转子钢20Cr13表面硬质PVD涂层摩擦磨损性能分析

通过多弧离子镀与磁控溅射结合工艺在20Cr13表面分别制备CrN、TiN、TiAlCrN3种PVD涂层,研究3种涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,各类涂层均能提升基材性能,其中TiAlCrN涂层试样硬度较高(67 845 N/mm~2),CrN涂层试样薄膜结合力较高(30 N)、表面质量较优,TiN涂层试样对比另外两种涂层试样性能较差。TiAlCrN涂层试样摩擦因数较高(0.619),其硬度高、结合力好、耐磨损能力较强。在摩擦磨损试验中TiAlCrN涂层与CrN涂层表面所形成的耐磨、抛光作用的氧化膜增强了基底耐磨性能。综合考虑,TiAlCrN涂层为转子表面理想耐磨涂层。

Geochemistry and depositional environment of fuchsite quartzites from Sargur Group,western Dharwar Craton,India

Meso-Neoarchean fuchsite quartzites are present in different stratigraphic positions of Dharwar Craton including the oldest(~3.3 Ga)Sargur Group of western Dharwar Craton.The present study deals with the petro-graphic and geochemical characteristics of the fuchsite quartzites from the Ghattihosahalli belt to evaluate their genesis,depositional setting and the enigma involved in the ancient sedimentation history.Their major mineral assemblages include quartz,fuchsite,and feldspars along with accessory kyanite and rutile.The geochemical com-positions are characterized by high SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),low MgO,CaO,strongly enriched Cr(1326–6899 ppm),Ba(1165–3653 ppm),Sr(46–210 ppm),V(107–868 ppm)and Zn(11–158 ppm)contents compared to the upper continental crust(UCC).The UCC normalized rare earth element(REE)patterns are characterized by depleted light REE[(La/Sm)UCC=0.33–0.95]compared to heavy REE[(Gd/Yb)_(UCC)=0.42–1.65]with conspicuous positive Eu-anomalies(Eu/Eu^(*)=1.35–18.27)characteristic of hydrothermal solutions evidenced through the interlayered barites.The overall major and trace element systematics reflect a combined mafic-felsic provenance and suggest their deposition at a passive continental margin environ-ment.The comprehensivefield,petrographic,and geo-chemical studies indicate that these quartzites are infiltrated by Cr-richfluids released during high-grade metamorphism of associated ultramafic rocks.The Sargur and the subse-quent Dharwar orogeny amalgamated diverse lithounits from different tectonic settings,possibly leading to the release of Cr-richfluids and the formation of fuchsite quartzite during or after the orogeny.Thesefindings sug-gest a pre-existing stable crust prior to the Sargur Group and the link between orogenic events and various mineral deposits in the Dharwar Craton.

Simulation of deuterium pellet ablation and deposition in the EAST tokamak with HPI2 code

Pellet injection is a primary method for fueling the plasma in magnetic confinement devices.For that goal the knowledges of pellet ablation and deposition profiles are critical.In the present study,the pellet fueling code HPI2 was used to predict the ablation and deposition profiles of deuterium pellets injected into a typical H-mode discharge on the EAST tokamak.Pellet ablation and deposition profiles were evaluated for various pellet injection locations,with the aim at optimizing the pellet injection to obtain a deep fueling depth.In this study,we investigate the effect of the injection angle on the deposition depth of the pellet at different velocities and sizes.The ablation and deposition of the injected pellet are mainly studied at each injection position for three different injection angles:0°,45°,and 60°.The pellet injection on the high field side(HFS)can achieve a more ideal deposition depth than on the low field side(LFS).Among these angles,horizontal injection on the middle plane is relatively better on either the HFS or the LFS.When the injection location is 0.468 m below the middle plane on the HFS or 0.40 m above the middle plane of the LFS,it can achieve a similar deposition depth to the one of its corresponding side.When the pre-cooling effect is taken into account,the deposition depth is predicted to increase only slightly when the pellet is launched from the HFS.The findings of this study will serve as a reference for the update of pellet injection systems for the EAST tokamak.

