Design/Build系列课程在风景园林专业的探索与思考

本文通过解析“设计-建造”系列课程的意义以及在建筑学及风景园林学科发展概况,并对美国大学风景园林专业“设计-建造”类型系列课程开展情况及特点进行对比研究.借鉴运用“设计-建造”教学模式进行实验性教学,通过在园林建筑材料与构造课程、深圳市福田市民园艺学院植物造景项目及深圳市勒杜鹃花展竞赛等多种类型教学中应用,以探索风景园林职业教育中“设计-建造”模式的应用与发展潜力.

Seismic fragility assessment of RC frame structure designed according to modern Chinese code for seismic design of buildings

Following several damaging earthquakes in China, research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete （RC） building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings. The Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings （CCSDB） has evolved over time, however, there is still reported earthquake induced damage of newly designed RC buildings. Thus, to investigate modern Chinese seismic design code, three low-, mid- and high-rise RC frames were designed according to the 2010 CCSDB and the corresponding vulnerability curves were derived by computing a probabilistic seismic demand model （PSDM）.The PSDM was computed by carrying out nonlinear time history analysis using thirty ground motions obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Finally, the PSDM was used to generate fragility curves for immediate occupancy, significant damage, and collapse prevention damage levels. Results of the vulnerability assessment indicate that the seismic demands on the three different frames designed according to the 2010 CCSDB meet the seismic requirements and are almost in the same safety level.

Early Building Design:Informed decision-making by exploring multidimensional design space using sensitivity analysis

This paper describes a novel approach to explore a multidimensional design space and guide multi-actor decision making in the design of sustainable buildings.The aim is to provide proactive and holistic guidance of the design team.We propose to perform exhaustive Monte Carlo simulations in an iterative design approach that consists of tw o steps:1) preparation by the modeler,and 2) a multi-collaborator meeting.In the preparation phase,the simulation modeler performs Morris sensitivity analysis to fixate insignificant model inputs and to identify non-linearity and interaction effects.Next,a representation of the global design space is obtained from thousands of simulations using low-discrepancysequences(LPτ) for sampling.From these simulations,the modeler constructs fast metamodels and performs quantitative sensitivity analysis.During the meeting,the design team explores the global design space by filtering the thousands of simulations.Variable filter criteria are easily applied using an interactive parallel coordinate plot w hich provide immediate feedback on requirements and design choices.Sensitivity measures and metamodels show the combined effects of changing a single input and how to remedy unw anted output changes.The proposed methodology has been developed and tested through real building cases using a normative model to assess energy demand,thermal comfort,and daylight.

Problems and Solutions to Planning and Design of Green Building

Green building is one of the important issues for human beings to face ecological and environmental crisis and to examine its own behaviors. To realize sustainable development of architectural industry,main problems in planning and design of green building are analyzed,ideas and suggestions for planning and design of domestic green building are put forward,under the guidance of green building evaluation standards,and on the following two aspects,including urban planning and design driven by shortterm benefits and different design emphases due to unilateral understanding of green building.

Seismic performance evaluation of typical dampers designed by Chinese building code

Adding dampers is a commonly adopted seismic risk mitigation strategy for modern buildings, and the corresponding design procedure of dampers has been well established by the Chinese Building Code. Even though all types of dampers are designed by the same procedure, actual seismic performance of the building may differ from one to the others. In this study, a nine-story benchmark steel building is established, and three different and typical types of dampers are designed according to the Chinese Building Code to realize structural vibration control under strong earthquake excitation. The seismic response of the prototype building equipped with a viscoelastic damper, viscous damper and buckling-restrained brace(BRB) subjected to 10 earthquake records are calculated, and Incremental Dynamic Analysis(IDA) is performed to describe progressive damage of the structure under increasing earthquake intensity. In the perspective of fragility, it shows that the viscoelastic damper has the highest collapse margin ratio(CMR), and the viscous damper provides the best drift control. Both the BRB and viscoelastic dampers can effectively reduce the floor acceleration responses in the mid-rise building.

