On the Whole-Process People’s Democracy and the Construction of Citizens’ Cultural Quality

The Whole-Process People’s Democracy has become an important proposition of the socialist modernization democratic theory with Chinese characteristics,and has important value for the development of the new form of human civilization.The Whole-Process People’s Democracy is not only a“democracy”system,its focus is to achieve“people’s democracy”,its unique feature is to surpass“non process”democracy with the“Whole-Process”,and create a new governance path of a new form of human civilization.Of course,the emphasis of people’s democracy on the consciousness of people’s subjective participation in the whole process also puts forward corresponding requirements for the cultural quality construction of Chinese social citizens in the new era,so it is also of great significance to pay attention to the cultivation of citizens’public spirit.

Human Rights in China:Exploration and Development of Whole-process People’s Democracy

Whole-process people’s democracy represents a new exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era as well as a novel and important method for protecting the human rights of the Chinese people.It is conducive to solving a multitude of problems hindering the protection of civil rights and political rights.The greatest highlight of whole-process people’s democracy is that the people are the masters of their own country and exercise the power to govern the state through“extensive participation and consultation.”China’s experience and approaches in advancing whole-process people’s democracy provide a reference for other countries.

On the Process and Rights in the Whole-process People’s Democracy

Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, and international exchange process. Fach process includes several links which involve different democratic rights. To comprehensively promote the whole-process people’s democracy, it is necessary to make a detailed distinction between the democratic rights of each process, build a corresponding system and mechanism for the protection of rights, improve the ability of people in democracy, and establish the system and mechanism for evaluating the effect of democracy implementation.

On the Human Rights Implications of the Whole-process People’s Democracy

The whole-process people’s democracy is a prerequisite for the people’s democracy.It is the organic unity of process and outcome democracy,procedural and substantive democracy,direct and indirect democracy,as well as the people’s democracy and the will of the state.The whole-process people’s democracy is the latest theoretical expression of the concept of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new achievement in the practice of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new development of the system of the socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,and a new contribution to the development path of human rights in the world.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

The Core of the Chinese Democracy Is to Respect and Protect Human Rights——A Summary of the Academic Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection

On March 26,2023,a Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection was held,jointly organized by the National Human Rights Education and Training Base and the Human Rights Research Center of Central South University under the guidance of the Chinese Society for Human Rights Studies.The event adopted a combination of online and offline channels.Over 30 experts and scholars from universities,research institutions,and practical departments across the country participated in extensive discussions on“Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Chinese Democracy and Protection of Human Rights.”The seminar aimed to focused on the essence,characteristics,advantages,and human rights implications of Chinese democracy and interpreted the concept of Chinese democracy and the protection of human rights through academic and theoretical methods.

The Legal Dimensions of Whole-Process People’s Democracy

The concept of whole-process people’s democracy can be analyzed in terms of four the rule of law dimensions:continuous democracy,authentic democracy,extensive democracy and consultative democracy.Continuous democracy means that democracy provides a continuous and uninterrupted mechanism in terms of stage,time and space,which can ensure the continuous participation of the people in the management of state and social affairs.Authentic democracy is not only embodied creation of opportunities and conditions for the people to have more channels and methods of participation in the management of state and social affairs,but is also reflected in the process of democratic practice,including the protection of legitimate rights and interests of the minority.Extensive democracy means that the people are fully and deeply involved in the management of state and social affairs as well as their own affairs,from the operation of the state system to social life at the community level,and from pre-election to post-election.Consultative democracy is a means of realizing people’s democracy in the whole process.It applies consultation and seeks truth,aiming at building consensus.Moreover,it integrates various channels of consultation,and integrates democracy into all aspects of the work of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and government and in all aspects of the people’s political and social life.

