Particle deposition in ventilation duct with convex or concave wall cavity

A numerical study is carried out on particle deposition in ducts with either convex or concave wall cavity.Results show that,if compared with smooth duct,particle deposition velocitiesVd^+increase greatly in ducts with wall cavities.More specifically,forτ+<1,Vd^+increase by about 2–4 orders of magnitude in the cases with the convex and concave wall cavities;forτ+>1,Vd^+grows relatively slower.Enhancement of particle deposition with wall cavities is caused by the following mechanisms,i.e.,interception by the wall cavities,expanded deposition area,and the enhanced flow turbulence.In general,addition of wall cavities is contributive for particle deposition,so it provides an efficient approach to remove particles,especially with small size,e.g.,PM2.5.Moreover,the convex wall cavity leads to a larger increment ofVd^+than the concave wall cavity.However,taking pressure loss into account,thoughVd^+is relatively lower,duct with the concave wall cavity is more efficient than that with the convex wall cavity.

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE TRAIN-INDUCED UNSTEADY AIRFLOW IN A SUBWAY TUNNEL WITH NATURAL VENTILATION DUCTS USING THE DYNAMIC LAYERING METHOD

The objective of this study is to investigate numerically the characteristics of train-induced unsteady airflow in a subway tunnel with natural ventilation ducts.A three-dimensional numerical model using the dynamic layering method for the moving boundary of a train is first developed,and then it is validated against the model tunnel experimental data.With the tunnel and subway train geometries in the numerical model exactly the same as those in the model tunnel experimental test,but with the ventilation ducts being connected to the tunnel ceiling and a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet,the three-dimensional train-induced unsteady tunnel flows are numerically simulated.The computed distributions of the pressure and the air velocity in the tunnel as well as the time series of the mass flow rate at the ventilation ducts reveal the impact of the train motion on the exhaust and suction of the air through ventilation ducts and the effects of a barrier placed at the tunnel outlet on the duct ventilation performance.As the train approaches a ventilation duct,the air is pushed out of the tunnel through the duct.As the train passes the ventilation duct,the exhaust flow in the duct is changed rapidly to the suction flow.After the train passes the duct,the suction mass flow rate at the duct decreases with time since the air pressure at the opening of the duct is gradually recovered with time.A drastic change in the mass flow rate at a ventilation duct while a train passes the corresponding ventilation duct,causes a change in the exhaust mass flow rate at other ventilation ducts.Also,when a barrier is placed at the tunnel outlet,the air volume discharge rate at each ventilation duct is greatly increased,i.e.,the barrier placed at the tunnel outlet can improve remarkably the ventilation performance through each duct.

Modeling the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer

In order to reveal the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer,the paper studies the air-flowing field and the droplet distribution under the condition of gentle breeze and normal forced ventilation in heading face using the particle tracking technology of computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The results show that air-flowing tendency in the same section presents great comparability in the period of gentle breeze and forced ventilation,and the difference mainly embodies in the different wind velocity.The influence of ventilation on the dispersion of droplets is faint under the gentle breeze condition.The droplet can be evenly distributed around the cutting head.However,under the normal forced ventilation,a large number of droplets will drift to the return air side.At the same time,droplet clusters are predominantly presented in the lower part of windward side and the middle of the leeward side around the cutting head.In contrast,the droplet concentration in other parts around cutting head decreases a lot and the droplets are unable to form close-grained mist curtain.So the dust escape channel is formed.In addition,the simulation results also reveal that the disturbance of air flow on the droplet distribution can be effectively relieved when using ventilation duct with Coanda effect(VDCE).Field experiment results show that the dust suppression efficiency of total dust and respirable dust increases respectively by 10.5%and 9.3%when using VDCE,which proves that it can weaken the influence of airflow on droplet dispersion.

Investigation of pressure drop in flexible ventilation ducts under different compression ratios and bending angles

Due to the large degree of freedom in terms of design and installation, flexible ventilation ducts are commonly used in ventilation systems. However, excessive use of flexible ducts may lead to greater pressure drop and higher energy consumption. This study conducted experimental measurements to characterize the pressure drop in flexible ventilation ducts with different compression ratios and bending angles. This investigation first measured the pressure drop in straight flexible ducts with four compression ratios under various airflow rates. The calculated friction factor for the straight flexible ducts was negatively associated with the compression ratio. Next, the pressure drops in single-bend flexible ducts with various bending angles from 30° to 150° were measured under various airflow rates. The calculated loss coefficient of the bend increased with the bending angle for single-bend flexible ducts. Finally, the influence of the intermediate duct length on the pressure drop across two bends was experimentally investigated. When the length of the intermediate duct was greater than eight times the inner diameter, the pressure drop across a double-bend flexible duct could be calculated from the friction factors and loss coefficients with a relative error less than 1%. The data obtained in this study can be used to calculate the total pressure loss in flexible ventilation ducting systems in buildings.

