Non-uniform electron density estimation based on electromagnetic wave attenuation in plasma

The surface of a high-speed vehicle reentering the atmosphere is surrounded by plasma sheath.Due to the influence of the inhomogeneous flow field around the vehicle,understanding the electromagnetic properties of the plasma sheath can be challenging.Obtaining the electron density of the plasma sheath is crucial for understanding and achieving plasma stealth of vehicles.In this work,the relationship between electromagnetic wave attenuation and electron density is deduced theoretically.The attenuation distribution along the propagation path is found to be proportional to the integral of the plasma electron density.This result is used to predict the electron density profile.Furthermore,the average electron density is obtained using a back-propagation neural network algorithm.Finally,the spatial distribution of the electron density can be determined from the average electron density and the normalized derivative of attenuation with respect to the propagation depth.Compared to traditional probe measurement methods,the proposed approach not only improves efficiency but also preserves the integrity of the plasma environment.

Taming of trinitromethyl-oxadiazole to access high density and high oxygen balance via a dual modulation strategy

Energetic compounds bearing the trinitromethyl group are garnering broad attraction as potential candidates for a new generation of high energy dense oxidizers.In this work,an effective dual modulation strategy involving both molecular isomerization and crystal morphology control was employed to design and optimize trinitromethyl-oxadiazole with improved comprehensive performance.Utilizing this dual strategy,3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole(3)was synthesized,resulting in the formation of two distinct crystal morphologies(needle and sheet)corresponding to two crystal forms(3-a and3-b).Encouragingly,while maintaining ultra-high oxygen balance(21.73%),3 achieves impressive densities(1.97-1.98 g/cm^(3)).To our knowledge,the density of 1.98 g/cm^(3)for 3-a sets a new record among that of nitrogen-rich monocyclic compounds.Notably,practical crystal morphology prediction was creatively introduced to guide the experimental crystallization conditions of 3,increasing the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity from 1 J to 80 N(3-a)to 10 J and 240 N(3-b),respectively.Additionally,the crystal structural analyses and theoretical calculations were conducted to elucidate the reasons of differences between 3-a and 3-b in density and stability.This work provides an efficient strategy to enhance performance of trinitromethyl derivatives,broadening the path and expanding the toolbox for energetic materials.

Retinal capillary density among healthy Egyptian and South Asian students:an optical coherence tomography angiography study

AIM:To compare the macular and optic nerve perfusion and vascular architecture using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)in normal eyes of Egyptian(Caucasians)and South Asian(Asians)volunteers.METHODS:Cross-sectional analytical OCTA study performed on 90 eyes of South Asian(n=45)and Egyptians(n=45)were analyzed.All participants underwent bestcorrected visual acuity test,slit lamp,and fundus examination.OCTA images;macular 6×6 mm^(2) grid and optic nerve 4.5×4.5 mm^(2) grid were used to examine the parafoveal and peripapillary regions,respectively.RESULTS:The mean capillary vessel density(CVD)in macular sectors among South Asians and Egyptians participants were(50.31%±2.53%,51.2%±5.93%)and(49.71%±3.6%,51.94%±4.79%)in superficial(SCP)and deep capillary plexuses(DCP),respectively(P>0.05).Mean CVD in both groups was higher in DCP compared to SCP in all sectors but was not significant(P>0.05).Mean foveal CVD increases with an increase in central retinal thickness in both SCP and DCP(P<0.001),among both groups.Mean area of the foveal avascular zone(FAZ)was 0.28±0.09 and 0.27±0.08 mm2 in South Asian and Egyptians,respectively.FAZ area decreases with an increase in the thickness and foveal CVD(P<0.001).Mean CVD in the peripapillary area was 48.23%±5.78% in South Asian and 49.52%±2.38% in Egyptian volunteers.The mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be higher in the nasal quadrant among South Asian females than the Egyptian females(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:No significant racial disparity is found in this study.The findings are helpful for assessing and improving the normative data on the differences in South Asian and Egyptian populations.

Role of variation coefficient of stone density in determining success of shock wave lithotripsy in urinary calculi

BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.