Promoting Whole-Process People’s Democracy Following the Rule of Law

Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing important mechanisms of national and social governance.Based on the traditional democratic understanding of democracy as majority rule,whole-process people’s democracy emphasizes the universality and extensive range of democratic governance,but also has the natural value defects of democratic value itself.Therefore,we must organically combine democracy with the values of the rule of law and human rights,to build a well-defined governance order based on people’s democratic value.The whole process in the“whole-process people’s democracy”has really resolved the situation of people’s“absence”from many links of state power operation caused by over-emphasizing the election-democracy in the Western capitalist democratic system.Through the people’s extensive participation and effective supervision,the state power operation mechanism based on the fundamental political system,the people’s congress system,has been ensured to be always in the framework of people’s democratic governance.This effectively realizes the people’s sovereignty and is consistent with the declaration that“all power in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)belongs to the people,”stipulated in the Constitution of China.To improve the governance efficiency of whole-process people’s democracy in practice,we must bring it onto the rule of law,and use the rule of law philosophy and methods to reasonably and effectively resolve all kinds of theoretical and practical problems.

Kenya and the Emerging Power-Shift in Global Political-Economy: Right-Wing Populism and Social Media Activism

A potential global power transition characterized by emerging economies of BRICS where China is the likely leading contender against the United States as the only global hegemon seems inevitable.The increasingly multipolar world is evidenced by the attention given to right-wing populism in Europe and USA attributed to China’s aggressive approach to international trade through its stealth entry and subsequent investments in global political-economy.China’s presence in Africa and Trump’s America first policy’s attempt to open“new business frontiers”in emerging economies of Asia and Africa in order to contain Chinese influence and threat in global hegemony are interesting happenstances that require closer scrutiny.Kenya,the biggest economy in East Africa,which is among the fastest growing regions globally,is the gateway to the East African Common Market.Historically,Kenya has a policy of non-alignment in international relations making it possible to receive FDI from both China and the US but with highly contested elections.Therefore,Kenya presents a perfect laboratory for examining the emerging power-shift in global political-economy as the country grapples with traditionally chaotic electoral power transitions and the two biggest economies in the world compete for business in Nairobi.The 2017 elections not only betrayed the international community’s commitment to Western values of human rights and democracy,but also revealed the challenges of governance in post-World War II global liberalism characterized by sophisticated media institutional spaces.

“下交群评”:迈向人民主体性的基层治理——以北京市平谷区接诉即办改革为例

以人民为中心的发展思想日益成为主导基层治理的逻辑,在北京市接诉即办工作不断深化改革的基础上,以北京市平谷区“下交群评”工作为例,探索党建引领多元主体参与社会治理的机制,并重点关注如何引导群众成为基层治理的主体。研究发现,“下交群评”通过治理主体的组织嵌入化、治理单元的熟人社会化、治理规则的崇公抑私化、治理机制的交互整体化形塑了新时代“三治融合”的实践机制,为系统治理和源头治理提供了重要保障;从接诉即办的倒逼式治理到主动性治理,再到自主性治理,人民群众真正成为治理问题的发起者、治理过程的参与者、治理成效的获得者、治理情况的监督者。这是全过程人民民主的生动实践,体现了基层正在从被动的市民诉求驱动迈向人民主体性的治理。

“五四宪法”中人民代表大会制度及其实施的国家治理逻辑

人民代表大会制度在“五四宪法”中有着特定规范内涵,具体包括制度来源论、制度属性论、制度地位论和制度功能论。70年来的制度实践,尽管在文本规范上和具体实施中有所变动,但人民主权原则、最高国家权力机关的本质内涵从未变迁。新时代以来,人民代表大会制度日益凸显其在国家治理体系中的重要理论方位,具体体现于制度方位、民主方位、法治方位和治理方位。在确定和厘清上述理论方位的基础上,人民代表大会制度必将为践行全过程人民民主、促进高质量发展、推动现代化强国建设以及助力中华民族伟大复兴提供更好的发展方略。

