Preliminary Study on Formulating Water Quality Standards for Estuaries of China

In China,the water quality standards in operation include the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water（GB3838-2002）and Water Quality Standards for Seawater（GB3097-1997）.However,these two standards are currently not suitable for the estuarial zones of China because of the unique properties of water environment in estuaries.We proposed preliminarily a basic idea and technical workflow in formulating water quality standards for the estuaries of China based on analyzing the water environment properties of estuaries comprehensively and comparing various parameters and their standard values mentioned in these two standards above.Issues pertinent to the formulation of the water quality standards for estuaries,e.g.nutrient,heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants（POPs）,are highly concerned.The objective of this paper is to provide technical support for the formulation of scientific water quality standards and the assessment of water quality of the estuaries of China.

Surface Water Quality Profiling Using Physicochemical Parameters in Open Defecation Free and Non-Open Defecation Free Local Government Areas in Benue State, Nigeria

Physicochemical parameters of surface water sources in the study of local government areas (LGAs) were assessed using standard procedures. The mean physicochemical parameters for pH (5.49), NO2 (0.23 mg/L), SO4 (0.77 mg/L), Na (28.72 mg/L), Ca (28.94 mg/L), Mg (17.50 mg/L), Cl (11.65 mg/L), TSS (6.27 mg/L), TDS (104.23 mg/L), BOD (2.83 mg/L) and F (0.87 mg/L) were below WHO standards irrespective of their defecation status. The values for electrical conductivity (EC) (2770.50 µs/cm, turbidity (481.24 NTU), dissolved oxygen (DO) (5.32 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (445.50 mg/L), K (125.06 mg/L), PO4 (0.78 mg/L) and Fe (0.57 mg/L) were above the WHO limits for safe water. Higher EC and COD values obtained in the study is evidence of pollution of the water sources by organic matter.

Research Status of Water Quality Criteria and Standards and Analysis on the Transformation Methods

Under the vision of development for the new era,China has entered a stage of high-quality economic development and an important window period in which we have the conditions and ability to address the prominent issue of economic development and ecological protection in a coordinated way.However,all kinds of environmental benchmark values in China are lacking and need to be constantly supplemented and improved.Therefore,exploring and putting forward a simple and efficient method for the transformation of environmental criteria into environmental standards is an important basis for the rapid establishment of relevant environmental criteria system and the effective promotion of the development of environmental standards system towards a scientific and reasonable direction.In this paper,the water environment is taken as the research object.By analyzing the research progress of environmental criteria and standards at home and abroad,and the foreign method of transforming environmental criteria into environmental standards,combined with the problems faced in the process of transforming environmental criteria into environmental standards in China,an effective method to transform China's environmental criteria into environmental standards is analyzed.After analysis and comparison,it is found that the pollution reduction accounting method could achieve their simple and efficient conversion.Under the premise of obtaining environmental criteria for certain pollutants,environmental criteria for certain pollutants could be obtained by distributing pollutants reduction costs,and accounting economic benefits after reaching standard,thus obtaining the environmental standard of this type of pollutant,which provides reference to determine the environmental standard limits of such pollutants.

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Development of emergency water quality standard for Cr^(6+) and Hg^(2+) in Liao River basin

The acute toxicity data of Cr＋ and Hg2＋ to the aquatic organisms in Liao River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values using popular species sensitivity distribution （SSD） methods were evaluated through data analysis. The comprehensive methodology of emergency water quality standards （EWQSs） was established on the basis of the SSD method of Australia and New Zealand according to the evalu- ation results. The affected fractions of the aquatic organisms were set to be 5 %, 15 %, 30 % and 50 %, corre- sponding to the risk grades of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV, and four-grade EWQSs, respectively. The EWQSs for Cr6＋ and Hg2. in the Liao River were derived and the corresponding risk indicators were also proposed. The results showed that the four-grade EWQSs for Cr6＋ were 2.85 μg/L, 21.0 μg/L, 161 μg/L and 797 μ/L, respec- tively, and the risk indicators were daphnia （grade Ⅱ ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and the bighead fish or tadpole （grade IV）. The four-grade EWQSs for Hg2＋ were 0.59 μg/L, 2.32 μg/L, 6.25 μg/L and 15.6 μg/L, respective- ly, and the risk indicators were crucian carp or daphnia （grade Ⅱ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and worm or crab （grade IV）. The results provided valuable information for the risk analysis of sudden ambient water environmen- tal pollution accident.