New insights into the deposition of natural gas hydrate on pipeline surfaces:A molecular dynamics simulation study

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)can cause pipeline blockages during the transportation of oil and gas under high pressures and low temperatures.Reducing hydrate adhesion on pipelines is viewed as an efficient way to prevent NGH blockages.Previous studies suggested the water film can greatly increase hydrate adhesion in gas-dominant system.Herein,by performing the molecular dynamics simulations,we find in water-dominant system,the water film plays different roles in hydrate deposition on Fe and its corrosion surfaces.Specifically,due to the strong affinity of water on Fe surface,the deposited hydrate cannot convert the adsorbed water into hydrate,thus,a water film exists.As water affinities decrease(Fe>Fe_(2)O_(3)>FeO>Fe_(3)O_(4)),adsorbed water would convert to amorphous hydrate on Fe_(2)O_(3)and form the ordered hydrate on FeO and Fe_(3)O_(4)after hydrate deposition.While absorbed water film converts to amorphous or to hydrate,the adhesion strength of hydrate continuously increases(Fe<Fe_(2)O_(3)<FeO<Fe_(3)O_(4)).This is because the detachment of deposited hydrate prefers to occur at soft region of liquid layer,the process of which becomes harder as liquid layer vanishes.As a result,contrary to gas-dominant system,the water film plays the weakening roles on hydrate adhesion in water-dominant system.Overall,our results can help to better understand the hydrate deposition mechanisms on Fe and its corrosion surfaces and suggest hydrate deposition can be adjusted by changing water affinities on pipeline surfaces.

Effect of phosphorus content on interfacial heat transfer and film deposition behavior during the high-temperature simulation of strip casting

The interfacial wettability and heat transfer behavior are crucial in the strip casting of high phosphorus-containing steel.A hightemperature simulation of strip casting was conducted using the droplet solidification technique with the aims to reveal the effects of phosphorus content on interfacial wettability,deposited film,and interfacial heat transfer behavior.Results showed that when the phosphorus content increased from 0.014wt%to 0.406wt%,the mushy zone enlarged,the complete solidification temperature delayed from1518.3 to 1459.4℃,the final contact angle decreased from 118.4°to 102.8°,indicating improved interfacial contact,and the maximum heat flux increased from 6.9 to 9.2 MW/m2.Increasing the phosphorus content from 0.081wt%to 0.406wt%also accelerated the film deposition rate from 1.57 to 1.73μm per test,resulting in a thickened naturally deposited film with increased thermal resistance that advanced the transition point of heat transfer from the fifth experiment to the third experiment.

Effect of hot isostatic pressure on the microstructure and tensile properties of γ'-strengthened superalloy fabricated through induction-assisted directed energy deposition

The microstructure characteristics and strengthening mechanism of Inconel738LC(IN-738LC) alloy prepared by using induction-assisted directed energy deposition(IDED) were elucidated through the investigation of samples subjected to IDED under 1050℃ preheating with and without hot isostatic pressing(HIP,1190℃,105 MPa,and 3 h).Results show that the as-deposited sample mainly consisted of epitaxial columnar crystals and inhomogeneously distributed γ’ phases in interdendritic and dendritic core regions.After HIP,grain morphology changed negligibly,whereas the size of the γ’ phase became increasingly even.After further heat treatment(HT,1070℃,2 h + 845℃,24 h),the γ’ phase in the as-deposited and HIPed samples presented a bimodal size distribution,whereas that in the as-deposited sample showed a size that remained uneven.The comparison of tensile properties revealed that the tensile strength and uniform elongation of the HIP + HTed sample increased by 5% and 46%,respectively,due to the synergistic deformation of bimodal γ’phases,especially large cubic γ’ phases.Finally,the relationship between phase transformations and plastic deformations in the IDEDed sample was discussed on the basis of generalized stability theory in terms of the trade-off between thermodynamics and kinetics.

