Identification and Metabolic Mechanism of Non-fermentative Short-cut Denitrifying Phosphorus-removing Bacteria

To investigate the characteristics and metabolic mechanism of short-cut denitrifying phospho- rus-removing bacteria （SDPB） that are capable of enhanced biological phosphorus removal （EBPR） using nitrite as an electron acceptor, an aerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor was operated under three phases. An SDPB-strain YC was screened after the sludge enrichment and was identified by morphological, physiological, biochemical properties and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Denitrifying phosphorus-removing experiments were conducted to study anaerobic and anoxic metabolic mechanisms by analyzing the changes of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, phosphate, nitrite, poly-fl-hydroxybutyrate （PHB）, and glycogen. The results show that strain YC is a non-fermentative SDPB similar to Paracoccus denitrificans. As a kind of non-fermentative bacteria, the energy of strain YC was mainly generated from phosphorus release （96.2%） under anaerobic conditions with 0.32 mg P per mg synthesized PHB. Under anoxic conditions, strain YC accumulated 0.45 mg P per mg degraded PHB, which produced most of energy for phosphate accumulation （91.3%） and a little for glycogen synthesis （8.7%）. This metabolic mechanism of strain YC is different from that of traditional phosphorus-accumulating organisms （PAOs）. It is also found that PHB, a kind of intracellular polymer, plays a very important role in denitrifying and accumulating phosphorus by supplying sufficient energy for phosphorous accumulation and carbon sources for denitrification. Therefore, monitoring AP/APHB and ANO2 -N/APHB is more necessary than monitoring AP/ACOD, ANO2 -N/ACOD, or AP / ANO2 -N.

Operation of three parallel AN/AO processes to enrich denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria for low strength wastewater treatment

Three parallel anaerobic-anoxic/anaerobic-aerobic （AN/AO） processes were developed to enrich denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria （DPB） for low strength wastewater treatment. The main body of the parallel AN/AO process consists of an AN （anaerobic-anoxic） process and an AO （anaerobic-aerobic） process. In the AO process, the common phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） was dominate, while in the AN process, DPB was dominate, The volume of anaerobic zone（Vana）：anoxie zone（Vano） ： aerobic zone （Vaer） for the parallel AN/AO process is 1：1：1 in contrast with a Vana：Vaer and Vano：Vaer of 1：2 and 1：4 for a traditional biological nutrient removal process （BNR）. Process 3 excels in the 3 processes on the basis of COD, TN and TP removal. For 4 month operation, the effluent COD concentration of process 3 did not exceed 60 mg/L; the effluent TN concentration of process 3 was lower than 15 mg/L; and the effluent TP concentration of process 3 was lower than 1 mg/L.

Isolation of Denitrifying Bacteria in Sea Sediment and Simulated Experiment of Removing Nitrate-N from Seawater

The objective of this research was to isolate denitrifying bacteria from sea sediment and simulate the removal efficiency of nitrate-N by denitrifying bacteria from seawater. The result showed that the isolated denitrifying bacteria could effectively remove nitrate-N from seawater. About 90 % of nitrate-N was removed by denitrifying bacteria from seawater within a week in the simulated experiment I （the initial concentration of nitrate-N was 100 mg/L）. The removal efficiency of nitrate-N reached about 70 % within one day in the simulated experiment Ⅱ （initial concentration of nitrate-N was 1 mg/L）. The final removal efficiency was about 98 % and 85 % in the simulated experiments Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively. It was found that there was positive correlation between the concentration of nitrate-N and the number of denitrifying bacteria in seawater. Lots of denitrifying bacteria would disappear and the seawater would become transparent once the process of bioremediation was completed.

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated. Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrifying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.

Influence of pH on short-cut denitrifying phosphorus removal

Through a series of experiments using denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating sludge in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）, the variations of the intracellular polymers during the anaerobic phosphorus release process at different pH values were compared, the probable reasons for different performances of phosphorus removal were examined, and system operations in a typical cycle were investigated. The results show that the phosphorus removal rate was positively correlated with pH values in a range of 6.5-8.5. When the pH value was 8.0, the anaerobic phosphorus release rate and anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of the activated sludge were 20.95 mg/（g, h） and 23.29 mg/（g, h）, respectively; the mass fraction of poly-13-hydroxybutyrate （PHB） increased to 62.87 mg/g under anaerobic conditions; the mass fraction of polyphosphate was 92.67 mg/g under anoxic conditions; and the effluent concentration of total phosphorus （TP） was 1.47 mg/L. With the increase of pH, the mass fraction of acetic acid and PHB also increased, and the absorption rate of acetic acid was equal to the disintegration rate of polyphosphate. When the pH value was above 8.0, biological phosphorus removal was achieved by chemical phosphorus precipitation, and the phosphorus removal rate decreased.

