Liaoning,China,contains sediment transport pathway information useful in elucidating the shoreline change and fluvialmarine interaction.In this study,we utilized numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components and geostatistical grain size trend analysis(GSTA)to define the sediment transport pattern in the Luanhe River delta(LRD)and interpolated the sediment transport pattern using content changes of end numbers(EM).EM1(the mean grain size 7.12Ф,fine silt),EM2(2.37Ф,fine sand),and EM3(1.27Ф,medium sand)components were identified by the numerical partitioning by GSTA.Kriging interpolation method was used to interpolate the parameters of the grain size for the regular grid,and the interpolation radius was 0.015 decimal degree.We chose 0.09 decimal degree as the characteristic distance for GSTA in the semivariogram model using the geostatistical method.The FB(-)case(finer,better sorted and more negatively skewed)was adopted in GSTA for its satisfaction in the Global Moran’s I test.The result of the GSTA shows that the sediments in the south barriers(SBs)were transported to the southwest of the study area.The sediments in the north,in the SE direction of sediment transport trend from the river mouth,indicated that the sediments in the north of the study area were transported from the LR to the northern beaches,and to the south and east of the study area.The sediment transport trend that simplified by GSTA as the FB(-)case was approved by the content changes of sedimentary components(i.e.EM1,EM2,and EM3).In addition,the turbulent jet diffusion pattern indicated that the coarse sediments(EM3)were delivered by LR during the flood season,and the EM2 and EM1 were from wave and tide,respectively.

Modeling of suspended sediment transport with wave-induced longshore current in Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta

A three-dimensional suspended sediment model （SED） developed by the present authors is coupled with the combinatorial model of COHERENS （Luyten et al., 1999） （the three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for Regional and Shelf Seas） and SWAN （Holthuijsen et al., 2004） （the third generation wave model）. SWAN is regarded as a subroutine of COHERENS and gets time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation from COHERENS. COHERENS gets time- and space- varying wave relevant parameters provided by SWAN. Effects of wave on current are applied in bottom shear stress, wave-induced depth-dependent radiation stress and surface drag coefficient calculation. At the same time, the damping function of suspended sediment on turbulence is introduced into COHERENS. So the sediment model SED has feedback on circulation model COHERENS. The SED obtains current associated parameters from COHERENS. Then a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment model COHERENS-SED being able to account for interaction between wave and current is obtained. COHERENS-SED is adopted to simulate three-dimensional suspended sediment transport in the Huanghe River delta. In terms of simulation results, there is obvious difference between top and bottom layer of wave-induced longshore current. The values of time series of sediment concentration gotten by COHERENS-SED have, generally, an accepted agreement extent with measurement. Significant wave heights and wave periods obtained by COHERENS-SED show that wave simulation case with currentts effect can give better agreement extent with measurement than case without current＇s effect. In the meantime, suspended sediment concentration distributing rule obtained by COHERENS-SED is similar to former researches and measurement.

The sedimentary facies and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe in the modern Huanghe River Delta of China

The Huanghe River captures the Diaokou River in 1964 and forms a deltaic lobe in the subsequent 12 a. The progradational process of the Diaokou lobe is in associated with complicated evolution of riverine sheet flooding, merging, and swinging. On the basis of 11 borehole cores and 210 km high resolution seismic reflection data set, the sedimentary sequence and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe Cone subdelta lobe of the modern Huanghe River Delta） are studied. The stratigraphy of the lobe is characterized by an upward-coarsening ternary structure and forms a progradational deltaic clinoform. Totally six seismic surfaces are identifiable in seismic profiles, bounded six seismic units （SUs）. These SUs correspond to six depositional units （DUs） in the borehole cores, and among them, SUs 4-6 （DUs D to F） consist of the modern Diaokou lobe. Lithological and seismic evidences indicate that the delta plain part of the Diaokou lobe is comprised primarily by fluvial lag sediments together with sediments from sidebanks, overbanks, fluvial flood plains and levees, while the delta front part is a combination of river mouth bar sands （majority） and distal bar and deltaic margin sediments （minority）. As a result of the high sedimentation rate and weak hydrodynamic regime in the Huanghe River Delta, the sediments in the delta front are dominated by fine-grained materials. The grain size analysis indicates the Huanghe River hyperpycnal-concentrated flow shows the suspension, transportation and sedimentation characteristics of gravity flow, and the sediment transportation is primarily dominated by graded suspension, while uniform suspension and hydrostatic suspension are also observed in places. The strength of the hydrodynamic regime weakens gradually offshore from riverbed, river mouth bar, sidebank, distal bar subfacies to delta lateral margin and flooding plain subfacies.

Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Port, Nile Delta, Egypt

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) port is located at Abu Qir Bay on the northwestern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. The port was constructed in 2004 to export liquefied natural gas worldwide. The offshore basins of this port including the turning and berthing areas (15-m depth) are connected to the deep water by a 15-m depth dredged channel that extends 4 km offshore. However, the navigation channel and its contiguous basins have experienced problematic shoaling that might affect the navigation activities of gas tankers. Sedimentation processes have been investigated by analyses of waves, currents, bathymetry, grain size of seabed and channel dimensions. Sedimentation rates are estimated using a developed numerical model. Sedimentation rate fluctuates between 0.048 × 106 m3/month and 0.388 × 106 m3/month, with an annual sedimentation rate of 1.977 × 106 m3/yr. The variance in the sedimentation rates between winter and summer resulted in increasing of current speed and direction flowing towards offshore. The sedimentation process is influenced by the temporal variability in the direction and intensity of the predominant waves, currents, orientation of navigation channel, basin breakwaters, seafloor morphology and sediment sources. Due to the geographic location of LNG port it lays within a sediment sink for sediments supplied from different alternating directions by several pathways, flowing towards the N-W, S-W, N-E, and S-E quadrants. Most of these currents components are substantially effective in transporting fine-grained sediment towards the navigation channel axis and contiguous basins. Together with these currents, the predominant NW and SE waves acting to agitate and stirrup sediments in the vicinity of the port, and thereby accelerating sedimentation rates.

Impact of water and sediment discharges on subaqueous delta evolution in Yangtze Estuary from 1950 to 2010

In order to determine how the subaqueous delta evolution depends on the water and sediment processes in the Yangtze Estuary, the amounts of water and sediment discharged into the estuary were studied. The results show that, during the period from 1950 to 2010, there was no significant change in the annual water discharge, and the multi-annual mean water discharge increased in dry seasons and decreased in flood seasons. However, the annual sediment discharge and the multi-annual mean sediment discharge in flood and dry seasons took on a decreasing trend, and the intra-annual distribution of water and sediment discharges tended to be uniform. The evolution process from deposition to erosion occurred at the -10 m and -20 m isobaths of the subaqueous delta. The enhanced annual water and sediment discharges had a silting-up effect on the delta, and the effect of sediment was greater than that of water. Based on data analysis, empirical curves were built to present the relationships between the water and sediment discharges over a year or in dry and flood seasons and the erosion/deposition rates in typical regions of the suhaqueous delta, whose evolution followed the pattern of silting in flood seasons and scouring in dry seasons. Notably, the Three Gorges Dam has changed the distribution processes of water and sediment discharges, and the dam＇s regulating and reserving functions can benefit the subaqueous delta deposition when the annual water and sediment discharges are not affected.

