Progress of Air Pollution Control in China and Its Challenges and Opportunities in the Ecological Civilization Era

China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.

Preliminary Study on the Ecological Agriculture Development Model of"Pennisetum sineseRoxb-Rocky Desertification Control-Edible Mushrooms"in Guizhou Province

In Guizhou Province, the area of rocky desertification land is 3.023 8 million hm^2, accounting for 17.16% of total area of land in the province. Rocky desertification is the most important ecological problem that restricts the economic and social development in Guizhou, so the primary task of ecological construction in Guizhou Province is to curb rocky desertification. How to effectively, efficiently and persistently use rocky desertification land is not only the key to the improvement of ecological environment, but also an urgent problem solved for local people's survival and anti-poverty. Due to having developed roots, growing fast, high yield of grass, strong resistance to drought, and high regeneration capacity, Pennisetum sinese Roxb has become a new method to control rocky desertification. How to use P. sinese Roxb efficiently becomes the key to the ecological control of rocky desertification by P. sinese Roxb. In this study, the ecological agriculture development model of "P. sinese Roxb-rocky desertification control-edible mushrooms" was studied, and the effect of cultivating Pleurotus eryngii with P. sinese Roxb in rocky desertification land was analyzed. Moreover, an outlook for the application of P. sinese Roxb in rocky desertification areas of Guizhou was given.

Ecological compensation for desertification control:A review

Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper,(1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed;(2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource-environment basis and policy orientation;(3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed;(4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control.

Current Status and Control Measures of Ecological Restoration in Karst Rocky Desertification Area of Guizhou

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the current status and control measures of ecological restoration in Karst rocky desertification area of Guizhou.[Method] The current status and existing problems of ecological restoration in Karst rocky desertification area of Guizhou were studied firstly,and main control measures were put forward according to existing problems.[Result] At present,Karst rocky desertification area in Guizhou has suitable ecological environment,obvious control results and rich control experience,and there exist many problems like ambiguous concept of ecological restoration,biased control emphasis,single control measure and serious water shortage due to lagging engineering construction.Control measures mainly include combining natural restoration with artificial tending to speed up ecological restoration,reinforcing the restoration and rebuilding of development and construction project to prevent the deterioration of regional ecological environment,speeding up the construction of environmental friendly energy infrastructures to decrease the damage of vegetation by human activities,increasing industrial structure adjustment and greatly developing green industry and improving the investment in technological innovation to promote the rapid development of ecological restoration.[Conclusion] The study could provide scientific references for the ecological restoration in other Karst rocky desertification area in Southwest China.

Ecological Remediation Measures for Non-point Source Pollution Based on Source-Sink Landscape Theory: A Case Study of Huanghou Basin

The growth of society and population has led to a range of water pollution issues.Among these,non-point source pollution assessment and treatment pose a particular challenge due to its formation mechanism.This has become a focal point and challenge in water pollution treatment research.The study area for this research was the Huanghou basin in Guizhou Province,southwest China.The land use type of the basin was analyzed using remote sensing technology,and water quality data was collected by distributing points throughout the basin,based on source-sink landscape theory.The distribution map of the basin’s source-sink landscape and the results of water quality data accurately and efficiently identified the areas with high risk of non-point source pollution in the western and southwestern residential and agricultural areas of the upper basin.Hence,a strategy of“increasing sinks and decreasing sources”was proposed.The strategy was implemented at both macro and micro levels to address non-point source pollution in the basin using ecological remediation techniques.The work to control karst rocky desertification should continue at a macro level.The rocky desertification area in the basin should gradually transform into grassland and forested land,while increasing the overall area of the sink landscape.Ecological restoration techniques,such as slope planting,riparian zone vegetation restoration,increasing plant abundance,and restoring aquatic plants,can effectively control non-point source pollution at the micro level.Compared to traditional control methods,this remediation strategy focuses on source and process control.It is more effective and does not require large-scale water pollution control projects,which can save a lot of environmental control funds and management costs.Therefore,it has greater research significance and application value.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

Principles of Landscape Ecology in the Construction of Hydro-ecological Civilized City

Against the backdrop of global urbanization,ecological civilization problems have become increasingly prominent,among which water ecological civilization has been a focus of researches for being closely tied with urban life.Under the context of constructing water ecological civilization,this paper from the perspective of landscape ecological planning analyzed the connection of river and lake water systems,construction of fl ood and water diversion project,water pollution control,water ecological conservation and ecological river construction,based on different water ecological construction objectives;explored how to support landscape planning by fully using landscape ecological principles and landscape indexes;fi nally proposed to design more delicate objective-based landscape indexes and the overall landscape index model for water ecological construction.