Association between body mass index and lumbar spine volumetric bone mineral density in diabetic and non-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND The association between body mass index(BMI)and bone mineral density(BMD)has shown inconsistent results,varying by sex and skeletal site.Despite normal or elevated bone mass,individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of hip and vertebral fractures.AIM To assess lumbar spine trabecular volumetric BMD(vBMD)across different BMI categories in individuals with and without diabetes.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 966 men over 50 years old and 1001 postmenopausal women from the Pinggu Metabolic Disease Study.The vBMD of lumbar vertebrae 2 through 4 was measured using quantitative computed tomography.Total adipose tissue,subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT),visceral adipose tissue(VAT),and lumbar skeletal muscle area were also quantified.RESULTS In men with obesity(P=0.038)and overweight(P=0.032),vBMD was significantly higher in the diabetes group compared to non-diabetic men.After adjusting for age and sex,no significant saturation effect between BMI and BMD was found in participants with diabetes or in women without diabetes.However,a BMI threshold of 22.33 kg/m²indicated a saturation point for vBMD in nondiabetic men.Independent predictors of vBMD in men included age(r=-0.387,P<0.001),BMI(r=0.130,P=0.004),and VAT(r=-0.145,P=0.001).For women,significant predictors were age(r=-0.594,P<0.001),BMI(r=0.157,P=0.004),VAT(r=-0.112,P=0.001),and SAT(r=-0.068,P=0.035).CONCLUSION The relationship between BMI and trabecular vBMD differs in individuals with and without diabetes.Overweight and obese men with diabetes exhibit higher vBMD.

围绝经期女性骨密度变化与VDR-FOKI基因多态性及中医体质的相关性研究

目的:探讨围绝经期女性骨密度变化与维生素D受体(VDR)-FOKI基因多态性及中医体质相关性。方法:选取2020年12月—2022年9月本院围绝经期128例作为研究对象,同时建立信息档案,检测腰椎骨密度、VDR-FOKI基因并进行中医体质评估;根据骨密度变化水平分为骨量正常组(骨密度T值≥-1)和骨量异常组(骨密度T值<-1),对比两组VDR-FOKI基因多态性及中医体质的差异。结果:128例围绝经期女性88例骨量正常,40例骨量异常。两组VDR-FOKI基因多态性比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中骨量正常组ff基因型占比低于骨量异常组(P<0.05);骨量正常组平和质占比最高,其次为气虚质、阳虚质;骨量异常组以阴虚质占比最高,其次为血瘀质。骨量正常组中平和质占比(31.8%)较骨量异常组(10.0%)多;阴虚质(6.8%)、血瘀质(5.7%)占比较骨量异常组(22.5%)、(17.5%)低(P<0.05)。结论:围绝经期女性骨密度变化与VDR-FOKI基因多态性及中医体质有关。

Spatial Distribution of ECR Plasma Density in ECR-PECVD Reaction Chamber

The spatial distribution of Electron Cyclotron Resonance （ECR） plasma in the ECRPlasma Enhanced Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition （ECR-PECVD） reaction chamber is diagnosed by a Langmuir probe. The uniformity is also investigated. The results show that the ECR plasma in the upper region of the reaction chamber under the influence of magnetic field has poor radial and axial uniformity. However, the plasma in the downstream region of the reaction chamber has fine radial uniformity. This excellent uniform plasma in the downstream has extensive application in plasma process.

Diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer using MSCT perfusion imaging compared with microvessel density (MVD)

Objective: To investigate the clinical diagnostic value of peripheral lung cancer using multi-slice CT (MSCT) perfu- sion imaging and the relationship with microvessel density (MVD). Methods: 38 patients with pulmonary masses proved by pathology including 25 cases of peripheral lung cancer and 13 cases of benign masses were studied prospectively with GE Lightspeed Qx/I plus 16-slice helical CT perfusion imaging, and 25 patients with lung cancer were comparative studied with its MVD calculated using LSAB. With the CT perfusion 2-body tumor software, the parameters of CT perfusion including blood value (BV), blood flow (BF), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability surface (PS) were analyzed. Results: The four param- eter values in lung cancer were all higher than that in pulmonary benign masses, and there were significant differences among BV, MTT and PS (P<0.05), especially in BV (P<0.01). The MVD value of lung cancer was higher than that of pulmonary benign masses (P<0.05), and the MVD of adenocarcinoma was higher than that of squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). In 25 cases with lung cancer, there was positive correlation only between BV and MVD value (r=0.852, P<0.01). Conclusion: It is helpful to diagnose the peripheral lung cancer with MSCT perfusion imaging and to differentiate from pulmonary benign masses, its bases are MVD pathologically.