Assessing the Effects of Upstream Dam Developments on Sediment Distribution in the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The Lower Mekong Delta in Vietnam experiences widespread flooding annually. About 17 million people live in the Delta with agriculture as the major economic activity. The suspended sediment load in the Mekong River plays an important role in carrying contaminants and nutrients to the delta and changing the geomorphology of the delta river system. In recent decades, it is generally perceived that the flow and sediment transport in the Mekong River have changed due to climate change and development activities, but observed sediment data are lacking. Moreover, after natural floodplains, the sediment deposition has replaced by dense river systems as resulting in floodplain compartments protected by embankments. This study is aimed to investigate impacts of changing water flow on erosion/deposition in the Lower Mekong Delta. We used Mike 11 hydrodynamic model and sediment transport model for simulating the flow and sediment transport. Various scenarios were simulated based on anticipated upstream discharges. Our findings provide the positive and negative impacts to the changes in sediment transport on agriculture cultivation in the Lower Mekong Delta.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Sediment Composition Ratio on Shallow Water Delta

1 Introduction Shallow water delta in the middle-newborn Stratum Widely developed with huge oil and gas in China(Hu Shengwu et al.,2013).The control factors on the deltadevelopment like Climate,sea level,tectonic subsidence,sediment supply(flow,type),the geometric characteristics of the upstream river,the energy(wave,

从水动力学角度看三角洲前缘的沉积特征

三角洲前缘发育过程的深入剖析对沉积环境判断具有重要意义,有必要从水动力学角度深入探讨其形成特点与产生的机制。为此,从水动力学、水槽实验及水下地貌观察等多个角度,研究了河道水体的流速垂向分布、三角洲前缘沉积体发育的特点。研究发现,河流流速随深度增加单调降低的现象未被足够重视;中下游河床顺流向地形起伏增大,发育垂直于流向的水下沙波,而垂直于流向的河道断面地形起伏会越来越平缓;河流入海过程中,在水下一般以一条主流河道入海,水下不会出现分叉河道,且原先起伏的河床也会逐步填平补齐,由尖锐的V形或W型转变为U形。得出:三角洲前缘大多呈席状、扇状,而非顺流向带冲刷面的条带状;三角洲前缘亚相不发育水下分流河道、水下分流间湾等微相,在现代三角洲前缘亚相中找不到这些微相,且无水槽实验支持;提出了河道、三角洲沉积的水深—流速共同作用模式。

水流输入对大比降入湖三角洲演化的影响评估试验

三角洲是河流携带泥沙入湖或入海时泥沙沉积形成的一种河口地貌。当三角洲上游地势相对较高、整体纵比降较大时,局部沉积体具有冲积扇的特性,三角洲演化过程表现出复杂系统的不确定性。通过进行重复自然模型试验,评估了两种不同流量水流输入对大比降三角洲沉积体形成演化的影响。基于三角洲沉积体横断面结构的多峰高斯函数拟合及其特征参数时变波动性的统计分析,结果表明,在小流量条件下三角洲上游堆积体具有多方向发展的不确定性,在大流量条件下堆积体具有纵向多层级结构化发展的不确定性特征。

基于MIKE21的黄河三角洲泥沙冲淤数值模拟预测

在人类活动影响与全球气候变化等因素持续影响下,黄河三角洲海岸始终处于动态调整状态。探究三角洲海岸线调整规律以及未来发展趋势,对三角洲地区经济发展和生态环境保护具有重要工程意义。本文基于MIKE21数学模型,建立2015年和2023年两个年份岸线条件下的泥沙冲淤模型,对比验证了刁口附近海域2015—2023年冲淤变化,验证了黄河泥沙模型设置的准确性;并在此基础上,设置了3组径流和泥沙工况,预测了现行河口附近海域2023—2030年的冲淤变化。结果显示:在2015—2023年间黄河2016年最小径流量下的输沙量工况下,现行河口处有少量冲刷,孤东近岸海域基本冲淤平衡,废黄河口处少量冲刷;在2015—2023多年平均径流量和输沙量工况下,孤东近岸海域东岸向有3 m左右淤积,现行河口和废弃河口处持续冲刷,最严重处达3 m左右;在黄河多年平均径流和输沙量的85%工况下,现行河口和废弃河口处持续冲刷,最严重处达3 m左右,孤东近岸海域东岸淤积可以达到1.5 m。研究结果可以更好地理解黄河三角洲海岸线的变化,为未来黄河口海岸带开发治理和可持续发展提供科学指导。