决策征求意见的知识生产价值研究——对“形式大于意义”论误区的探讨

随着决策程序越来越规范化,征求意见已成为新时代决策过程践行全过程人民民主的重要载体,但对其价值认知却容易陷入“形式大于意义”的误区。以党的十八大以来历次中央全会政策文件的制定为例,基于知识生产主体—过程的二维框架分析决策征求意见价值的作用路径可以发现:在主体性维度,决策征求意见通过对象的多元化构建了一个涵盖整体性知识与地方性知识、经验性知识与专业性知识、权威性知识与民主性知识的行动者网络;在过程性维度,决策征求意见通过方式的多样化形成了归纳总结、调查研究、对话协商以及集体决策等知识生产类型。经过征求意见,使得政策文件制定的整个过程均能充分吸收各种知识,成为提高政策文件质量的重要机制。以知识生产视角审视决策征求意见的价值作用,有助于回应长期存在的“形式大于意义”价值认知,深入探索知识生产的民主路径,从而提高决策的质量和效果。

中国共产党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率两个答案中的人民性思想

作为历经百年风雨而风华正茂的马克思主义政党,中国共产党成功的一个重要密码就在于将人民性思想体现在治国理政的全过程中,跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的两个答案就是一个典型范例。从“民主新路”到“自我革命”,是中国共产党在承袭马克思主义人民观、借鉴中国传统民本思想和总结党长期发展经验的基础上,在带领人民实现站起来、富起来到强起来的进程中,对中国共产党实际发展的积极回应,两个答案在价值追求、品质体现、目标导向等方面有着共同特质。新征程上,必须在“变”与“不变”中深化对人民性的理解、在强化制度建设中促使人民性原则落地生根、在良好的党群关系中有效助推党的自我革命,才能更好地理解这两个答案中坚持人民性思想的意义,更好地践行“两个答案”。

全过程人民民主促进社会主义现代化国家建设机理探赜

全过程人民民主是中国共产党领导社会主义民主建设取得的重要成果,它是一种新型的社会主义民主,是被实践所证明的最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主,发展全过程人民民主是社会主义现代化国家建设的本质要求。在党的领导下,积极探索和创新全链条、全方位、全覆盖的全过程人民民主,能切实满足社会主义现代化国家建设中人民日益增长的民主诉求,为社会主义现代化国家建设提供坚强政治支撑,推动形成社会主义现代化国家建设的强大合力,拓展社会主义现代化国家建设的广阔空间,进而从深层次驱动社会主义现代化国家建设并使之行稳致远。新征程中,通过全面发展全过程人民民主促进社会主义现代化国家建设,需要发挥好党在全过程人民民主发展中的领导核心作用,坚持以人民为中心推进全过程人民民主发展,大力完善保障全过程人民民主发展的制度体系,切实优化全过程人民民主运行过程,这样才能在体现全过程人民民主优越性的同时不断为社会主义现代化国家建设塑造新动能。

参与式预算的全过程人民民主重构

全过程人民民主是社会主义民主政治的本质属性和中国式现代化的本质要求。作为全过程人民民主的重要载体,参与式预算具有独立的直接民主价值,可以与间接预算民主之间,构建相互协调、相互配合的民主构造,成为最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主。在全过程人民民主理念下,参与式预算应具有规范化、制度化和程序化意涵。根据这一要求,参与式预算的规范化应呈现出人民性、基础性、宪法性;参与式预算的制度化应涵盖预算编制的全过程、预算审批的全链条、预算监督的全覆盖以及预算绩效管理的全方位;参与式预算的程序化应包括预算公开程序化、组织参与程序化、权利保障程序化。实施参与式预算的全过程人民民主重构,既可以完善直接民主和间接民主之间的政治互动,又深化了全过程人民民主的规范化、制度化、程序化意涵。

中国共产党领导推进全过程人民民主的基本经验

中国共产党领导中国人民争得民主和建设民主的伟大历史进程,就是全过程人民民主创建的过程。党领导推进全过程人民民主有四大基本经验:一是坚持主体自觉,体现为源于信仰、使命、责任而形成的党自觉主动引领推进民主政治发展的主体自觉;二是坚持实践导向,体现为党将民主奋斗目标与时代主题相结合,在实践中推动民主政治发展;三是坚持渐进发展,体现为党立足国情将宏观战略与局部推进相结合,伟大目标与分步实施相结合渐进推进民主政治发展;四是坚持人民当家作主,体现为以人民当家作主为价值旨归,坚持实质民主与程序民主建设相统一,推进民主政治发展。党领导推进全过程人民民主的四大经验,不仅对党的人民民主理论和我国民主发展道路做出重要贡献,而且为党的民主理论创新提供了经验。