LF+VD工艺生产X70管线钢洁净度研究

为了对“LF+VD”工艺生产X70管线钢过程中夹杂物的演变机理进行研究,进行了密集取样和分析,并对VD炉深真空工艺和钙处理工艺实施了优化。研究结果表明VD炉深真空过程采用前期强氩气搅拌保持13 min,后期弱氩气搅拌保持5 min可以促使大颗粒夹杂物充分上浮,同时VD炉破空后钙处理控制钙质量分数为0.0010%~0.0014%,可促使夹杂物充分变性达到低熔点区的目的,使得钢板夹杂物一检小于等于2.0级别合格率比例由96.3%提高至98.7%以上,钢水洁净度得到提高。

冶金机理与贝叶斯优化XGBoost融合的VD炉精炼终点钢液温度预测

在炼钢生产过程中,真空脱气精炼(VD)炉是生产高品质钢的重要设备之一,其精炼终点温度对钢液质量、生产效率和连铸顺行具有重要影响。为了实现对VD炉精炼终点钢液温度的精准控制,本文采用冶金机理和贝叶斯优化极端梯度提升(metallurgical mechanism–Bayesian optimization–extreme gradient boosting,MM–BO–XGBoost)相结合的方法建立钢液温度预测模型。首先,基于VD炉冶金机理解析,确定影响精炼终点钢液温度的主要因素;其次,使用3σ原则对实际生产数据进行预处理,剔除异常值,并采用皮尔逊相关性分析剔除对钢液温度影响较小的因素,从而确定模型的输入变量;再次,将冶金机理与XGBoost模型进行融合,对输入变量的初始特征重要性进行部分放大;最后,针对XGBoost模型的超参数寻优问题,采用贝叶斯优化(BO)对其进行超参数寻优,由此构建了MM–BO–XGBoost模型。在模型仿真过程中,对本文模型同时使用网格搜索和随机搜索进行超参数寻优,旨在对比和验证BO寻优的效果;此外,使用本文提供的数据对已有的冶金机理模型、多元线性回归模型和反向传播神经网络模型进行仿真,并与MM–BO–XGBoost模型进行性能对比。结果表明:本文提出的MM–BO–XGBoost模型的超参数优化效果最好;本文模型的预测VD炉终点钢液温度在±10℃和±15℃误差范围内的命中率分别为87.81%和96.42%,均高于其他对比模型,综合性能最优。本文构建的VD炉钢液精炼终点温度预测模型,对实现钢液温度精准控制、降低生产成本和提高VD炉精炼效率具有重要的现实意义。

VD精炼技术的研究进展

VD(Vacuum degassing)精炼在真空气氛下有强烈的渣-钢反应,具有脱气、脱硫以及控制非金属夹杂物等功能,是生产高品质洁净钢的重要精炼方式。介绍了VD精炼技术的发展历程和工业应用,详细阐述了在脱气、脱硫、夹杂物控制等方面的研究和生产应用情况,并对VD工艺提出了建议。VD精炼中真空脱气(O、N、H)的研究主要集中在优化工艺参数和提升设备性能方面,能将钢中氢质量分数控制在(1~2)×10^(-6),氮质量分数控制在(40~60)×10^(-6),且VD真空脱氮具有一定的优势。脱硫方面,VD精炼有良好的热力学和动力学条件,能将钢中硫含量控制在很低水平。夹杂物控制方面,通过优化炉渣成分和工艺参数,VD精炼可以减少夹杂物数量、对夹杂物进行改性。相关的研究结果对VD精炼的研究与生产具有一定的指导意义,为降低钢中杂质元素含量、控制非金属夹杂物、提高钢的洁净度提供了有益的参考。

Relationship between Power Density Distribution and Homogenization of Diamond Film in the Multifilament CVD System

Periodical macro stripes have been found on diamond film prepared on a Si substrate by the multifilament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method when the filament substrate distance is less than 2 mm. The properties of the stripe on the film were characterized qualitatively by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman scattering spectrometer. The measurement results show that this stripe corresponds to the different kinds of the microstructure and thickness of the film. Through calculation of the thermal radiation energy density distribution on the surface of substrate, this phenomenon can be explained successfully.