Desertification and Blown Sand Disaster in China

Approximately 331 million ha, one-third of China＇s total land, is prone to desertification processes, leading to natural disasters and economic losses. In this study, the situation, tendency, their influences and their risk governance of desertification and blown sand disaster in China were examined using satellite images, field photographs, field data and a literature review. The desiccated areas in Lop Nor and the lower Heihe River fluvial plain covered about 50,000 km2 and 40,000 km2, respectively. In Ejina, about 100 species of vegetation became extinct. The rate of wind erosion in China was between 1,000 tons/km2/year and 2,000 tons/km2/year. There were 12 sand deserts and sandy lands, occupying a total of 710,000 km2. Salinized soils occurred across 99.1 million ha. The two main sand and dust storm-prone areas in China were the Tarim Basin and its surroundings, and the Alxa Plateau and its surroundings. From 1981 to 2007, the annual average frequency of sand and dust storms varied from 1 d to 37 d with a general increase from southeast to northwest. Since 1978, China has implemented a number of ecological construction projects that have reduced desertification from 1999 to 2004 and from 2005 to 2009, and the number of dust and sand storm days from 9.3 d between 1954 and 1959 to 4.4 d between 2000 and 2007. The results could improve understanding of desertification and blown sand disasters in China and provide valuable experiences for global desertification control.

沙漠生态学概念、学科特色、内容及指导作用

生态学是生态文明建设的理论基础。现代生态学学科发展与区域生态特色相结合,已成为生态学特色学科方向发展的显著特征和区域生态文明建设的关键依据。沙漠生态学以沙漠或沙漠化土地为研究区域,以沙漠生物为研究对象,是沙漠学与生态学的交叉融合学科,具有典型的区域性特色。从沙漠生态学的概念和学科定位的角度,分析了沙漠生态学的学科特点和特色优势。基于此,沙漠生态学具有自己的研究范畴和研究内容,在学科层面上存在其他学科无法解决或者解决好的科学问题,并从研究区域和研究对象的角度分析了沙漠生态学形成独立学科方向的必要性。沙漠生态学学科体系建设和基础理论丰富与完善,有利于指导干旱、半干旱区沙漠化的发生原因、过程及原理、沙漠化逆转过程的恢复机理的全面系统研究,为沙漠化综合治理措施与治理实践、沙漠自然资源利用与开发以及沙漠生态系统保护提供关键科技支撑,凸显了沙漠生态学的特色学科方向对区域荒漠化综合防治和“三北”防护林生态工程建设的重要理论和实践指导意义。

生态环境分区管控的基本逻辑、运行样态与法治进路

生态环境分区管控作为中国生态文明建设领域的特色制度创新,不仅是优化国土空间保护利用新格局的战略部署,也是习近平生态文明思想引领下的实践范例。对生态环境分区管控的逻辑论证和运行观察,发现:作为生态环境源头预防的基本性制度,生态环境分区管控根植于空间转向理论,蕴含着深厚的空间治理逻辑;生态环境分区管控以实现空间正义为价值目标,法治化是其制度发展的应然理路;法制供给滞后、法律内容残缺、配套机制缺失是掣肘生态环境分区管控战略实施和制度转型的主要动因。因此,提出要在明确立法策略的基础之上,按照内外在机理构筑生态环境分区管控的法治体系。

