Determination of elastic and plastic mechanical properties of dentin based on experimental and numerical studies

The aim of this study is to investigate the change of mechanical properties of human dentin due to aging and spatial variation. Sections of coronal dentin are made from human molars in three groups： young, mid-aged, and old patients. A nanoindentation test is conducted from regions near the pulp to the dentin-enamel junction （DE J） to evaluate the load-depth indentation response and determine Young＇s modulus and hardness. Based on the loading and unloading load-displacement curves in nanoindentation, a numerical model of plastic damage is used to study the plastic and the damage behaviors and the contribution to the degradation in the unloading stiffness. The experimental results show that Young＇s modulus of the inner dentin is significantly lower than that of outer dentin in each age group. Compared with the young dentin, the old dentin has greater hardness and Young＇s modulus with similar spatial variations. The magnitudes of the yield strength and the damage variable are also affected by aging and vary with spatial locations. In the same age group, the yield strength in inner dentin is lower than those in middle and outer dentin, more damage occurs with similar spatial variations, and the yield strength of young dentin is generally lower and causes more damage compared with those in both the mid-aged and old groups.

Mechanical Properties of Nano-CaCO_(3) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete:Experiments and Numerical Simulations

In this study,the compressive,split tensile,and flexural strengths of concrete with nano-CaCO_(3) only were compared with those of concrete with nano-CaCO_(3) and basalt fibers through field experiments,and the underlying mechanisms were analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques.On the mesoscale,a damage model of concrete was established based on the continuum progressive damage theory,which was used to investigate the influence of different lengths and contents of fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete.Then,the experimental and numerical simulation results were compared and analyzed to verify the feasibility of model.The results show that nano-CaCO_(3) can enhance the compressive strength of the concrete,with an optimal content of 2.0%.Adding basalt fibers into the nano-CaCO_(3) reinforced concrete may further enhance the compressive,split tensile,and flexural strengths of the concrete;however,the higher content of basalt fiber can not lead to higher performance of concrete.The optimal length and content of fiber are 6 mm and 0.20%,respectively.The SEM result shows that the aggregation of basalt fibers is detrimental to the mechanical properties of concrete.The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

COMPUTER NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOYS

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｕｎｇｓｔｅｎｈｅａｖｙａｌｏｙｓａｒｅｄｕａｌｐｈａｓｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｌｉｑｕｉｄｐｈａｓｅｓｉｎｔｅｒｉｎｇｏｆａｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｏｆ８０％～９７％ｔｕｎｇｓｔｅｎａｎｄａｓｍａｌａｍｏｕｎｔ...

Numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical fatigue properties for particulate reinforced composites

In this paper, a two dimensional Voronoi cell element, formulated with creep, thermal and plastic strain, is applied for the numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior for particulate reinforced composites. The relation between mechanical fatigue phases and thermal fatigue phases influences the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and cyclic creep damage. The topological features of micro-structure in particulate reinforced composites, such as the orientation, depth-width ratio, distribution and volume fraction of inclusions, have a great influence on thermo-mechanical behavior. Some related conclusions are obtained by examples of numerical simulation.

Numerical simulations on cutting of frozen soil using HJC Model

Numerical simulation is known as an effective method for mechanical properties during frozen soil excavation.In order to reveal the development of cutting force,effective stress and cutting fragments in frozen silt during the cutting process,we introduce an explicit finite element program LS-DYNA to establish a two-dimensional numerical model of the frozen soil cut.We also use the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)damage constitutive model for simulating the variation of soil mechanical properties according to the strong dependence between the cutting tool and frozen silt during the process with different cutting depths,angles and velocities.Meanwhile,a series of experimental results are acquired of frozen silt cutting to prove the application of the HJC model during simulation of cutting force variations.The result shows that the cutting force and fragment size are strongly influenced by cutting depths and cutting velocities increased,and the maximum effective stress at points where the tool contacts frozen soil during the cutting process.In addition,when the cutting angle is 52°,the cutting force is the smallest,and the cutting angle is optimum.Thus,the prediction of frozen soil mechanical properties on the cutting process by this model is conducive to selecting machinery equipment in the field.