STUDY ON MECHANISM OF FIBRE DEPOSITION IN OE FRICTION SPINNING

This paper deals with the mechanism of fibre deposition in OE friction spinning.A fibremodel has been established to analize and evaluate fibre.straightness after deposition.Exper-iments have been done on the measurement of air flow speed at the entrance and exit of thefeed duct which is mounted in an experimental friction spinning unit.Conclusion has beendrawn:the weakness of friction spun yarn is mainly due to its poor fibre straigthness after dep-osition.

A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VENTILATION PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT VENTILATION STRATEGIES IN A SUBWAY TUNNEL

An unsteady three-dimensional analysis of the ventilation performance is carried out for different ventilation strategies to find out a ventilation method with a high performance in a subway tunnel.The natural ventilation performance associated with a train-induced air flow in a subway tunnel is examined.The dynamic layering method is used to consider the moving boundary of a train in the current CFD method.The geometries of the modeled tunnel and the subway train are partially based on those of the Seoul subway.The effects of the structure of the ventilation duct and the geometry of the partitions on the ventilation performance are evaluated.The results show that the combined ventilation ducts （to be designed）,and the partitioning blocks installed along the middle of tunnel （already in existences） are helpful for air exchange.This study can provide some guidance for the design of ventilation ducts in a subway system.

Effect of source location on particle dispersion in displacement ventilation rooms

A proposed computer model for predicting aerosol particle dispersion in indoor spaces was validated with experimental data found in the literature, and is then used to study the effect of the area and point source locations on particle dispersion in displacement ventilation （DV） rooms. The results show that aerosol source location has a strong impact on the spatial distribution and removal rate of indoor particles. Particle removal performance depends strongly on ventilation efficiency and particle deposition rate on indoor surfaces. Important consideration for both relative ventilation efficiency and deposition rate consists of the position of the aerosol source relative to the main airflow pattern and the occupied zone.

CFD simulations of a semi-transverse ventilation system in a long tunnel

In the present work,a semi-transverse ventilation system in a long tunnel with a length of 4.9 km,as a complex case study,is numer-ically studied by performing a set of three-dimensional steady incompressible computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations.The ven-tilation system consisted of a ceiling duct connected to two axial fans at the ending portals,and a series of jet fans in the main tunnel for supporting airflow in the desired direction.To focus on what can and cannot be achieved in commissioning tests,the ventilation system’s performance in various scenarios is numerically evaluated with two different tunnel states;empty tunnel and complete traffic congestion with 1176 stationary vehicles–which is almost impossible to evaluate during a commissioning test.By considering two hypothetical loca-tions for the extraction zone from the main tunnel(in a distance of 450 and 1000 m from one portal),it is shown that the required number of jet fans in a traffic condition drops from 57 for the first extraction location to 43(25%decrease)when the ventilation system extracts from the second zone.We show that if only the close axial fan to the extraction zone is activated,the required number of jet fans reduces by 56%and 72%for the first and second extraction locations,respectively.This finding can provide a cheaper and easier controlling scenario for emergency ventilation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON EMERGENCY TUNNEL FIRES WITH TRANSVERSE VENTILATION

In case of an emergency fire in vehicle tunnel, the ventilation system should be operated effectively to control the thermal fume and smoke inside tunnel. However, it is quite difficult to predict every kind of emergency fire by fire tests because the actual movement of thermal fume and smoke is affected by many factors such as ventilation system, structure of the tunnel, etc., especially for tunnels equipped with transverse ventilation system on which rare experimental and numerical studies have been found so far. In this paper, a three dimensional numerical simulator using LES turbulence model is developed to simulate the movement of thermal fume induced by emergency fire in vehicle tunnel. The SMAC method is employed to calculate the pressure and velocity fields. The upwind differnece scheme with the third order accuracy is applied for the discretization of convection terms of the governmental equations. As the applications of the present simulator, the behavior of thermal fume induced by emergency fire in a vehicle tunnel with two direction traffic is analyzed. It is confirmed that the partial transverse ventilation system is more effective than the longitudinal ventilation system under large and small velocities of longitudinal bulk flow inside tunnel. Simulation result also shows that remaining the velocity of longitudinal bulk flow near zero around fire source can provide the best working condition for partial transverse ventilation system.