新时代全过程人民民主的研究热点与展望:一项系统性文献综述

全过程人民民主是社会主义民主政治的本质属性,也是推动中国式现代化行稳致远的重要维度。自全过程人民民主重大理念提出以来,学界围绕其生成逻辑、概念内涵、显著优势、政治效能、推进路径、世界贡献等议题展开研究。综合学界已有成果而言,新时代全过程人民民主研究呈现价值立场明确、基础论证扎实、理论自觉深化等显著特征,但其理论宣传与学术研究间仍存在一定张力,且研究的精细化、实证性有待加强。未来,应着力在以下方面下功夫:拓展研究视野,打造全过程人民民主多学科分析的“联通器”;加强难点攻克,啃下理论与实践的“硬骨头”;强化话语建设,构建中国民主话语体系的“传播链”;创新研究路径,建立多元研究“方法群”。

论全过程人民民主的三重逻辑

全过程人民民主是彰显中国特色社会主义民主制度优越性的具有开创性的民主模式,对中国特色社会主义民主建设和世界民主政治发展具有重大意义。从历史逻辑看,全过程人民民主是中国共产党和中国人民经历探索与确立、健全与完善、发展与创新多阶段曲折实践而诞生的宝贵成果。从理论逻辑看,全过程人民民主一方面传承了中国古代传统民本思想的优良基因,通过赋权于民实现了对其的本质超越;另一方面,与西方民主不同,全过程人民民主实现了对马克思主义民主理论的丰富和创新。从实践逻辑看,全过程人民民主一直以人民至上为宗旨,以党的领导为核心,以真实有效为追求。这三重逻辑之间有着密切的内在联系,从三重逻辑相统一的视角开展研究,将有助于科学把握全过程人民民主的整体内涵。

列宁对苏维埃制度的探索及其历史启示

列宁对苏维埃制度的探索奠定了苏俄(联)乃至全世界社会主义国家的基本政治框架,对于社会主义民主事业的发展起到了极大的促进作用。列宁对苏维埃制度的探索分为三个阶段,在各个阶段均对苏维埃的组织和运作机制、苏维埃国家的结构形式及无产阶级政党的作用和地位进行了深入研究。列宁对苏维埃制度的探索有其可取之处,也有其历史局限性,它启示我们要制定科学的制度体系、发展良好政治文化,做好不同文明之间的交流互鉴。如此才能使社会主义民主事业永葆生机与活力,推动人类解放事业不断向前发展。

全过程人民民主:中国式现代化的民主指向

“中国式现代化”开创了社会主义现代化的中国道路,并以此界定了人类现代化新的发展方向。中国式现代化作为人类现代化新形态,其之所以具备西方现代化模式难以企及的独特优势,根本就在于它是建立在人民逻辑之上的社会主义现代化。“人民当家作主”直接展现在“全过程人民民主”及其建构的现代民主政治新形态中。由此在创新发展“全过程人民民主”的历史必然与现实必需基础上,生发出以“民主化”的不断更迭来推动“现代化”发展转型的政治逻辑。“全过程人民民主”在新时代语境下作为这一逻辑发展的新路向,不仅从认识论上促成了“以人民为中心”的现代化发展转向,而且通过与党的治国理政能力建设的耦合互促,科学有效处理“民主”与“集中”的辩证关系,以及赓续创新传统民本思想及其治理智慧,在现代民主政治的发展进程中确立了独具中国特色的方法论体系。在从理论层面厘清全过程人民民主与中国式现代化的本质关系后,要从选举民主、协商民主、基层民主和统一战线等实践场景中挖掘以全过程人民民主促进中国式现代化的具体平台,进而把中国式现代化与人类文明新形态推向崭新高度。