Effects of seepage pressure on the mechanical behaviors and microstructure of sandstone

Surrounding rocks of underground engineering are subjected to long-term seepage pressure,which can deteriorate the mechanical properties and cause serious disasters.In order to understand the impact of seepage pressure on the mechanical property of sandstone,uniaxial compression tests,P-wave velocity measurements,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)tests were conducted on saturated sandstone samples with varied seepage pressures(i.e.0 MPa,3 MPa,4 MPa,5 MPa,6 MPa,7 MPa).The results demonstrate that the mechanical parameters(uniaxial compressive strength,peak strain,elastic modulus,and brittleness index),total energy,elastic strain energy,as well as elastic strain energy ratio,decrease with increasing seepage pressure,while the dissipation energy and dissipation energy ratio increase.Moreover,as seepage pressure increases,the micro-pores gradually transform into meso-pores and macro-pores.This increases the cumulative porosity of sandstone and decreases P-wave velocity.The numerical results indicate that as seepage pressure rises,the number of tensile cracks increases progressively,the angle range of microcracks is basically from 50-120to 80-100,and as a result,the failure mode transforms to the tensile-shear mixed failure mode.Finally,the effects of seepage pressure on mechanical properties were discussed.The results show that decrease in the effective stress and cohesion under the action of seepage pressure could lead to deterioration of strength behaviors of sandstone.

Formation of Tianwen-1 landing crater and mechanical properties of Martian soil near the landing site

After landing in the Utopia Planitia,Tianwen-1 formed the deepest landing crater on Mars,approximately 40 cm deep,exposing precious information about the mechanical properties of Martian soil.We established numerical models for the plume-surface interaction(PSI)and the crater formation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)methods and the erosion model modified from Roberts’Theory.Comparative studies of cases were conducted with different nozzle heights and soil mechanical properties.The increase in cohesion and internal friction angle leads to a decrease in erosion rate and maximum crater depth,with the cohesion having a greater impact.The influence of the nozzle height is not clear,as it interacts with the position of the Shock Diamond to jointly control the erosion process.Furthermore,we categorized the evolution of landing craters into the dispersive and the concentrated erosion modes based on the morphological characteristics.Finally,we estimated the upper limits of the Martian soil’s mechanical properties near Tianwen-1 landing site,with the cohesion ranging from 2612 to 2042 Pa and internal friction angle from 25°to 41°.

Experimental and numerical study of buckling-restrained braces configured with out-of-plane eccentricity under cyclic loading

This study focuses on variations in the hysteretic behavior of buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)configured with or without out-of-plane eccentricity under cyclic loading.Quasi-static experiments and numerical simulations were carried out on concentrically and eccentrically loaded BRB specimens to investigate the mechanical properties,energy dissipation performance,stress distribution,and high-order deformation pattern.The experimental and numerical results showed that compared to the concentrically loaded BRBs,the stiffness,yield force,cumulated plastic ductility(CPD)coefficient,equivalent viscous damping coefficient and energy dissipation decreased,and the yield displacement and compression strength adjustment factor increased for the eccentrically loaded BRBs.With the existence of the out-of-plane eccentricity,the initial yield position changes from the yield segment to the junction between the yield segment and transition segment under a tensile load,while the initial high-order buckling pattern changes from a first-order C-shape to a secondorder S-shape under a compressive load.