基于多模态生态治理数据构建生态管理知识图谱技术

我国新时代十年是生态环境保护认识最深、力度最大、举措最实、推进最快、成效最显著的十年。生态环境治理取得成效的同时,管理措施也逐步成熟和规范化,相关生态管理知识成果的文本、视频、照片等多模态数据也日益丰厚。采用先进的知识图谱理念创新我国生态环境保护工作,对未来助力打赢污染防治攻坚战,构建现代环境治理体系具有重要意义。聚焦我国美丽中国和生态文明建设工程领域,将典型污染防治攻坚战、生态恢复工程多模态素材作为数据源,通过数据整合、知识抽取、知识融合后形成标准知识表述,构建生态管理知识图谱体系。具体包括(1)定量分析深圳市“散乱污”企业整治成功案例数据,抽取管理主体、管理对象等实体,挖掘其空间特征、污染特征、治理效果关系;(2)关联分析企业驻点、污染物热点和城市空间相互关系;(3)通过我国典型生态环境损害赔偿案件中的“实施行为-破坏对象-损害功能”特定关系分析,抽取“生态治理行为——受影响环境要素——生态服务提升程度”生态环境管理知识图谱;(4)最终形成了整合“散乱污”治理、生态环境治理行为的综合性生态管理知识图谱,构建了包含12类本体、82个实体,4类、201条关系的图数据库。研究表明,通过污染防治攻坚战成功案例、生态恢复工程成效的多模态数据构建我国生态管理知识图谱,能够形成贴近现实需求的知识体系,有助于依法治污、科学治污和精准治污全过程;也有助于生态环境损害鉴定评估工作中的“多因一果”和“一因多果”分析。建议未来加大生态管理知识图谱的应用,精准识别管理对象、实现科学分析与智能决策,促进公众参与生态管理和加快生态产品价值实现。

国家生态文明试验区建设对农业碳排放强度的影响——基于30个省份面板数据的准自然实验

从生态文明理论构建到生态文明试验区的建设,中国生态文明逐步从理论构建迈向实践探索。农业产量增长与降低碳排放强度是生态文明建设的新挑战。论文利用合成控制法和合成双重差分法,基于2001—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,分析2016年以来国家级生态文明试验区的设立和建设对试验区农业碳排放强度的影响。研究发现:(1)在国家生态文明试验区建设开始之后,试验区的农业碳排放强度降低成效总体优于中国其他地区,对于实现“双碳”目标有重要的促进作用;(2)合成控制法研究结果表明,国家生态文明试验区对于农业碳排放强度降低的政策效应具有政策的时滞性和区域差异性,在不同地区呈现出不同的政策效应;(3)合成双重差分研究结果表明,生态文明试验区的设立对贵州农业碳排放强度降低呈现出“强有效”的政策效应,福建呈现出“部分有效”,而江西则呈现出“弱有效”。基于分析结论,最后从生态文明试验区政策的推广和实施等方面提出对策建议,以期推动中国生态文明建设进一步发展,助力“双碳”目标的实现。

京津冀沙化治理生态社会经济一体化发展协调机制研究

以京津冀地区为样本,选取京津冀地区2004—2018年生态、社会、经济方面的相关数据,确立沙化治理的指标权重体系,引入耦合度、耦合协调度以及熵值法测量耦合系统协调状况。结果表明,2004—2018年京津冀地区的综合发展指数一直处于持续增长状态,耦合协调度处于波动上升态势。北京市、河北省的耦合协调度一直处于优质协调发展类;天津市的耦合协调度经历了中度失调衰退类到严重失调衰退类再到中度失调衰退类,相较于北京市、河北省的耦合协调度较低。京津冀地区在一体化进程中存在一定波动性,且京津冀综合一体化发展慢于经济、社会、生态子系统一体化发展。

生态文明视角下滨水空间规划管控与建设指引思考——以闽江福州段为例

滨水空间是区域重要的生态空间,也是城乡发展中的“黄金地带”,亦是城市人居空间的聚集地,是生态文明建设的重要承载空间。新形势下,探索滨水空间的生态文明建设,对提升区域生态系统服务功能、引导滨水空间存量用地更新、提升滨水空间公共效益、展示山水与地域文化、满足人民群众对美好生活的向往具有现实意义。文章通过剖析闽江福州段沿线滨水空间的现状问题与规划挑战,从生态、空间、文化三个维度探讨了城市滨水空间综合提升的规划管控与建设指引,以期创造新时期城市滨水空间可持续发展的人居环境典范。