Quality Monitoring of Various Local and Imported Brands of Bottled Drinking Water in Saudi Arabia

Minerals and constitutes in drinking water are vital for the nutrition of human bodies. Certain limits of water quality parameters must be met to ensure the safety of bottled drinking water for the human consumption. Thirty two local and twelve imported brands of bottled water in Saudi Arabia have been collected to verify their compliance with international and local standards which are EPA (2016), WHO (2013) and SASO (2009). A proposed scoring system is used to evaluate the water quality. Fayha and Hilwa brands have been selected as the best local brands whereas Volvic brand as the optimal imported brand in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The local water brands are more reliable to the standards than the imported brands. Licensed water brands in Saudi Arabia are found to have a good water quality which satisfied the quality requirements.

Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of Different Moroccan Drinking Water in the Beni Mellal Region

Drinking water is water that does not contain pathogens or chemicals at levels that may be harmful to health. Beni Mellal region, one of the major rich areas in ground and surface water in Morocco (the rivers like Oum Errabia, Darna, ...;Bin el-Ouidane and martyr Ahmed El Hansali dams and sources like Ain Asserdoune, …) is located in the North-Centre of Morocco. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of different drinking waters originated from sources, faucets, fountains and wells in the Beni Mellal city and its agricultural surrounding areas. For this, hygienic quality indicator parameters of water quality were determined by assessing the analysis of Total Coliforms Count, Fecal Coliforms Count, streptococcus D and revivable germs while germs such as Anaerobic Sulphite-reducing Bacteria, S. aureus and Salmonella sp, were carried out according to national and international standards. The analysis of the microbiological results found for all the different samples waters investigated in this study revealed that the waters originated from fountains, faucets and sources were proper for main consumption at microbiological point of view while the wells waters were improper for consumption according to norms. Finally, it appears, from the results obtained, that the potential risk of infection of water consumers especially (groundwater) calls for prompt intervention in order to alleviate the potential health impact of water-borne diseases in the community. From this, a proper sanitary survey and implementation of water and sanitation projects in the community is recommended.

The Influence of Land-Use on Water Quality in a Tropical Coastal Area: Case Study of the Keta Lagoon Complex, Ghana, West Africa

The Keta Lagoon and its catchment areas in Ghana are influenced by intensive agriculture and the use of agro-chemicals. It has therefore, become necessary to assess the quality of water in the lagoon and the surrounding fresh water aquifers. In this study, a water quality index (WQI), indicating the water quality has been adopted. The WQI was determined on a basis of various physico-chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrates, ammonium and sodium. The index was used both for tracking changes at one site over time, and for comparisons among sites. The WQI was also employed to wells used for irrigation on farms along the Keta Sand Spit as well as that of the Keta Lagoon Complex and its surrounding floodplains, in order to ascertain the quality of water for public and livestock consumption, irrigation, recreation and other purposes. The WQI of the wells, Keta lagoon and its floodplains showed various degrees of poor water quality and therefore considered unsuitable for drinking and recreation. By WHO standards, this calls for intensive physical and chemical treatment of the water for human consumption.

新时代黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架研究

为了贯彻落实《黄河保护法》,推动黄河流域水土保持各项工作规范化、标准化,满足黄河流域水土保持事业高质量发展的现实需要,根据《黄河保护法》有关规定,结合新时代黄河流域水土保持工作目标和特点,在全面分析水土保持标准体系建立的背景、意义及必要性的基础上,全面梳理现行的水土保持国家标准体系,广泛征集有关省(区)业务人员和专家的意见、建议,组织专家开展专题研究,提出了包括基础类、规划设计类、治理类、淤地坝类、监测类、监管类、信息化类、试验示范类等8类73项标准(其中沿用原有标准48项、建议新增标准25项)的黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架。

我国典型地区水厂纳滤净化系统产生浓水的水质特征及处理需求分析

近年,纳滤净化技术在我国城镇水厂得到一定规模的推广应用,普遍取得了较好的净化效果,但在净化过程中生成了一定量的浓水,其净化处理和资源化回用受到人们关注,并制约了纳滤净化工艺的推广应用。论文基于国内纳滤净化工艺应用目标的调研结果,分析了纳滤浓水的产生、影响因素及其典型水质特征,论述了浓水排放和处理处置方面的典型研究进展,探讨了纳滤浓水处理处置的优化策略。论文可为纳滤净化系统在国内的推广应用提供一定的指导和借鉴。