变截面CFG桩受力性能研究

随着变截面CFG桩在工程领域中的广泛应用,研究其力学性能具有重要的理论与实践意义。探讨了变截面CFG桩的下部桩径对其力学性能的影响,特别是变截面CFG桩在不同桩径下的力学响应。利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立变截面CFG桩-土体整体有限元模型,针对直径分别为1.2 m,1.4 m和1.6 m的变截面CFG桩,在相同的上拔荷载、水平荷载和下压荷载条件下,分析了其力学响应。研究结果表明,随着小桩直径的增加,变截面CFG桩的最大应力和最大位移均呈现逐渐减小的趋势,且应力集中现象主要发生在上部较大桩体区域。该研究为变截面CFG桩的设计与施工提供了理论依据,并有助于提高其在复杂地质条件下的承载能力和稳定性,具有显著的工程应用价值。

Active-passive radial-additive friction stir repairing of mechanical hole out of dimension tolerance of AZ31 magnesium alloy

In order to avoid the depth increasing of repaired hole and eliminate the super-fine grain band in stir zone by radial-additive friction stir repairing(R-AFSR), a solid-state repairing technique of active-passive radial-additive friction stir repairing(AP-RAFSR) assisted by the truncated cone-shaped filling material was proposed in this study. The mechanical hole out of dimension tolerance of AZ31 magnesium alloy was chosen as the repaired object. The results indicated that the AP-RAFSR process rather than the R-AFSR process avoided the kissing bond in the bottom of the repairing interface under the condition of the tool pin length equal to the height of the standard mechanical hole.The continuously-distributed and large-length super-fine grain bands were eliminated in the stir zone by AP-RAFSR. The maximum tensile and compressive-shear strengths of repaired hole by AP-RAFSR reached 190.6 MPa and 138.9 MPa at 1200 rpm respectively, which were equivalent to 97.7% and 89.6% of those of the standard mechanical hole. This AP-RAFSR process assisted by the truncated cone-shaped filling material provides a new technique to obtain a no-depth-increasing, defect-free and high-strength repaired mechanical hole.

基于数值模拟和机器学习的岩石力学性能预测

针对传统方法在岩石力学性能研究中的不足,提出一种兼具准确、高效的有限元数值模拟和多目标机器学习的岩石力学性能预测方法。采用连续损伤力学方法对岩石力学试验过程细观有限元模拟,得到机器学习的样本数据;以单轴抗拉/抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比和围压为特征变量,以应力-应变矩阵和损伤变量矩阵为目标变量,采用粒子群-随机森林算法建立岩石三轴力学性能预测模型;在此基础上,开发岩石三轴力学性能预测系统,实现应力-应变曲线和破坏形态的直观显示。该方法在岩石力学实验教学中取得了良好的效果,也为工程设计和计算提供了有益的参考。

铸造镁合金凝固过程数值模拟研究进展

镁合金以其轻量化、高比强度和良好的阻尼性能在汽车、航空航天等领域应用广泛。数值模拟通过再现铸造成形过程中的各类宏观和微观物理过程,可以调控组织、减少缺陷、提高力学性能和优化铸造工艺参数。本文综述了铸造镁合金在枝晶和共晶凝固组织模拟,偏析、气孔和热裂等缺陷模拟,以及力学性能预测等方面的研究现状,简要介绍了近两年在铸造镁合金成形工艺模拟方面的研究进展。最后,指出了当前铸造镁合金数值模拟研究存在的问题及发展方向。

不同温度条件下相变石蜡力学性能分析

对3种不同相变温度的石蜡材料(PCM-28、PCM-18和PCM-10)在不同温度下的基本力学性能参数进行了系统的压缩实验,计算出对应的弹性模量和泊松比。结果表明:PCM-18和PCM-10的抗压强度随温度的降低而有所提高,但PCM-28的抗压强度随温度的降低反而呈现出下降趋势。在单轴压缩条件下PCM-28和PCM-18的应力-应变曲线主要经历了压实阶段、弹性变形阶段、裂纹扩展阶段和裂纹后破坏阶段4个明显阶段,最终表现为脆性破坏。PCM-10在经历压实阶段和弹性变形阶段后进入塑性阶段,曲线发展近似水平,且整个过程无明显裂纹出现。