Grain yield and N uptake of maize in response to increased plant density under reduced water and nitrogen supply conditions

The development of modern agriculture requires the reduction of water and chemical N fertilizer inputs.Increasing the planting density can maintain higher yields,but also consumes more of these restrictive resources.However,whether an increased maize density can compensate for the negative effects of reduced water and N supply on grain yield and N uptake in the arid irrigated areas remains unknown.This study is part of a long-term positioning trial that started in 2016.A split-split plot field experiment of maize was implemented in the arid irrigated area of northwestern China in 2020 to 2021.The treatments included two irrigation levels:local conventional irrigation reduced by 20%(W1,3,240 m^(3)ha^(-1))and local conventional irrigation(W2,4,050 m^(3)ha^(-1));two N application rates:local conventional N reduced by 25%(N1,270 kg ha^(-1))and local conventional N(360 kg ha^(-1));and three planting densities:local conventional density(D1,75,000 plants ha^(-1)),density increased by 30%(D2,97,500 plants ha-1),and density increased by 60%(D3,120,000 plants ha^(-1)).Our results showed that the grain yield and aboveground N accumulation of maize were lower under the reduced water and N inputs,but increasing the maize density by 30% can compensate for the reductions of grain yield and aboveground N accumulation caused by the reduced water and N supply.When water was reduced while the N application rate remained unchanged,increasing the planting density by 30% enhanced grain yield by 13.9% and aboveground N accumulation by 15.3%.Under reduced water and N inputs,increasing the maize density by 30% enhanced N uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity,and it also compensated for the N harvest index and N metabolic related enzyme activities.Compared with W2N2D1,the N uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity increased by 28.6 and 17.6%under W1N1D2.W1N2D2 had 8.4% higher N uptake efficiency and 13.9% higher N partial factor productivity than W2N2D1.W1N2D2 improved urease activity and nitrate reductase activity by 5.4% at the R2(blister)stage and 19.6% at the V6(6th leaf)stage,and increased net income and the benefit:cost ratio by 22.1 and 16.7%,respectively.W1N1D2 and W1N2D2 reduced the nitrate nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen contents at the R6 stage in the 40-100 cm soil layer,compared with W2N2D1.In summary,increasing the planting density by 30% can compensate for the loss of grain yield and aboveground N accumulation under reduced water and N inputs.Meanwhile,increasing the maize density by 30% improved grain yield and aboveground N accumulation when water was reduced by 20% while the N application rate remained constant in arid irrigation areas.

The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

Evolutionary history shapes variation of wood density of tree species across the world

The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide,we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species.We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic(e.g.,angiosperms and gymnosperms)and ecological(e.g.,tropical,temperate,and boreal)groups of tree species,explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density,and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors(e.g.,climatic and soil variables)and evolutionary history(i.e.,phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages)in driving global wood density variation.We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal.Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones,with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions(highest in subtropical desert).Our study revealed that at a global scale,for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined,phylogeny and species(representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process)explained 84.3%and 7.7%of total wood density variation,respectively,whereas current environment explained 2.7%of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account.When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately,the three proportions of explained variation are,respectively,84.2%,7.5%and 6.7%for angiosperms,and 45.7%,21.3%and 18.6%for gymnosperms.Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.

Recent advances in high charge density triboelectric nanogenerators

Triboelectric materials with high charge density are the building-block for the commercial application of triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).Unstable dynamic processes influence the change of the charge density on the surface and inside of triboelectric materials.The charge density of triboelectric materials depends on the surface and the internal charge transfer processes.The focus of this review is on recent advances in high charge density triboelectric materials and advances in the fabrication of TENGs.We summarize the existing strategies for achieving high charge density in triboelectric materials as well as their fundamental properties.We then review current optimization methods for regulating dynamic charge transfer processes to increase the output charge density:first,increasing charge injection and limiting charge dissipation to achieve a high average surface charge density,and second,regulating the internal charge transfer process and storing charge in triboelectric materials to increase the output charge density.Finally,we present the challenges and prospects in developing high-performance triboelectric materials.