Torque characteristics in a large permanent magnet synchronous generator with stator radial ventilating air ducts

In this study, we investigated the torque characteristics of large low-speed direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generators with stator radial ventilating air ducts for offshore wind power applications. Magnet shape optimization was used first to improve the torque characteristics using two-dimensional finite element analysis（FEA） in a permanent magnet synchronous generator with a common stator. The rotor step skewing technique was then employed to suppress the impacts of mechanical tolerances and defects, which further improved the torque quality of the machine. Comprehensive three-dimensional FEA was used to evaluate accurately the overall effects of stator radial ventilating air ducts and rotor step skewing on torque features. The influences of the radial ventilating ducts in the stator on torque characteristics, such as torque pulsation and average torque in the machine with and without rotor step skewing techniques, were comprehensively investigated using three-dimensional FEA. The results showed that stator radial ventilating air ducts could not only reduce the average torque but also increase the torque ripple in the machine. Furthermore, the torque ripple of the machine under certain load conditions may even be increased by rotor step skewing despite a reduction in cogging torque.

高温掘进巷道中双压风筒布设位置及降温效果研究

为解决高温掘进巷道中冷却方法和冷却成本问题,量化分析双压风筒布置方式对巷道中人工作业区的通风降温效果,利用Fluent软件对不同通风布置模型进行数值模拟。首先,提出双压风筒通风降温思路,并分别建立3种风筒布置巷道的三维几何模型;其次,在送风速度v=8 m/s,送风温度T=293.15 K且相同环境模拟参数的条件下,对不同布置方式的降温效果进行对比研究;最后,分析得出布置2模型的温度场分布及降温效果最好,并总结其在不同送风温度时的降温规律,确定经济适用的通风降温方案。研究表明:风筒布设位置是决定巷道温度分布的关键因素,双压风筒的间距影响风流流向的对称性,而风筒位置高度影响温度均匀分布的距离;当送风速度v=8 m/s时,布置2通风降温效果明显且满足矿井通风需求标准,送风温度T=298.15 K时能为矿山生产最大限度节约经济成本。

定子通风槽钢结构对提高中型高压电机散热性能分析

为降低YJK450-6、400kW中型高压电机的通风散热性能,本文对该电机不同通风槽钢结构进行了散热性能研究。首先,在现有电机的直线标准型通风结构基础上,提出单列缩放型、双列直线型、双列缩放型3种轴-径向混合通风结构形式;在SpaceClaim软件中建立电机3维温度场数值计算模型,根据基本假设和边界条件结合电机内部热量传递公式计算出电机仿真设置参数,并导入Fluent软件进行仿真模拟,其中,计算温度场所用热源通过AnsoftMaxwell平台计算的电机损耗值获取。其次,通过网格无关性和温升试验验证本文建立的电机3维温度场数值计算模型;通过仿真模拟对比分析3种轴-径向混合通风结构与直线标准型结构对电机流场和温度场的影响;采用正交试验法对轴-径向混合通风结构进行参数优化,得到最佳散热结构和参数方案;进一步探究冷却风速对双列缩放型槽钢的电机换热性能的影响;结合定子绕组温升和电机整体的温升均匀性系数,对最佳散热结构和参数方案电机进行散热效果评价。仿真结果表明:本文建立的计算模型是有效的;双列缩放型通风槽钢结构的各项散热性能指标均最好,是最优通风槽钢结构;径向风道高度为6mm且数量为13的双列缩放型通风槽钢结构为最佳散热结构和参数方案;双列缩放型通风槽钢结构两侧的平均对流换热系数随冷却风速增大而增大,且槽钢迎风面的平均对流换热系数明显大于背风面;径向风道高度为6mm且数量为13的双列缩放型通风槽钢结构电机的内/外层绕组温升分布均匀性系数比直线标准型电机分别提高88.13%、20.11%。因此,优化设计通风槽钢结构有利于电机内部空气流动和散热,可实现有效降低电机内部温升的目的。