农林生态系统功能优化对石漠化生态修复的作用

农林生态系统模仿自然生态系统的组配,结合多年生木本植物、农作物和/或畜禽养殖,有效地促进石漠化区退化生态系统的恢复,提供了重要的物质产品和生态服务。农林生态系统能否持续地供给物质产品和生态服务的关键问题,取决于对其生态系统功能的优化和生态产品供给能力的提升。将关系到农林生态系统在石漠化治理中的持续性贡献和保护恢复生态价值的有效性。基于国内外相关综述和实证分析,重点从内涵、关系和优化提升方案方面进行探讨。(1)剖析了要素与性能在石漠化治理农林生态系统功能优化与生态产品供给能力提升中的内涵体现,明确了要素与性能在石漠化治理农林生态系统的具体作用机理;(2)总结了农林生态系统功能优化与生态产品供给能力提升的关系,指出可持续地向不同利益群体提供生态产品是促进石漠化生态修复的重要环节;(3)探讨了因果网络模型在石漠化治理农林生态系统中的应用,并分析了要素与性能之间级联关系在构建优化提升方案实现途径中的可能性。本研究为科学推进石漠化综合治理提供实用价值和理论参考,适用于其他生态脆弱区,有助于探索优化生态系统功能并提升生态产品供给能力的相关问题。

生态学马克思主义“控制自然”思想的两条阐释路径及其理论启示

生态学马克思主义的代表人物威廉·莱斯和瑞尼尔·格伦德曼在“控制自然”思想上呈现出两条不同的阐释路径:现代性批判的阐释路径和马克思主义的人道主义阐释路径。威廉·莱斯从现代性批判的视角阐释“控制自然”思想。他认为“控制自然”隐喻着资本主义社会的现代性危机,这表现在:控制自然的观念已成为资本主义社会的意识形态,控制自然的实质是对人的控制,科学技术成为控制人的工具。瑞尼尔·格伦德曼基于马克思主义的人道主义阐释“控制自然”思想。他认为“控制自然”服务于人类的利益和需要,它表现在:人对自然的有效控制是人对自然“人道的占有”,“控制自然”与环境保护的统一在本质上是人类利益与自然利益的统一,“控制自然”预先假定的目的是能否增进人类福祉与满足人类需要。威廉·莱斯和瑞尼尔·格伦德曼对“控制自然”思想的两条不同阐释路径,不仅深化了我们对资本主义社会生态问题的理解,也给予我国生态文明建设以理论上的启示。

主攻防沙治沙筑牢北方重要生态安全屏障面临的问题及对策探讨

内蒙古的防沙治沙工作对我国北方生态安全屏障的构建以及国家能源基地的建设具有重要的战略意义。近年来,内蒙古自治区党委和政府积极落实党中央的决策部署,深入践行习近平生态文明思想,统筹推进山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与系统治理。该地区坚持因地制宜、突出重点以及防治并存的原则,实施了一系列生态建设工程,取得了显著的成就。然而,内蒙古目前面临气候干旱与荒漠化的严峻挑战,尤其是在全球气候变化的背景下,防沙治沙的任务愈加艰巨。目前自治区生态恢复与建设仍处于初步阶段,治理成效尚不稳定,总体形势依然严峻。特别是在山水林田湖草沙系统治理的统筹方面,依然存在一定的差距。

水污染防控与治理在生态环境保护中的作用研究

随着社会经济的不断发展和人类活动的增多,水环境污染问题日益加剧,且种类繁杂,给人们的日常生产、生活带来了极大影响。为提升和保障水资源环境安全,充分认识到治理水环境污染问题的重要性,实现社会的可持续健康发展,本文针对如何加强水环境污染治理,在实现水域生态环境良性发展中促进生态环境保护的作用和意义进行了阐述。

冠县兰沃乡水土保持示范乡镇建设做法与建议

冠县兰沃乡按照“生态修复、生态治理、生态保护”的原则,扎实推进水土流失综合治理和生态建设,大力发展水利建设和林业种植,开展林田湖草沙为一体的防沙治沙、涵养水源等生态修复工作。在改善生态环境、减少侵蚀、提高水资源利用率、助推乡村振兴方面都起到了很好的示范引领作用。本文介绍了兰沃乡在水土流失治理和生态建设方面的经验做法并提出建议。

不同措施对光伏电站风沙环境及土壤的影响

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