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology （CAST） was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （DNPAOs） in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH4^＋-N, PO4^3--P and total nitrogen （TN） was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index （SVI） was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic （AOA） conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NO^x--N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.

Characterization of phosphorus removal bacteria in （AO）^2 SBR system by using different electron acceptors

Characteristics of phosphorus removal bacteria were investigated by using three different types of electron acceptors, as well as the positive role of nitrite in phosphorus removal process. An （AO）^2 SBR （anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor） was thereby employed to enrich denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria for simultaneously removing phosphorus and nitrogen via auoxic phosphorus uptake, Ammonium oxidation was controlled at the first phase of the nitrification process. Nitrite-inhibition batch tests illustrated that nitrite was not an inhibitor to phosphorus uptake process, but served as an alternative electron acceptor to nitrate and oxygen if the concentration was under the inhibition level of 40mg NO2 - N·L^- 1. It implied that in addition to the two well-accepted groups of phosphorus removal bacterium （ one can only utilize oxygen as electron acceptor, P1, while the other can use both oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptor, P2 ）, a new group of phosphorus removal bacterium P3, which could use oxygen, nitrate and nitrite as electron acceptor to take up phosphorus were identified in the test system. To understand （AO）^2 SBR sludge better, the relative population of the different bacteria in this system, plus another A/O SBR sludge （ seed sludge） were respectively estimated by the phosphorus uptake batch tests with either oxygen or nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor. The results demonstrated that phosphorus removal capability of （AO）^2 SBR sludge had a little degradation after A/O sludge was cultivated in the （AO）^2 mode over a long period of time. However, deuitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria （ P2 and P3 ） was significantly enriched showed by the relative population of the three types of bacteria, which implied that energy for aeration and COD consumption could be reduced in theory.

基于污水同步脱氮除磷的反硝化聚磷菌的研究与展望

与传统的好氧除磷技术相比,反硝化除磷具有节约碳源、一碳两用、减少污泥产量等优点。综述了反硝化脱氮除磷过程中的主要功能微生物反硝化聚磷菌的培养、分离筛选、电子受体利用等研究的相关进展,总结了近年来研究中常见的反硝化聚磷菌,并对其未来的发展前景做出展望。

铁屑/竹纤维质量比对竹基耦合体系氮磷同步去除效能的影响

利用铁屑与竹纤维构建竹基耦合体系强化低碳氮比(C/N)废水中氮磷同步去除。采用连续流装置,搭建5组具有不同铁屑/竹纤维质量比(Fe/B)的耦合体系,探究Fe/B对氮磷去除效能的影响。耦合体系在进水平均总氮(TN)为31.32 mg/L,平均C/N为1.16,平均总磷(TP)为2.02 mg/L下连续运行113 d,水力停留时间(HRT)从16 h降至8 h,结果显示Fe/B≤0.500时,耦合体系氮磷去除效果与Fe/B呈正相关;当Fe/B为0.500时,氮磷去除最高,出水TN、TP可达《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅳ类标准;Fe/B>0.500时,氮磷去除略有降低;耦合体系出水总铁整体较低,当Fe/B为0.250时,出水总铁波动最大;Fe/B≤0.500时,铁屑可显著促进脱氮除磷功能菌的生长,包括反硝化除磷菌,当Fe/B>0.500时,脱氮除磷功能菌群相对丰度明显降低,菌群结构亦发生显著变化。

Anoxic Biological Phosphorus Uptake in A^2O Process

A lab-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process used to treat a synthetic brewage wastewater was investigated. The objectives of the study were to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in A2O bioreactors. Sludge analysis confirmed that the average anoxic P uptake accounted for approximately 70% the total amount of P uptake, and the ratio of anoxic P uptake rate to aerobic P uptake rate was 69%. In addition, nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase and different organic substrate introduced into the anaerobic phase had significant effect on the anoxic P uptake. Compared with conventional A2O processes, good removal efficiencies of COD, phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen (92.3%, 95.5%, 96% and 79.5%, respectively) could be achieved in the anoxic P uptake system, and aeration energy consumption was saved 25%. By controlling the nitrate recirculation flow in the anoxic zone, anoxic P uptake could be enhanced, which solved the competition for organic substrates among poly-P organisms and denitrifiers successfully under the COD limiting conditions. Therefore, in wastewater treatment plants the control system should be applied according to the practical situation to optimize the operation.