汽轮发电机带有交替径向风道的转子流体与传热耦合分析

针对汽轮发电机带有交替径向通风道的转子发热冷却问题,以一台350 MW水氢氢冷汽轮发电机为研究对象,依据流体力学和传热学的基本理论,首先建立计及旋转的电机全域通风网络模型,采用逐次迭代法计算得到各支路流量和节点压力。其次,建立了带有交替径向风道的发电机转子流体-传热三维物理模型和数学模型,给出了基本假设和相应的边界条件,同时将通风网络计算得到的风速和压力作为转子求解域的耦合边界,采用有限体积法进行求解,计算结果与实测值吻合。然后分析了交替径向风道内流量分配和氢气流动情况,研究了转子内部氢气温度分布和槽楔出风口风温变化规律,探明了转子绕组和铁心轴向温度分布特性,讨论了副槽入口流量和槽楔出口直径对转子流体和温度的影响。得出副槽入口流量应控制在0.1~0.16 m^(3)/s范围内,且选择较小的槽楔出口直径,可以提高通风系统的效率与风量分配均匀性,降低转子轴向热不平衡。

基于有向无环图的通风管道消声设计算法

传统的暖通空调(heating, ventilation and air conditioning, HVAC)系统声学设计多依赖于设计人员的经验,重复性工作多,自动化水平低。为实现智能化设计,应用有向无环图、带权有向邻接矩阵、科学计算可视化等方法将通风管道消声系统的声学设计过程系统化。提出一种能够自动计算管道内任意处噪音及特定的房间内噪声值的算法,包括三维模型构建,噪声衰减图生成,声学路径确定,声学单元解算,声学结果可视化等关键环节。实验结果表明:该系统鲁棒性强,计算结果准确,响应快速。所提算法结果与设计人员利用传统方法计算出的结果误差不超过±2%,计算时长均小于0.2 s,常见的中小规模的通风系统计算时间则在0.1 s以内。基于此算法计算得出的噪声值结果能够与三维模型结合,直观展示噪声分布情况,在通风空调系统设计过程中提供参考依据。

综掘工作面风幕阻尘效果影响因素研究

目前综掘工作面粉尘污染的研究多集中于单一因素对综掘工作面风幕阻尘效果的影响,而未充分考虑各因素间的交互作用,使得压风分流技术的工程应用效果欠佳。为明确附壁风筒径向出风距离、径向出风比及轴向出风距离对风幕阻尘效果的影响,以潘三矿810西翼机巷综掘工作面为研究对象,运用Fluent软件对径向出风距离为10~25 m、径向出风比为0.6~0.9及轴向出风距离为6~12 m条件下的风流分布和粉尘扩散情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:(1)随着径向出风距离增大,径向涡流风幕在巷道内的转变更充分,综掘机司机前端的风流分布越均匀,更有利于形成风速方向均指向工作面的轴向阻尘风幕。当径向出风距离为10 m时,距工作面7 m断面内涡流特性明显,风速方向紊乱;当径向出风距离为25 m时,距工作面7 m断面内,风流分布趋于均匀,风速方向均指向工作面,形成了能够覆盖全断面的轴向阻尘风幕。(2)随着径向出风比增大,整流风筒轴向风流风量减小,轴向风流风速和射流强度降低,轴向风流对综掘工作面前端气流的扰动减弱;径向出风比越大,越有利于形成风流方向指向工作面且能覆盖全断面的轴向阻尘流场,即轴向阻尘风幕。(3)径向涡流风幕的阻尘能力随径向出风比的增大先增强后减弱,轴向阻尘风幕的阻尘能力随径向出风比的增大而不断增强。(4)在采取压风分流风幕阻尘技术后,当压风总量为300 m^(3)/min,吸风量为400 m^(3)/min,附壁风筒径向出风距离为20 m,径向出风比为0.9,整流风筒轴向出风距离为8~10 m时,能很好地将粉尘聚集在吸尘口附近,达到高效控尘除尘的目的。在810西翼机巷综掘工作面进行现场测试,测点风速和粉尘质量浓度实测值与模拟值基本一致,高浓度粉尘被有效阻控于工作面前端,隔尘效果较为明显,验证了数值模拟的有效性。

新型消声材料在某电弧试车台的降噪应用

某电弧试车台运行时因其末端排气口排放噪声较大而造成厂界超标,因为电弧试车台排气成分具有很强的腐蚀性,之前安装的传统消声材料被逐渐腐蚀,导致之前安装的消声措施出现消声失效。本项目属于技术改造工程,必须解决消声材料的抗腐蚀问题,应采用非金属材料建造消声通道。常见非金属消声材料在阻燃、材料强度、防潮性、吸声性能等方面无法全面满足本项目的要求。多孔硅砂降噪板是一种新型吸隔声板材,具有吸声和隔声的双重声学功能,本项目利用多孔硅砂降噪板的优异特点,进行板拼式蜂窝通风消声装置研发,工程应用前在实验室进行消声与通风的一系列试验分析,最终设计出一种适合本项目的消声结构并进行成功应用。利用多孔硅砂降噪板开发的非金属消声装置,开创出风道消声工程应用的一种新型的产品形式。