Importance of building maintenance at the time of architectural design of buildings rehabilitated with heritage value

During architectural conception phase,building maintenance problematic is mostly a result of the unintentional use of preconceived architectonical solutions rather than a consequence of a specific influence of maintenance requirements.Hardly the architect in the act of design understands the importance of these solutions in the service life span of a building.Being aware of this,is it possible for the architect to be supplied with a decision support system that allows him to consider the implications of building maintenance since the early design phases? Having awareness of this problem and its consequences in the early design phases a research project was started at the Faculty Engineering of the University of Oporto(FEUP),under which the implications of building maintenance in the act of architectural design is studied.This article presents the methodology developed to identify the needs of maintenance of buildings based on a DSS-decision support system that provides simple tools the architect can use in design phase.This methodology is based on decomposition of building parts-Elements Source of Maintenance ESM-,and subsequently,a set of functional requirements that determine the performance regarding building maintenance on account of architectural decisions.Relevant maintenance actions are defined: Inspection,Pro-action,Cleaning,Correction,Replacement,Legal enforcement,Limits of use.One can thus set up a relationship between the act of design and its performance framework based on behavior,intervention and the ownership of the work of architecture.Using a Multicriteria Analysis(MCA) a qualitative evaluation of different options based on maintenance requirements accomplishment.Conclusions on the importance of architectural conception concerning the building maintenance were clearly arrived at and the utility of the developed decision support tool was also highlighted.

Design of Prefabricated Old-age Building Based on Modularization:A Case Study of Institutional Elderly Houses Design in Taigou Village,Xi'an City

Old-age building was designed in Ziwu Town,from the aspects of energy saving,environmental protection,full use of solar energy and characteristics of the local climate.In order to meet the requirements of energy conservation,environmental protection and climate adaptability of residential buildings,this paper integrates the construction and design in the prefabricated building design,at the same time,with the consideration of the possibility of expansion and removal of the nursing home,the concept of "modular unit" is put forward.Considering the climatic adaptability of the base position,the utilization of solar energy and the organization of natural ventilation should be paid attention to,also,the rammed soil construction method is added in this design,which can improve the thermal insulation performance of the building enclosure and create a comfortable indoor thermal environment both in winter and summer.In order to realize the object of industrial building construction and design,the prefabricated construction method is used,which produces impact on the surrounding environment more environmentally friendly.The building will be easily built,less restricted,and low-cost.What's more,local material and the advantages of all dry work increase the operability of the project.

Study on Integrated Design of Building Facilities in Scenic Areas

The authors begin with traditional architectural design methodology,review basic theories and development trends of architectural designs from the ancient times to the present.On the basis of combining traditional oriental integral view,modern architectural design and landscape design theories,current construction of building facilities in scenic areas are analyzed,integrated design of the building facilities is proposed,and"integrated design system"further analyzed to offer effective references and theoretical support for the design and construction of building facilities in scenic areas.

Exploration on Design of Waterfront Landscape and Building in Xianghu Lake Park of Nanchang City

Wa terfront park is an important composition of current urban ecological tourism in China,which sufficiently reveals the economic development situation of the city and the leisure culture life of the masses,and embodies rich regional cultural characteristics.Taking Xianghu Lake Park of Nanchang City as the example,design features of its water landscape and building are analyzed and explored.The design fol ows the principle of utilization function combining with artistry,pa ys attention to plane layout and spatial organization,and retains classical architectural style of the building.

Revision of seismic design codes corresponding to building damagesin the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake

A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been updated. This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the "Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008" and "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001." The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited, and as a result, the seismic classifications for schools, hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code. The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include: (a) modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu; (b) basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas; (c) regularity of building configuration; (d) integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors; (e) requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts; and (f) limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures. Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse, the importance of duplicate structural systems, and the integration of RC and masonry structures.

Integrated Building Envelope Design Process Combining Parametric Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization

As an important element in sustainable building design, the building envelope has been witnessing a constant shift in the design approach. Integrating multi-objective optimization (MOO) into the building envelope design process is very promising, but not easy to realize in an actual project due to several factors, including the complexity of optimization model construction, lack of a dynamic-visualization capacity in the simulation tools and consideration of how to match the optimization with the actual design process. To overcome these difficulties, this study constructed an integrated building envelope design process (IBEDP) based on parametric modelling, which was implemented using Grasshopper platform and interfaces to control the simulation software and optimization algorithm. A railway station was selected as a case study for applying the proposed IBEDP, which also utilized a grid-based variable design approach to achieve flexible optimum fenestrations. To facilitate the stepwise design process, a novel strategy was proposed with a two-step optimization, which optimized various categories of variables separately. Compared with a one-step optimization, though the proposed strategy performed poorly in the diversity of solutions, the quantitative assessment of the qualities of Pareto-optimum solution sets illustrates that it is superior. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Solar Hot System and Design of Buildings

Domestic solar hot water system, the use of the status quo and existing problems, by analyzing the solar water heating equipment and building integrated and building integrated design.

Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.