南水北调中线工程水源地水质安全问题与对策思考

南水北调中线工程是我国水资源优化配置的战略性基础工程,水源地水质安全保障工作至关重要。当前中线工程水源地水质状况总体良好,但水源地依然存在常规水质超标、富营养化、藻类异常增殖及尾矿库渗漏或溃坝等风险,需高度关注。系统梳理了水源地水质现状,总结了水质安全面临的主要风险,并从人为因素、工程因素、自然因素和管理因素等方面分析了影响因素,从产业发展、污染防治、监测监控、风险防范、科学研究、水质管理等方面总结了水源地水质安全保障管理现状及存在问题。基于现状和问题分析,提出构建水质综合管理体系框架,包含工业-农业-服务业生态产业与环境耦合协调的发展体系、源头减排-过程控制-末端治理的全过程水污染防治体系、全要素-全天候-全覆盖的现代化监测监控体系、识别评估-监测告警-预测预警-应急响应的全链条风险防控体系、理论研究-技术研发-平台建设-人才发展的全方位科学技术支撑体系、立法引领-机构健全-机制完善-规范建设-能力突出的全面化管理体系,为确保“一泓清水永续北上”提供强有力的管理策略与科学参考。

一体式A^(2)O-MBR系统处理高速公路服务区污水的研究

为解决高速公路服务区污水中污染物浓度高、处理设施普遍存在效能低下等问题,采用一体式A^(2)O-MBR反应器处理该目标污水。在反应器启动成功的基础上,研究了不同溶解氧(DO)、硝化液回流比和C/N下A^(2)O-MBR工艺对污染物的去除性能。结果表明,在控制DO为4 mg/L,硝化液回流比为300%,C/N为6时,A^(2)O-MBR获得了最佳污染物去除效果,A^(2)O-MBR工艺的COD、BOD_5和TP去除率分别为90.57%、93.75%和93.00%。反应器稳定运行时,出水NH_(4)^(+)-N和SS分别为4.2 mg/L和4.5 mg/L,出水指标均达到了《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2020)中冲厕、车辆冲洗的要求。一体式A^(2)O-MBR在一定程度上可以降低膜组件的污染程度,从而降低系统的维护运行成本,可为高速公路服务区污水处理实际工程改造提供参考。

水生生物监测质量保证、质量控制与标准化:动态与展望

水生生物监测是流域水生态状况评价的重要基础,监测数据的准确性和可靠性直接影响水生态环境质量评价与流域水生态管理成效。目前我国水生生物监测质量保证和质量控制体系尚处于持续完善的阶段,关键环节的控制要求和质控目标等亟待明确和细化。本文总结了欧美发达国家水生生物监测质量保证与质量控制体系建设中的经验,通过梳理我国水生生物监测工作基础与进展,较为系统地提出了适合我国现状的水生生物监测质量保证与质量控制体系标准化建设对策建议,包括实验室内部和外部质量保证与质量控制、水生生物监测质控数据库、人工智能识别和环境DNA新技术质控要点等标准化建议,为实现水生生物监测业务化运行,准确评估我国流域水生态质量状况的变化提供技术支撑。

氟化物毒性效应与水质基准标准研究进展与展望

氟摄入过低或过高,都会对人体健康产生负面影响,此外,水体中的氟化物含量过高也会对水生生物产生危害。本文综述了氟化物的主要来源与分布,以及氟化物的毒性效应,从保护人体健康和水生生物2个角度分析了国内外氟化物水质基准/标准研究现状,并针对氟化物人体健康效应的双阈值性、氟化物摄入源地区差异性、氟化物水生生物毒性受温度、硬度和氯离子浓度等影响的特征,展望了我国氟化物水质基准研究和标准修订的未来发展方向:(1)深入探讨氟化物保护人体健康的最适区间;(2)将氟化物总摄入量的地区差异性纳入地方性水质标准制定的考虑范畴;(3)加强水质参数(如硬度、温度和氯离子浓度等)修正的氟化物水生生物水质基准研究。