跳台雪板仿生点阵结构优化设计

通过借鉴自然界中毛竹的截面微观结构特征,设计了一种应用于跳台雪板内的仿生点阵结构,并基于响应面方法进行了优化设计。通过数值仿真模拟准静态压缩和三点弯曲实验,探究了仿生点阵结构的承载与抗弯性能。研究仿生点阵结构的单胞胞体壁厚、柱状结构的半径和壁厚3个几何参数对其力学性能的影响规律,并运用主次影响分析方法探究不同几何参数对力学性能的影响程度。建立了以比刚度、比弯曲刚度最大为目标,以单胞几何尺寸为约束的优化模型,并采用非支配排序遗传算法进行计算求解,得到Pareto前沿最优解,经数值仿真验证仿生点阵结构抗弯承载性能显著优于雪板内原始点阵格栅结构以及其余2种点阵格栅结构。研究结果对于跳台雪板内填充点阵格栅结构的仿生设计以及雪板整体力学性能的提升具有重要意义。

基于截面增大法的扣放角钢焊接加固负载H型钢的轴压承载力研究

负载下焊接加固是既有结构加固的重要形式,然而当前对加固形式及加固效果的研究仍然较为缺乏.因此,提出了一种新型负载焊接加固构造,设计了8组扣放角钢焊接加固H型钢试验.研究了焊接过程中的截面应力重分布规律以及焊接加固H型钢柱的轴压力学性能.试验中加固构件的截面为加固前的1.53倍~1.55倍,焊接加固后构件极限承载增大为加固前的1.74倍~1.90倍;加固构件和原构件协同工作,获得了良好的加固效果,虽然焊接热输入降低了构件焊缝间隔处的屈曲应力,但负载加固的构件表现出相对零载加固构件更高的极限承载力.随后建立并验证了一种新型焊接加固H型钢柱的数值模拟方法,探究了不同截面面积加固构件的加固效果;揭示了不同焊缝间隔以及焊接热效应对加固构件极限承载力的影响,并建立了相应的设计方法.

盾构隧道下穿既有建筑施工监控分析

以成都某轨道交通工程盾构下穿既有公安局工程为背景,提出洞内深孔注浆和地层注浆加固的控制措施,通过数值模拟方法建立三维地层结构模型,模拟盾构全开挖过程,探明盾构近接穿越过程中地层以及建筑物的受力特性。结果表明,地层沉降在开挖过程中持续增长,增长速率在掘进至建筑物下方时最大;在开挖下穿段,管片变形变化显著;“工”字形建筑物两端沉降相对更大且在靠近线路处沉降达到最大,建筑物倾斜变形在掘进至正下方时最为明显。结合施工监测数据,在掘进过程中应及时根据监测数据调整盾构参数,保证建筑物沉降量与变形速率均满足施工监测要求。

硬岩顶板切顶留巷围岩变形分区补强控制研究

【目的】森达源煤矿传统的宽煤柱开采方式导致采掘接续紧张,并引发严重的围岩变形问题。切顶留巷技术可优化巷道支护条件,提高采煤效率,促进煤矿高效安全生产。【方法】以1号煤层的10101工作面为研究对象,运用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,深入探究了切顶高度、切顶角度、注浆加固深度对巷道掘进、预裂切顶和切顶留巷过程中煤帮内部、采空区及顶板应力变形特性的影响。确定出最佳切顶留巷方案。在此基础上,进一步模拟分析工作面前后不同区域的围岩受力变形情况。提出回采工作面前方0~30 m内为超前补强区,采取“高预应力锚索+单体配合铰接顶梁”的联合支护。后方0~100 m内为滞后补强区,采用“工字钢+单体支柱”联合支护,同时对矸石帮实施注浆加固。通过工程应用验证了区分补强控制变形措施的有效性。【结果】结果显示:最佳切顶留巷方案为切顶高度6 m,切顶角度15°,矸石帮注浆深度1 m。此方案下,10101工作面的巷道顶底板的最终变形量为155 mm,两帮的为84 mm,均符合矿井使用要求,验证了切顶留巷技术具有良好效果。【结论】结果表明:切顶留巷技术能有效解决传统宽煤柱开采方式中存在的围岩变形问题。然而,该技术的实施受切顶高度、切顶角度和矸石帮注浆深度等因素的影响较大,需结合数值模拟和现场状况进行具体确定。总体上,切顶留巷技术和分区补强控制措施对围岩变形的控制效果显著,为类似条件下的煤矿开采提供了宝贵的经验借鉴,因而具有广阔的应用前景。