Aerosol deposition technology and its applications in batteries

Aerosol deposition(AD)method is a kind of additive manufacturing technology for fabricating dense films such as metals and ceramics at room temperature.It resolves the challenge of integrating ceramic films onto temperaturesensitive substrates,including metals,glasses,and polymers.It should be emphasized that the AD is a spray coating technology that uses powder without thermal assistance to generate films with high density.Compared to the traditional sputter-based approach,the AD shows several advantages in efficiency,convenience,better interfacial bonding and so on.Therefore,it opens some possibilities to the field of batteries,especially all-solidstate batteries(ASSBs)and draws much attention not only for research but also for large scale applications.The purpose of this work is to provide a critical review on the science and technology of AD as well as its applications in the field of batteries.The process,mechanism and effective parameters of AD,and recent developments in AD applications in the field of batteries will be systematically reviewed so that a trend for AD will be finally provided.

Numerical Simulation of Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition during Natural Gas and CO_(2) Injection

Asphaltene deposition is a significant problem during gas injection processes,as it can block the porous medium,the wellbore,and the involved facilities,significantly impacting reservoir productivity and ultimate oil recovery.Only a few studies have investigated the numerical modeling of this potential effect in porous media.This study focuses on asphaltene deposition due to natural gas and CO_(2) injection.Predictions of the effect of gas injection on asphaltene deposition behavior have been made using a 3D numerical simulation model.The results indicate that the injection of natural gas exacerbates asphaltene deposition,leading to a significant reduction in permeability near the injection well and throughout the reservoir.This reduction in permeability strongly affects the ability of gas toflow through the reservoir,resulting in an improvement of the displacement front.The displacement effi-ciency of the injection gas process increases by up to 1.40%when gas is injected at 5500 psi,compared to the scenario where the asphaltene model is not considered.CO_(2) injection leads to a miscible process with crude oil,extracting light and intermediate components,which intensifies asphaltene precipitation and increases the viscosity of the remaining crude oil,ultimately reducing the recovery rate.

Thin polymer electrolyte with MXene functional layer for uniform Li^(+) deposition in all-solid-state lithium battery

Solid polymer electrolyte(SPE) shows great potential for all-solid-state batteries because of the inherent safety and flexibility;however, the unfavourable Li+deposition and large thickness hamper its development and application. Herein, a laminar MXene functional layer-thin SPE layer-cathode integration(MXene-PEO-LFP) is designed and fabricated. The MXene functional layer formed by stacking rigid MXene nanosheets imparts higher compressive strength relative to PEO electrolyte layer. And the abundant negatively-charged groups on MXene functional layer effectively repel anions and attract cations to adjust the charge distribution behavior at electrolyte–anode interface. Furthermore,the functional layer with rich lithiophilic groups and outstanding electronic conductivity results in low Li nucleation overpotential and nucleation energy barrier. In consequence, the cell assembled with MXene-PEO-LFP, where the PEO electrolyte layer is only 12 μm, much thinner than most solid electrolytes, exhibits uniform, dendrite-free Li+deposition and excellent cycling stability. High capacity(142.8 mAh g-1), stable operation of 140 cycles(capacity decay per cycle, 0.065%), and low polarization potential(0.5 C) are obtained in this Li|MXene-PEO-LFP cell,which is superior to most PEO-based electrolytes under identical condition. This integrated design may provide a strategy for the large-scale application of thin polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state battery.