现代黄河三角洲沉积物粒度特征及其来源

现代黄河三角洲位于海陆交互地带,为我国重要的生态保护区,同时也是石油开采地。受河流、潮流、人类活动影响,现代黄河三角洲沉积物粒度组成复杂,物质来源多样。本文共采集了黄河三角洲表层沉积物样品219个,首先采用粒度分析方法分析了现代黄河三角洲沉积物的粒度特征以及沉积物来源,然后采用参数端元模型分析方法对沉积物的物质来源进行了划分,最后采用聚类分析方法分析了表层沉积物类型。结果表明:现代黄河三角洲沉积物粒度组成以粉砂(体积分数71.10%)和砂(27.62%)为主,大部分沉积物粒度分选中等,粒度分布曲线呈近对称分布。沉积物划分为EM1、EM2、EM3三个沉积端元,分别代表三种不同物质来源,其中EM1代表旧河流沉积作用,EM2代表海洋潮流沉积作用,EM3代表现黄河河流沉积作用。将表层沉积物分成三种沉积物类型,结合聚类分析结果将黄河三角洲分为三类沉积环境,其中:第一类主要分布在黄河三角洲等西部河流的中上游,包括马新河、沾利河、草桥沟、挑河,主要为旧河流沉积,水动力较弱;第二类主要分布在刁口河、神仙沟、现黄河(清水沟)等东部河流,现黄河河流沉积作用较强;第三类主要分布在黄河三角洲北部沿岸及潮滩,受海洋潮流作用较强,海岸受到侵蚀。此外,人类活动对黄河三角洲岸线变化也产生了一定影响。

黄河三角洲海岸线提取及其近期时空变化格局

新入海水沙情势下,黄河三角洲海岸线变迁也相应呈现出新的特征。考虑不同潮位、水体计算指数、涨落潮阶段对海岸线提取效果的影响,利用ArcGIS、ENVI提取了黄河三角洲海岸线,并借助DSAS数字化海岸线分析系统,定量分析了1976-2020年黄河口海岸线变迁特征。研究发现,选择潮位相近、同处落潮阶段且成像质量较好的遥感图,并采用改进的归一化差异水体指数MNDWI计算,黄河三角洲海岸线的提取效果较好。黄河三角洲海岸线变化表现出明显的时空性,神仙沟-刁口河叶瓣1976年以来海岸线基本处于蚀退状态;东营港至孤东油田海岸线自1990年在人工海堤的防护下维持稳定;入海口附近海岸线的蚀退和淤进与陆向来沙量直接相关,陆向来沙充足时呈淤进趋势,反之则冲蚀后退,同时其也受河口改道、海洋动力等其他因素影响。研究可为未来黄河口综合治理规划提供一定参考。

黄河现行流路与启用刁口流路不同情景下调水调沙期间入海水沙扩散特征与影响因素

《黄河流域综合规划(2012—2030年)》中指出,规划期内仍主要利用清水沟流路行河,保持流路相对稳定,清水沟流路使用结束后,优先启用刁口备用流路。为探究黄河启用刁口流路后入海水沙扩散特征及其与现行流路的差异,本研究选取黄河水沙入海的主要时期——调水调沙期,通过FVCOM三维数值模式,模拟研究了黄河调水调沙期间经两条流路入海情况下的盐度、悬沙浓度及河口动力特征,对比发现(1)两条流路沿岸流系总体变化趋势一致,入海径流受地转偏向力影响整体向东偏转,局部流场存在差异,刁口流路入海时无明显环流;(2)两种流路下羽流和悬沙的扩散特征对调水调沙不同阶段的水沙变化存在一致性的响应;然而,受河口地形和岸线的影响,刁口流路情景下羽流和悬沙的扩散范围显著大于现行流路;(3)伴随着流路变化,三角洲不同区域的演化特征将产生快速响应:刁口流路启用后,现行河口三角洲将进入蚀退期,刁口三角洲叶瓣进入快速造陆期。此外,模型结果显示,由于刁口外较浅的水深和平缓的地貌特征,相同条件下刁口流路情景下三角洲的造陆速率在短期内可能高于现行流路。