A facile strategy for tuning the density of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing applications

Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing(ME-AM)is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engi-neering applications.However,most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell fate.Grafting of biomolecules on polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of a construct;however,there are limited strategies available to control the surface density.Here,we report a strategy to tune the surface density of bioactive groups by blending a low molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone)5k(PCL5k)containing orthogonally reactive azide groups with an unfunctionalized high molecular weight PCL75k at different ratios.Stable porous three-dimensional(3D)scaf-folds were then fabricated using a high weight percentage(75 wt.%)of the low molecular weight PCL 5k.As a proof-of-concept test,we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molecular weight polymers with a thermopress and reacted with an alkynated fluorescent model compound on the surface,yielding a density of 201-561 pmol/cm^(2).Subsequently,a bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films comprising different blend compositions,and the effect of peptide surface density on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells(hMSCs)was assessed.After two weeks of culturing in a basic medium,cells expressed higher levels of BMP receptor II(BMPRII)on films with the conjugated peptide.In addition,we found that alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly enhanced on films contain-ing the highest peptide density(i.e.,561 pmol/cm^(2)),indicating the importance of the surface density.Taken together,these results emphasize that the density of surface peptides on cell differentiation must be considered at the cell-material interface.Moreover,we have presented a viable strategy for ME-AM community that desires to tune the bulk and surface functionality via blending of(modified)polymers.Furthermore,the use of alkyne-azide“click”chemistry enables spatial control over bioconjugation of many tissue-specific moieties,making this approach a versatile strategy for tissue engineering applications.

A Weakly-Supervised Crowd Density Estimation Method Based on Two-Stage Linear Feature Calibration

In a crowd density estimation dataset,the annotation of crowd locations is an extremely laborious task,and they are not taken into the evaluation metrics.In this paper,we aim to reduce the annotation cost of crowd datasets,and propose a crowd density estimation method based on weakly-supervised learning,in the absence of crowd position supervision information,which directly reduces the number of crowds by using the number of pedestrians in the image as the supervised information.For this purpose,we design a new training method,which exploits the correlation between global and local image features by incremental learning to train the network.Specifically,we design a parent-child network(PC-Net)focusing on the global and local image respectively,and propose a linear feature calibration structure to train the PC-Net simultaneously,and the child network learns feature transfer factors and feature bias weights,and uses the transfer factors and bias weights to linearly feature calibrate the features extracted from the Parent network,to improve the convergence of the network by using local features hidden in the crowd images.In addition,we use the pyramid vision transformer as the backbone of the PC-Net to extract crowd features at different levels,and design a global-local feature loss function(L2).We combine it with a crowd counting loss(LC)to enhance the sensitivity of the network to crowd features during the training process,which effectively improves the accuracy of crowd density estimation.The experimental results show that the PC-Net significantly reduces the gap between fullysupervised and weakly-supervised crowd density estimation,and outperforms the comparison methods on five datasets of Shanghai Tech Part A,ShanghaiTech Part B,UCF_CC_50,UCF_QNRF and JHU-CROWD++.

Optimizing the Computation of Many-Pair Density Matrix in VDPC

Recently an algorithm that acts the variational principle directly to a coherent-pair condensate (VDPC) has been proposed. This algorithm can avoid time-consuming projection while maintaining particle number conservation. Quickly computation of many-pair density matrix (MPDM) is one of the keys to improve the computational efficiency of VDPC algorithm. In this work, we propose a scheme that limits the energy range of block particles to the vicinity of the Fermi surface, which reduces the time complexity of computing the MPDM without losing physical details. The results show that by appropriately limiting the energy range, we can greatly reduce the number of matrix elements that need to be computed, and reducing the time required for the computation.

Flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array for high spatiotemporal resolution foci diagnostic localization of refractory epilepsy

High spatiotemporal resolution brain electrical signals are critical for basic neuroscience research and high-precision focus diagnostic localization,as the spatial scale of some pathologic signals is at the submillimeter or micrometer level.This entails connecting hundreds or thousands of electrode wires on a limited surface.This study reported a class of flexible,ultrathin,highdensity electrocorticogram(ECoG)electrode arrays.The challenge of a large number of wiring arrangements was overcome by a laminated structure design and processing technology improvement.The flexible,ultrathin,high-density ECoG electrode array was conformably attached to the cortex for reliable,high spatial resolution electrophysiologic recordings.The minimum spacing between electrodes was 15μm,comparable to the diameter of a single neuron.Eight hundred electrodes were prepared with an electrode density of 4444 mm^(-2).In focal epilepsy surgery,the flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array with 36 electrodes was applied to collect epileptic spike waves inrabbits,improving the positioning accuracy of epilepsy lesions from the centimeter to the submillimeter level.The flexible,high-density,laminated ECoG electrode array has potential clinical applications in intractable epilepsy and other neurologic diseases requiring high-precision electroencephalogram acquisition.