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A^2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.

Denitrifying phosphorous removal in anaerobic/anoxic SBR system with different startup operation mode

To achieve stable and efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the characteristics of the A/A SBR enriched with denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria(DPB),the whole course of startup was studied with two reactors operated in different mode.The reactor I was operated under anaerobic/settling/anoxic/settling mode,and the reactor II was operated under anaerobic/anoxic/settling mode.Differences between the two reactors in removal efficiency of COD,nitrogen and phosphorus were examined.The results indicated that efficient performance could be achieved in both reactors with different startup operation mode,while the phosphorus removal efficiency was improved sooner in reactor I than in reactor II,which suggested that reactor I would supply a more favorable condition for DPB proliferation.Meanwhile,it was observed that the amount of organic substrates consumption had a linear correlation to that of phosphorus release in anaerobic phase when DPB was accumulated in the A/A SBR denitrifying phosphorus removal system.

Effect of Return Sludge Pre-concentration on Biological Phosphorus Removal in a Novel Oxidation Ditch

A pilot-scale,pre-anoxic-anaerobic oxidation ditch was used in this study to treat municipal wastewater with limited carbon source.A novel return activated sludge(RAS) pre-concentration tank was adopted for improv-ing the phosphorus removal efficiency and the effects of RAS pre-concentration ratio were studied.Under the opti-mal operational condition,the suspended total phosphorus(STP) and the total phosphorus(TP) removal efficiencies were around 58.9% and 63.9% respectively and the effluent-P was lower than 0.8 mg·L-1.The reason is that with the optimal RAS pre-concentration ratio,nitrate is completely removed with endogenous carbon source and the secondary phosphorus release is strictly restrained in the pre-anoxic tank.Therefore,the anaerobic phosphorus release and the carbon source uptake by phosphorus accumulation organisms(PAOs) in the sludge,which are ex-tremely important to the phosphorus removal process,can be fully satisfied.Furthermore,the oxidation-reduction potential is proved to be suitable for controlling the RAS pre-concentration ratio due to influent fluctuation and varied conditions.The novel modified system is also beneficial for PAO accumulation.

Salt effect on MUCT system performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal

The effect of salinity on biological nitrogen and denitrifying phosphorus removal was investigated in a Modified University of Cape Town(MUCT)system.Removal rates of COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,NO_(3)^(-)-N,NO_(2)^(-)-N,phosphorus and the sludge characteristics at salt concentrations(0.0,3.2,6.4,11.2 and 16.0 g L^(-1))were analyzed.With the salt concentration increasing,all the COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN and TP removal rates exhibited a trend of decline,and exhibited an initial reduction and subsequent increase at every stage of salt concentration.NH_(4)^(+)-N,TN and TP removal rates were 92.7%,51.5%and 67.2%in 16 g L^(-1) salt concentration,respectively.And they were outperformed the literature reported and acceptable in practical applications.When the salinity of wastewater changed from 0.0 to 16.0 g L^(-1),the biomass yield coefficients increased from 0.0794 to 0.126 g VSS/g COD.Increased salinity had a detrimental effect on phosphorus-accumulating organisms(PAOs)and denitrifying PAOs(DPAOs)(especially DPAOs).Therefore,phosphorus removal gradually depended on PAO.The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)rate and nitrogen removal rate(including nitrification rate,denitrification rate,and total nitrogen removal rate)gradually decreased with the increased salinity.

Factors affecting biological denitrifying dephosphatation in anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor

This study was conducted to verify and discuss the denitrifying dephosphatation under different levels of nitrate concentration and retention time of anoxic/aerobic process in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The results of tests demonstrated that there were two kinds of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the biological excess phosphorus removal (BEPR) system. One was non-DNPAOs that could only use oxygen as terminal electron acceptors, the other was denitrifying PAOs (DNPAOs) that could use both nitrate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. Phosphorus uptake efficiency could be attained under anoxic period ranging from 28.7%-96.7% in an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic system. Experimental results showed that nitrate concentration and retention time of anoxic/aerobic process were the key factors affecting the course of denitrifying dephosphatation.