Overview of Factors Affecting Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Cells and Cleaning Methods

Dust deposition on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) cells poses a significant challenge to their efficiency, especially in arid regions characterized by desert and semi-desert conditions. Despite the pronounced impact of dust accumulation, these regions offer optimal solar radiation and minimal cloud cover, making them ideal candidates for widespread PV cell deployment. Various surface cleaning methods exist, each employing distinct approaches. Choosing an appropriate cleaning method requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in both dust deposition on module surfaces and dust adhesion to PV cell surfaces. The mechanisms governing dust deposition and adhesion are complex and multifaceted, influenced by factors such as the nature and properties of the dust particles, environmental climatic conditions, characteristics of protective coatings, and the specific location of the PV installation. These factors exhibit regional variations, necessitating the implementation of diverse cleaning approaches tailored to the unique conditions of each location. The first part of this article explores the factors influencing dust deposition on PV cell surfaces, delving into the intricate interplay of environmental variables and particle characteristics. Subsequently, the second part addresses various cleaning methods, offering an analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. By comprehensively examining the factors influencing dust accumulation and evaluating the effectiveness of different cleaning strategies, this article aims to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts to optimize the performance and longevity of photovoltaic systems in diverse geographical contexts.

Prediction Model of Wax Deposition Rate in Waxy Crude Oil Pipelines by Elman Neural Network Based on Improved Reptile Search Algorithm

A hard problem that hinders the movement of waxy crude oil is wax deposition in oil pipelines.To ensure the safe operation of crude oil pipelines,an accurate model must be developed to predict the rate of wax deposition in crude oil pipelines.Aiming at the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,which easily falls into the local minimum value and weak generalization ability in the implementation process,an optimized ENN prediction model based on the IRSA is proposed.The validity of the new model was confirmed by the accurate prediction of two sets of experimental data on wax deposition in crude oil pipelines.The two groups of crude oil wax deposition rate case prediction results showed that the average absolute percentage errors of IRSA-ENN prediction models is 0.5476% and 0.7831%,respectively.Additionally,it shows a higher prediction accuracy compared to the ENN prediction model.In fact,the new model established by using the IRSA to optimize ENN can optimize the initial weights and thresholds in the prediction process,which can overcome the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,such as weak generalization ability and tendency to fall into the local minimum value,so that it has the advantages of strong implementation and high prediction accuracy.

Electroacupuncture improves myocardial fibrosis in heart failure rats by attenuating ECM collagen deposition through modulation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway

Background: To explore the effects of electroacupuncture on cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis in rat models of heart failure, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of electroacupuncture in heart failure treatment. Methods: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into three groups: Sham group, Model group, and electroacupuncture (Model + EA) group, with each group comprising 8 rats. The model underwent a procedure involving the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce a model of heart failure. The Model + EA group was used for 7 consecutive days for electroacupuncture of bilateral Shenmen (HT7) and Tongli (HT5), once a day for 30 min each time. Left ventricular parameters in rats were assessed using a small-animal ultrasound machine to analyze changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular fractional shortening. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cardiac troponin (cTn), and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor levels were measured using ELISA. Histopathological changes in rat myocardium were observed through HE staining, while collagen deposition in rat myocardial tissue was assessed using the Masson staining method. Picro sirius red staining, immunohistochemical staining, and RT-qPCR were utilized to distinguish between the various types of collagen deposition. The expression level of TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3/4/7 mRNA in rat myocardial tissues was determined using RT-qPCR. Additionally, western blot analysis was conducted to assess the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, SMAD3/7, and p-SMAD3 in rat myocardial tissues. Results: Compared with the Sham group, the left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening values of the Model group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01);the left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-systolic volume values were remarkably increased (P < 0.01);serum N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor content was increased (P < 0.01);serum IL-1β and cTn levels were increased (P < 0.01);myocardial collagen volume fraction were increased (P < 0.01);and those of the expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3/4 mRNA was increased (P < 0.01);the expression of SMAD7 mRNA was decreased (P < 0.01);the protein expression levels of TGF-β1, SMAD3, and p-Smad3 were increased (P < 0.01);the protein expression level of SMAD7 was decreased (P < 0.01) in the Model group. Compared to the Model group, the expression levels of the proteins TGF-β1, SMAD3, and p-Smad3 in myocardial tissue were found to be decreased (P < 0.01), and the expression level of the protein SMAD7 was found to be increased (P < 0.01) in the Model + EA group;the collagen volume fraction and deposition of type Ⅰ /Ⅲ collagen were decreased (P < 0.01) in the Model + EA group. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture alleviates myocardial fibrosis in rats with heart failure, and this effect is likely due to attributed to the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway, which helps reduce collagen deposition in the extracellular matrix.