3车道瓦斯隧道通风流场及瓦斯运移规律研究

为有效进行大断面公路瓦斯隧道施工期通风降气,以古金高速公路大梁子隧道工程为依托,采用SCDM软件建立2台阶带仰拱的计算模型,使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,揭示在不同台阶长度、风筒出风口距掌子面距离、双风筒布设形式下,隧道掌子面及附近区域的通风流场特征和瓦斯运移规律,并结合现场监测数据进行验证。研究结果表明:1)流场在通风20 min后基本稳定,上台阶和仰拱段会形成涡流阻碍瓦斯的运移、扩散和稀释,在风筒非对称布设情况下,掌子面风筒对侧的墙角处出现瓦斯积聚现象;2)隧道内通风降气效果的敏感性影响因素排序为双风筒及布设形式>风筒出风口距掌子面距离>台阶长度,建议优先采用双风筒同侧布设送风,其次调整风筒出风口距掌子面距离为20~25 m和台阶长度为15~20 m;3)采用双风筒同侧布设通风时,掌子面及附近区域风速提高、瓦斯体积分数大幅降低,且施工现场开展的送风试验与数值计算结果吻合度高,验证了双风筒同侧送风的可靠性。

综掘工作面风筒最优布置数值模拟研究

针对掘进面生产期间风筒位置布置不合理造成粉尘浓度较高,利用数值模拟方法,研究抽出式、压入式、长压短抽式等通风方式中,掘进面风流和粉尘随风筒到掘进面距离的改变而变化规律,数值模拟结果表明:采用长压短抽式通风的掘进面,抽出式风筒口到掘进面的距离L_(c)<1.5√S,压入式风筒口到掘进面的距离L_(y)为3.5√S:5√S或6√S:6.5√S,最理想的距离L_(y)=6√S:6.5√S,L_(c)=√S。模拟结果可为优化掘进面风筒布置、提高掘进面通风除尘提供一定的科学依据。

综掘工作面气室降尘技术研究

针对掘进巷道中的粉尘控制问题,传统的长压短抽通风降尘技术存在粉尘扩散区域大、风幕降尘技术存在射流孔易堵塞等弊端。以巴拉素煤矿综掘工作面为工程研究背景,建立了掘进作业过程中的粉尘运动数学模型,得出降低综掘工作面粉尘浓度的关键因素是控制掘进巷道风流场扰动范围及减小粉尘颗粒运动时间。以上述关键因素为依据,在风幕降尘的基础上开发了气室降尘技术,通过在正压风筒末端加装风袖,与风幕共同作用将粉尘封闭在气室区域内,再由负压风机抽出,以提高降尘效率。采用Fluent软件对长压短抽通风降尘、风幕降尘和气室降尘进行模拟对比分析,并优化了气室降尘技术参数。模拟结果表明:采用气室降尘技术时,综掘工作面人体呼吸带位置的粉尘浓度为350 mg/m^(3),较采用长压短抽通风降尘时的600 mg/m^(3)和风幕降尘时的480 mg/m^(3)大幅降低;气室降尘最优技术参数为正压风筒出风口距综掘工作面14 m、负压风筒末端直径0.6 m。在巴拉素煤矿2号煤2号回风大巷综掘工作面进行现场试验,结果表明采用气室降尘时,掘进巷道最低粉尘浓度为118 mg/m^(3),低于采用长压短抽通风降尘时的184 mg/m^(3)和风幕降尘时的156 mg/m^(3),且降尘效率较长压短抽通风降尘平均提高54.8%。

矿用柔性风筒接头漏风率的数值模拟

针对煤矿井下风筒管道接头存在泄漏与安装不便的问题,设计可以快速安装的新型柔性风筒接头,结合实际流速和管内压力建立缝隙泄漏的计算流体动力学模型。研究不同簧丝直径、钣金厚度和卡扣数量对风筒接头漏风率以及泄漏口附近流场的影响,采用响应面曲面实验设计方法探究不同影响因素之间的内在联系。结果表明,泄漏速率与簧丝直径和卡扣数量呈线性关系,综合考虑其经济性,选择簧丝直径3.5 mm,卡扣数量10个,钣金厚度0.4 mm时效果最佳。该研究为改善风筒接头漏风现象提供参考。