调控内生正磷酸盐强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

采用絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,以人工配水为进水,分别以不同的内生正磷酸盐调节方式运行4组活性污泥序批式反应器(SBR),探究不同内生正磷酸盐调节方式对于富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)和造粒等方面的影响.结果表明,以内生正磷酸盐排出液回流方式运行的颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果更好,DPAOs活性更高,并且颗粒沉降性能良好.其中,相较于以微好氧模式运行的颗粒污泥系统,以厌氧/微好氧(AO)模式运行的颗粒污泥系统的污染物处理污染物性能更优,其化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除效率可分别达到92.57%、94.7%和97.62%.这主要是由内生正磷酸盐刺激、DPAOs和反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)的协同作用等多种因素共同影响的结果,在周期性调控系统中内生正磷酸盐后,系统中污泥的内碳源转化率明显提高,DPAOs和DGAOs的活性得到增强,异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)活性被抑制,这也是在进水水质不变的情况下系统脱氮除磷效果得到明显提高的原因,而在较长的周期运行模式下,氨氧化菌(AOB)与DPAOs形成互生作用的同时也抑制其他异养微生物的生长.本研究结果可为同步短程硝化反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)工艺的实际工程化应用提供理论支持.

水生植物联合反硝化菌对黑臭水体的修复研究

本研究采用汕头郊区某农村黑臭水体为介质,通过试验对比研究了凤眼莲、大薸、反硝化菌、凤眼莲+反硝化菌、大薸+反硝化菌5种试验组对黑臭水体的修复效果及植物生物活性指标变化。研究表明:各试验组对CODCr、氨氮和总磷均具备良好的去除能力,对三组指标的去除效果顺序为:凤眼莲+反硝化菌>大薸+反硝化菌>微生物>凤眼莲>大薸,其中凤眼莲+反硝化菌对CODCr、氨氮和总磷去除率高达60.70%、93.84%、84.44%;各试验组对CODCr、氨氮和总磷去除能力表现为:氨氮>总磷>CODCr;水生植物与微生物组合中,前期黑臭水体修复过程中微生物净化起到主要作用,后期植物净化起到主要作用。

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌氮代谢特性研究进展

综述近40年异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌的相关报道,从HN-AD细菌的种类、常见应用及脱氮效果、氮代谢途径、氮代谢的关键酶、氮代谢过程的影响因素等5个方面对HN-AD菌的脱氮特性进行详细阐述,以期为挖掘更多高效的HN-AD菌并应用于实际废水处理提供理论依据。目前,关于HN-AD细菌的大部分应用研究还处在实验室阶段,其脱氮分子机制的研究依然不够深入,未来可以通过基因敲除等手段进一步明确关键酶编码基因在菌株氮代谢过程中的作用,也可以利用基因重组或体细胞融合等手段构建高效脱氮工程菌,以应对更复杂的废水环境。

高效脱氮降磷菌株的筛选及在工厂化鳗鲡养殖中的应用

为提高对工厂化鳗鲡精养殖水体水质的原位改良能力和养殖尾水的氮磷减排,通过对鳗鲡养殖尾水处理池中采集的淤泥进行分离筛选,获得一株高效好氧反硝化聚磷菌。经16S rDNA序列鉴定分析,确定为坦氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter tandoii),将其命名为坦氏不动杆菌PP-1。开展了菌株PP-1对鳗鲡养殖水质总磷和硝酸盐氮降解效果的试验,结果显示水力停留时间在12 h、24 h的总磷降解率分别达到56.31%和81.82%,硝酸盐氮降解率分别达到65.5%和90.37%。开展了菌株PP-1在美洲鳗鲡工厂化养殖中的应用研究,结果显示,水力停留时间在24 h的总磷和硝酸盐氮的降解率分别达到58.8%和56.1%。研究表明,坦氏不动杆菌PP-1有助于降低美洲鳗鲡养殖水体的总磷和硝酸盐氮质量浓度,促进美洲鳗鲡的生长,同时具备良好的应用安全性。该研究为解决鳗鲡养殖水体中的氮磷同步降解问题提供了新的参考,具有重要的应用价值。

微生物群落组成对颗粒污泥氮素去除效率的影响研究

文章对海南某焦炭制造厂的全规模污水处理系统进行了深入分析,该系统包含两个缺氧罐、四个好氧罐和三个硝化罐及相关配套设施。在研究过程中对系统的污水净化性能进行了评估,并基于运行参数对全规模颗粒污泥去氮的出水浓度影响进行了探讨。结果表明,尽管系统面临苯酚、SCN、氨和氰化物等污染物带来的硝化作用不稳定的问题,但通过调整废水净化系统的运行参数,可以达到对排放浓度的调控。此外,研究还展示了微生物活性在颗粒污泥硝化和反硝化活性的变化中所发挥的关键作用。因此,研究为提高工业废水的处理效率,特别是提高全规模颗粒污泥法的氮素去除效率提供了有益的研究成果和实践建议。