闽江河口水下三角洲及周边海域现代沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应

【目的】河口三角洲是陆海相互作用的敏感地带,也是人类活动最为频繁的地区,研究人类活动对河口三角洲演化的影响,一直以来都是国际沉积学的研究重点和热点。【方法】以福建闽江河口水下三角洲为研究对象,通过水动力模拟和表层沉积物粒度分析,探讨了闽江河口水下三角洲及周边海域现代沉积环境演化。【结果与结论】研究区河口内潮流以往复流为主,在口外海域逐渐转变为旋转流,水下三角洲地区流速大,外海流速较小;沉积物类型以砂、粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,平均粒径平均值分别为1.57Φ、6.78Φ和5.62Φ,并且由河口向口外陆架方向沉积物粗颗粒组分含量逐渐减少,细颗粒组分含量逐渐增大;沉积物输运趋势显示,在闽江河口水下三角洲内,沉积物输运呈现向东、东南和东北方向,在口外海域沉积物呈现朝东南和东北离岸方向,以及向西北朝岸方向输运;基于粒度组成、粒度参数及站位水深多元统计分析,综合地理位置、沉积物源和水动力条件,将研究区现代沉积环境划分为4个沉积区;通过探讨不同控制因素下的河口水下三角洲沉积环境差异,揭示了不同沉积区的沉积环境对人类活动的响应。该研究结果可为河口资源开发和生态环境保护提供科学依据。

基于钻孔记录探究古云梦泽沉积面貌

古云梦泽是晚全新世时期江汉平原与长江最主要的水沙交换载体,其形成演化特征为沉积物所记录,蕴藏了丰富的古环境、古气候信息。为了探讨古云梦泽沉积演化的规律和模式,基于2014~2019年江汉平原野外钻孔采样数据,对江汉平原钻孔沉积物的理化指标包括粒度、总有机碳、磁化率等进行分析,结合加速器质谱碳十四(AMS^(14)C)精准测年和粒度频率曲线得到晚全新世时期江汉平原整体的沉积环境变化序列,进而探讨古云梦泽沉积演化的规律和模式。结果表明:根据钻孔沉积相记录,古云梦泽形成演化过程中出现了“河流-湖泊-三角洲”复合沉积模式;钻孔横向对比发现,三角洲相沉积最先形成于江汉平原西部,并逐渐向东部扩展,表明这种复合沉积模式不仅仅只影响单个钻孔的沉积序列,还在空间上调控了整个古云梦泽的演化。研究成果揭示了历史时期全球变化背景下江汉平原河湖系统自然演变的特征与规律,对于指导江汉湖群的生态恢复和预测未来长江中下游地区江湖关系演变趋势具有重要的意义。

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals Cu and Zn in Coastal Wetland Sediments

The content of Cu,Zn in the sediments from coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta was determined.The results showed that:(i)The content of Cu,Zn range was 16.70-50.40 mg/kg,18.15-48.80 mg/kg,respectively.The mean content of Cu,Zn was 31.12mg/kg,36.74 mg/kg,respectively.Compared with the soil environmental background values of Shandong Province,the content of Cu was excessive,while the content of Zn was below the background.(ii)The concentrations of Cu,Zn in sediment in the coast of the Yellow River Delta were higher than in the other two areas.(iii)Vertical distribution characteristics of the concentrations of Cu,Zn were increasing with depth.The maximum content of Cu,Zn was 80-100 cm,in general,the content of Cu,Zn in the bottom sediments was higher than that in the surface sediments.The growth and decline trends of Zn in Tamarix and Suaeda areas were much the same and all higher than in the Phragmites communis area.(iv)The distribution characteristics of Cu concentration in different vegetation cover in sediment is Suaeda>Phragmites communis>Tamarix,which reflected different effects on retention of Cu in the sediments because of the different vegetation types.The highest content of Zn in the 0-20 cm sediments in Tamarix area was 44.07 mg/kg.