Fabrication of Graphene/Cu Composite by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Effects of Graphene Layers on Resultant Electrical Conductivity

Graphene(Gr)has unique properties including high electrical conductivity;Thus,graphene/copper(Gr/Cu)composites have attracted increasing attention to replace traditional Cu for electrical applications. However,the problem of how to control graphene to form desired Gr/Cu composite is not well solved. This paper aims at exploring the best parameters for preparing graphene with different layers on Cu foil by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)method and studying the effects of different layers graphene on Gr/Cu composite’s electrical conductivity. Graphene grown on single-sided and double-sided copper was prepared for Gr/Cu and Gr/Cu/Gr composites. The resultant electrical conductivity of Gr/Cu composites increased with decreasing graphene layers and increasing graphene volume fraction. The Gr/Cu/Gr composite with monolayer graphene owns volume fraction of less than 0.002%,producing the best electrical conductivity up to59.8 ×10^(6)S/m,equivalent to 104.5% IACS and 105.3% pure Cu foil.

用于PVD电源的新型三相LCC变换器

PVD直流等离子体电源在电源领域属于特种应用产品,广泛应用于集成电路制造中的金属及非金属材料溅射镀膜。针对集成电路制造产业中对PVD直流等离子体电源的应用需求,本文提出一种用于PVD电源的新型三相LCC变换器。

共沉积-交联法制备PDA/PEI PVDF中空纤维复合超滤膜

聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜以其出色的化学稳定性、优异的耐高温性能和机械强度在许多领域得到广泛应用,而对膜孔径和亲水性的精确控制是优化膜分离效率、稳定性和持久性的关键.本文采用多巴胺(DA)与聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)共沉积并通过戊二醛实现交联的方法,将PVDF中空纤维膜的孔径从(119.0±3.55)nm减小到(16.2±0.36)nm,接触角由107.7°下降至61.4°,同时实现了膜孔径和亲水性调控,制备出对20 nm SiO_(2)粒子截留率可达95%以上、对尺寸更大的粒子的截留率则高达99%以上的高性能PDA/PEI-PVDF中空纤维亲水超滤膜.本研究为超/微滤膜的性能调控提供了新思路.

电泳沉积PVDF/Al/CuO复合含能薄膜及其燃烧性能研究

基于含氟聚合物的强氧化及含氟量高的特性,以聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)为代表,通过电泳技术,采用石胆酸(LCA)作为表面活性剂,制备了PVDF/Al/CuO有机/无机杂化含能薄膜,并对其组分、结构、形貌及含能特性进行了系统的表征。结果表明:PVDF电泳沉积过程中石胆酸的最佳添加剂量为3mL(1wt%);当PVDF添加量为2wt%时,PVDF/Al/CuO复合薄膜的燃烧性能最好,热释放能量达3924J/g,远远高于Al/CuO的热释放能量。产生上述实验结果的主要原因是PVDF本身具有氧化特性,能够与铝发生化学反应,释放热量;此外,PVDF热分解产生的氟能够腐蚀铝表面的钝化膜,进而释放活性铝,极大提升了Al/CuO体系的能量释放效果。

柔性MOF/PVDF隔膜在锂金属电池中的应用

利用简单刮涂的方式将四种不同的金属有机骨架材料(MOF)分别与聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)复合制备得到柔性MOF/PVDF多孔隔膜,研究其在锂金属电池中对锂离子传输沉积行为的影响。结果表明,MOF基隔膜很好地引导了锂离子在锂金属负极的沉积,另外,电极的界面电荷传输性质也得到了改善,界面反应动力学有所提升。在0.5C电流密度下,MOF/PVDF隔膜组装的LTO电池在150圈时的放电容量依旧保持在165~170 mAh g^(-1)左右,相较于普通隔膜电池的157.8 mAh g^(-1)有明显的提升。