我国城市供排水在线监测技术发展与标准化历程

随着我国供排水设施规模快速增长、各类新兴业务的大量涌现以及在线监测技术的不断进步,供排水在线监测技术得到了快速发展和应用。为解决业务需求和技术标准化需求,研究者对在线监测设备的性能与运行维护要求、监测系统布局优化方案等方面开展了一系列研究。随着在线监测技术的逐渐成熟,该技术在供水全流程监控、排水设施运行监控与问题诊断、海绵城市建设效果评价、水环境治理中的排污溯源等方面得到了广泛应用。同时,为规范供排水在线监测技术的应用,我国供排水在线监测技术标准经历了从无到有并逐步完善的过程,建立了以行业标准为主、以地方标准和团体标准作为补充的标准体系。

生食牡蛎从离水到餐桌的安全与质量管理现状与对策

生食牡蛎的安全与质量是影响其销售价格的关键要素。本文首先回顾了各国关于生食牡蛎的安全质量管理现状,并从食用安全性、活力状态、风味质量三个方面进行综述。然后从流通链的角度,系统分析了养殖、捕捞、清洗、净化、运输、销售等关键节点对生食牡蛎品质的影响。牡蛎从养殖到销售的整个过程中,可能受到多重安全危害因子的影响,对其食用安全性造成潜在威胁,其中主要包括贝类毒素、重金属、有害微生物、病毒等,通过规范的养殖和流通管理可消除这些危害。此外,从离水到餐桌,牡蛎暴露于一系列可能引发应激反应的环境压力源(干露、温度、氧气、密度等),导致活力状态和风味品质下降严重,也造成了重大经济损失。由于胁迫方式、胁迫强度、持续时间等差异,不同节点上相同或不同的应激源的影响非常复杂。快速准确的活力评价是进行流通中质量管理的基础,本文综述了牡蛎流通过程中遭遇多重胁迫时,其代谢与活力的关联,以及代谢物对风味特性的影响,为生食牡蛎进行精准的品质控制提供理论依据。

供水用球墨铸铁管质量评价指标体系

供水系统是城市重要的市政基础设施之一,供水管道质量直接影响供水系统安全运行。球墨铸铁管具有机械性能良好、耐腐蚀性能优异等优点,目前在市政供水系统中被广泛应用。但现行产品标准主要侧重于工厂质量控制,且部分指标的检测方法不适用于球墨铸铁成品管。文中针对供水用球墨铸铁管,基于产品特点和现行标准,遴选了关键质量指标及相应检测方法,并构建供水用球墨铸铁管质量评价指标体系,包括几何尺寸、外涂层与内衬、力学性能和金相组织,其中壁厚和锌层质量分别采用三坐标测量仪和金相显微镜。质量评价指标体系可为供水用球墨铸铁管的质量管控提供参考。

新污染物水生态环境风险及其防控形势

水生态环境质量一直是环境保护领域的焦点。目前,针对化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、总氮、总磷等常规污染物的治理取得了显著成果。然而,新污染物带来的水生态风险日益显著。新污染物种类繁多且分布广泛,具有生物毒性、环境持久性、生物累积性等典型特征,加强水体新污染物管控治理,是深化环境污染防治、保护国家水质安全的必然要求,也是当前水生态环境健康风险防控亟需解决的问题。本文对新污染物水生态环境风险特征及国内外相关水质标准进行梳理和分析,助力我国水质提升和水生态环境风险防控工作的高效发展。

我国水利团体标准发展现状与建议

培育发展团体标准是国家标准化改革的一项重要举措。2015年以来,我国水利团体标准发展迅速,截至2024年,共有12家水利社会团体开展了团体标准研制工作,为水利事业发展提供了有效支撑。本文在梳理水利团体标准化工作发展现状的基础上,总结经验、梳理问题、查找不足、提出相关建议,以期为促进水利团体标准优质发展建言献策,助力新阶段水利高质量发展。

规范标准编制提升标准质量促进水利新质生产力发展——关于《水利技术标准编写规程》(SL/T 1—2024)解读

水利标准化对加快发展水利新质生产力、扎实推进水利高质量发展的重要作用日益凸显,通过出台技术标准来规范水利技术标准编制是提高标准成果质量的长期有效举措。文章从深入学习党中央、国务院关于标准化工作战略部署入手,认真领会水利部党组关于水利标准化工作的新要求,结合水利高质量发展重点中心工作,系统解读《水利技术标准编写规程》(SL/T 1—2024),重点强调新要求、新规定和新变化,为规范水利技术标准编制工作提供指导。