Smart Building Design to Improve the Energy Consumption at an Office Room

Buildings are becoming smarter as a result of a variety of advanced technologies that enable energy management, optimal space utilization, and smart surveillance for safety, among other things. Energy-efficient smart building ideas and execution are of great interest and top priority due to the building’s occupants’ misused and high-power consumption. This paper addresses the design and execution of an energy management system that includes a solar power system for generating power for the building’s needs and a PIR-based automation system for efficient power use. This project was carried out at the Military Technological College (MTC) in Muscat, in the system engineering department’s offices. This project seeks to generate power for the building’s energy needs using solar photovoltaic panels and reduce energy consumption within the office using a PIR-based automation system. The results demonstrate that after the breakeven point (the time it takes to recoup the initial investment), it can provide power to the building for another 17 years. The calculations and practical results presented in this study approve that the system is extremely helpful.

Landscape Design of Roof Gardens of Urban Public Buildings

This article explores the constraints in the landscape design of roof gardens of public buildings. Based on this,the constituent elements of the roof landscape of public buildings and the cultural ties connecting the elements are studied in detail. Exploring diverse landscape design of roof gardens of public buildings can not only make full use of the building space but also bring more economic,social and ecological benefits.

The Application and Prospects of Digital Visualization in Urban Public Building Space Design

With the development and innovation of digital information technology, digital visualization plays an increasingly important role in the design of urban public building spaces. This paper explores the application of digital visualization technology in the design of urban public building spaces and looks ahead to future trends. Firstly, it analyzes the challenges in the design of urban public building spaces, including extensive professional involvement, complex functional layout requirements, rational emergency evacuation routes, multidimensional analysis of architectural spatial environments, and appropriate selection of decorative materials. Next, it introduces the applications of digital visualization technology in showcasing visual design and expression, optimizing spatial functional layouts, enhancing the rationality of evacuation routes, analyzing dynamic environmental impacts and energy consumption, and improving the effectiveness of material selection in the design of urban public building spaces. Lastly, it discusses the prospects of extended reality (XR) technology, interactive design using data platforms, and AI technology in the design of public building spaces. It is hoped that this paper provides inspiration and reference for the deeper application of digital information technology in the field of architecture. .

Design Strategies for the Sustainable Improvement of Urban Social Assistance Buildings

Transformation and innovation of assistance model promote the transition of urban social assistance building to multi-functional building. This paper, on the basis of analyzing complexity and peculiarity of urban social assistance building, as well as researches and practices of sustainable improvement of domestic architecture, proposed environmental, social and economic objectives of the sustainable improvement of urban social assistance building, and elaborated design strategies from the perspectives of site selection and its impact on environment, application, evaluation and utilization of ecological technologies, reform of old buildings, flexible internal layout of building and combination of routine use and disaster use design, so as to improve social benefits and social assessment of assistance buildings sustainably, and to balance humanistic concerns and social resource input.

Landscape Features and Design Elements of Earth-sheltered Buildings

Categories of earth-sheltered buildings were summarized, and it was proposed that landscape features of earth-sheltered buildings were demonstrated mainly as "ecological, landscape-like and systematic". Landscape elements such as entrance, road, water and greening were believed as major means of showing landscape features of earth-sheltered buildings. Entrance landscape design of such buildings was analyzed from the perspectives of plane-type, slope-type and step-type forms. Road design for these buildings should respect natural terrains so as to connect spaces and organize traffic routes reasonably. Waterscape design should take both landscape effects and loading capacity of roof into consideration so as to meet water-loving psychology of the public, virtual and real approaches should be combined to create waterscapes. Greening design of earth-sheltered buildings was explored from the perspectives of roof greening and vertical greening to improve the green coverage rate and show favorable ecological effects.

Selection of Weather Parameters for Air-Conditioning System Design for Buildings with Long Thermal Lag

Two building factors-a longer thermal lag of more than one hour for building envelops and a lag of indoor radiation to convert into cooling load-have impact on the instantaneous heat input and instantaneous cooling load.So the two factors should be taken into account when selecting the weather parameters for air-conditioning system design.This paper developed a new statistic method for the rational selection of coincident solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures.The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong to generate coincident design weather data.And the results show that traditional design solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures may be significantly overestimated in many conditions,and the design weather data for the three different constructions is not kept constant.

Structural Design of a Tall Building with Underpinning Structure in Guangzhou

This paper introduces the structural design optimization of a tall building with reinforced concrete frame-core shear walls in Guangzhou downtown.To decrease the construction cost,wide flat beam with 400 mm ×650 mm rectangular cross-section are adopted for main beam.Special measures are used to decrease noncoincident centers of mass and stiffness.Because subway tunnels cross the building underground,inclined columns,the second and third floor underground together function as the underpinning structures.Different from traditional transform beam,the proposed underpinning structures show good performance without using large dimensional bending members.Special attentions should be paid to the beams connecting with the inclined column in the underpinning structures,and these beams show large tensile or compressive forces.Settlement observations after completion construction indicate that the building as well as the proposed design measures work well.