Deposition of tungsten-titanium carbides on surface of diamond by reactive PVD

The coatings of W-Ti carbides on the surface of diamond was obtained by using physical vapor deposition (PVD), during which WO3 powders pre-treated with hydrofluoric acid were reduced by titanium hydride in vacuum at 850 ℃. The resistance of diamond to corrosion at high-temperature was investigated. The formation of W-Ti carbides on the surface of diamond was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis, the interface state between diamond and matrix in metaLbase diamond composite was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the carbide coating is easy to be formed at low deposition temperature on the surface of diamond, while the resistance of diamond to corrosion at highutemperature and the strength of bonding between diarnond and metal matrix are effectively improved.

45钢表面TD-Cr/PVD-CrN复合涂层磨蚀性能

目的采用热扩散(TD)渗金属技术和物理气相沉积(PVD)技术对45钢表面进行强化,以提升45钢表面硬度和抗磨蚀性能,延长45钢的使用寿命。方法采用热扩散渗金属技术和物理气相沉积技术制备TD-Cr、PVD-CrN及TD-Cr/PVD-Cr N(Cr/CrN复合涂层)3种涂层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究涂层的微观形貌、元素分布和物相组成。通过纳米压痕研究涂层的硬度、弹性模量。通过摩擦磨损实验和电化学腐蚀实验,研究涂层的摩擦性能和腐蚀性能。结果TD-Cr、PVD-Cr N、TD-Cr/PVD-Cr N 3种涂层的组织结构均致密均匀,厚度分别为19.78、1.075、32.24μm。TD-Cr/PVD-Cr N涂层的硬度达到28.7 GPa,高于其他涂层,同时,Cr/Cr N复合涂层的弹性模量和弹性恢复能力均优于其他涂层。在盐水环境下,TD-Cr、PVD-Cr N、TD-Cr/PVD-CrN的摩擦因数分别为0.52、0.38、0.35,磨损体积分别为26、0.15、0.05,TD-Cr/PVD-CrN展现出较好的耐磨性能。在盐水环境下,TD-Cr/PVD-CrN涂层的抗腐蚀性能略低于TD-CrN涂层。结论综合看来,TD-Cr/PVD-CrN复合涂层可以有效提升45钢的表面抗磨蚀能力,延长其使用寿命。

PS-PVD工艺中非视线沉积对涂层微结构的影响

等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)工艺由于具有非视线沉积效果,在加工复杂型面和多联体导向叶片表面热障涂层具有高均匀性的优势而被广泛关注。为了进一步研究PS-PVD高能、高速射流的非视线沉积效果,验证固定直径圆柱挡杆(Φ22 mm)不同距离遮蔽对平面沉积样品沉积行为的影响。结果表明:无遮蔽条件下,基体表面涂层厚度分布呈中部厚而四周薄,呈现高斯峰分布特征,涂层最大厚度为135μm;有遮挡条件下,涂层厚度呈现双峰的结构特征,在15 mm的遮挡距离时,遮挡区域基体沉积的涂层最薄,其他遮挡距离下,涂层厚度在0~40μm之间变化。对遮蔽区域位置涂层显微形貌进行分析,发现不同位置的遮蔽区域正后方,气相的速率和浓度明显降低,导致柱状结构生长时形成气相沉积为主的结构,同时扩散速率较低导致气相生长较慢;在遮蔽区域的边缘,由于遮蔽效应,涂层中的冷凝颗粒明显增多;遮蔽区域涂层厚度明显降低,且挡杆距基体距离越远,遮蔽区域的厚度分布越不规则,受射流的扰动影响越大。