金属网力学性能的数值模拟分析

以下峪口矿辅运大巷锚网支护中的金属网为研究对象,采用Abaqus数值模拟软件,模拟分析了金属网的网目边长、网目形状、网丝直径对金属网力学性能的影响,为金属网的加工和选择提供了依据。

有限元法作为滩涂光伏阵列桩基设计计算方法的适用性研究

【目的】滩涂光伏电站的建设处于起步阶段,光伏阵列桩基在土建工程中占比很大,对投资有显著影响,目前承载力设计计算主要借鉴建筑行业规范,其适用性值得探讨。为改进滩涂光伏桩基设计计算方法,探索有限元方法对此的适用性,【方法】以既有滩涂光伏桩基设计方案为例,依据行业规范方法进行竖向、抗拔、水平承载工况复核计算,同时使用有限元超载法和强度折减法进行计算和分析。【结果】分析及对比结果显示:两类方法所依据的力学机理基本相同,计算得出的承载力规律一致,安全系数值接近,沉降值接近;竖向承载和抗拔工况,有限元法得出的安全系数略大于规范方法;水平承载工况,有限元法得出的安全系数略小于规范方法;对于滩涂光伏阵列桩基而言,竖向承载力安全系数最低,是承载力设计的控制工况;抗拔承载安全系数最高,远高于规范要求值,不是控制性工况;水平承载安全系数居中,有较充足的安全裕度,该工况容易满足要求。【结论】结果表明:有限元法计算能够生动展示桩基及支架的空间、过程和细部力学响应,有利于指导和改进设计,对滩涂光伏阵列桩基设计有良好的适用性;有限元法用于桩基承载力计算应优先使用超载法;滩涂光伏阵列桩基的承载特点和工作环境与建筑桩基不同,目前规范规定的竖向承载力安全系数偏保守,应适当放宽,对设计理论创新做出尝试,并合理地控制工程投资。

富水弱胶结砂岩破坏特性与优化措施

敞开式隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)以其速度快、强度低、效益好等特点在地下工程施工中得到广泛应用,同时随着中国加大西部地区基础设施和能源的开发力度,施工过程中将面临越来越多弱胶结砂岩地层,在该地层应用敞开式TBM难度极大,施工中经常发生冒顶、片帮、撑靴力不足的情况。为了早日投产,可可盖煤矿将在全世界范围内首次应用敞开式TBM进行斜井掘进,针对施工中穿越洛河组地层围岩强度低、胶结弱、涌水量大的情况,在已有研究基础上,借助现场实测、室内试验等多种研究手段,对洛河组富水弱胶结砂岩矿物成分及含量、孔隙结构等物理特性及微观结构进行了研究。试验结果表明该组岩层孔隙率达到25.6%,透水性强,且含有15%左右的黏土矿物,具有一定膨胀性,建议注浆时采用超强渗透性的纳米级注浆材料,改善注浆效果。在此基础上进行了不同含水率、不同围压下的三轴压缩试验,试验结果表明提高径向应力对控制围岩具有明显效果,创新性地提出了“超前加固+锚网索+纳米级浆液注浆”的支护优化措施,数值模拟与现场应用结果表明优化后围岩破碎变形得到显著改善,实际掘进速度从10 m/d提高到17 m/d,极大提升了掘进效率与安全性。