Disaster prevention design criteria for the estuarine cities:New Orleans and Shanghai The lesson from Hurricane Katrina

The accurate prediction of the typhoon (hurricane) induced extreme sea environments is very important for the coastal structure design in areas influenced by typhoon (hurricane). In 2005 Hurricane Katrina brought a severe catastrophe in New Orleans by combined effects of hurricane induced extreme sea environments and upper flood of the Mississippi River. Like the New Orleans City, Shanghai is located at the estuarine area of the Changjiang River and the combined effect of typhoon induced extreme sea environments, flood peak runoff from the Changjiang River coupled with the spring tide is the dominate factor for disaster prevention design criteria. The Poisson-nested logistic trivariate compound extreme value distribution (PNLTCEVD) is a new type of joint probability model which is proposed by compounding a discrete distribution (typhoon occurring frequency) into a continuous multivariate joint distribution (typhoon induced extreme events). The new model gives more reasonable predicted results for New Orleans and Shanghai disaster prevention design criteria.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and principles of earthquake engineering design are reviewed, including safety factors, probabilistic approach, and two-level and multi-level functional design ideas. The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details. When designing a structure, its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance, ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5. This paper suggests a method of 'consequence-based design,' which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor. The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences, which are dependant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

激光清洗效果评价体系及系统研究

为判断激光清洗效果,优化激光清洗工艺参数,对激光清洗效果进行评价就显出重要性。利用1000 W级激光清洗机进行激光清洗实验,结合实验数据,运用机器视觉技术及表面性能测试技术从宏观和微观两个方面对激光清洗后的效果进行评价,提出清洁度、粗糙度、清洗效率3种评价指标;根据评价指标制定激光清洗效果等级评价体系“Lcq”,基于此体系开发激光清洗效果智能评估系统。测试结果表明:该激光清洗效果等级评价体系客观准确,系统运行稳定,可指导激光清洗设备现场作业,从而更快地调整激光清洗机参数,提高清洗效果。

设计叙事研究的学科背景与概念界定

目的立足于设计学科的发展特征分析设计叙事研究的学科背景,根据学科特征对设计叙事研究的相关概念加以界定,尝试建构属于设计学科的叙事评判标准。方法立足学界研究现状,系统梳理设计叙事研究的学科背景与发展趋势,用比较研究法详细论证叙述学与叙事学、叙事设计与设计叙事、叙事性设计等概念的异同,并对是否叙事的判断标准加以界定。结论从设计学科的叙事研究的深度与广度考虑,在表述整个学科时统一用叙事学、设计叙事研究称谓较为合理。在具体的研究过程中,关于叙述还是叙事的使用建议根据实际情况而定。可依据两种概念指涉的异同,参照各自表述对象及内容而定。可把“是否有人物参与”和“是否产生状态改变”作为叙事与否的最重要评判标准,充分考虑设计学科与叙事学科的特征与关系,建构开放多元的设计叙事评判标准,为后续设计叙事学的建立奠定前期基础。

Implications of Design, Management and Recession Phase in Drip Irrigation on the Total Distribution Efficiency in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Crops in Areas with High Slopes in Concordia, Argentina

The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic tool, however water availability is restricted and it obliges farmers to progress increasing water productivity. Irrigation uses around 70% of total available fresh water, while irrigation water application efficiency is around 40%. Irrigation systems must follow strong criteria at the design stage to achieve high values of water productivity. Maintenance is indispensable to follow the original functioning level of those systems. At last the daily precise management of systems, following soil water potential, considering the effective rain storage at root depth of the crop and the evolution of daily evapotranspiration, preserving natural resources, are relevant to achieve low values of water footprint of this crop. In an 8 year drip irrigation system, the Uniformity Coefficient of Christiansen (UCC) measured was 95.14%;the Uniform Coefficient of the Minor Quart (UCMQ) was 93.16%. The Total Distribution Efficiency (EDT) was 95.13% when measurements finished while the irrigation systems is of. When measurements also considered the volume collected during the “recession phase in drip irrigation” and the “volume of water collected during recession phase in drip irrigation” collected at different points, EDT was 95.13%. Moreover it can be seen that when three different typical soil of the area were considered, the EDT was, 91.85%, 91.47% and 90.30% respectively, according with different water storage capacity of each soil. The Total Distribution Efficient is a strong method, to evaluate the design and management of drip irrigation systems, under different design criteria, management practices and maintenance of the systems. Water footprint in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) crop with drip and sprinkler anti-frost system, were measure and values obtained were 846, 310, 223, 212, 172 and 218 liters per kg of fresh fruit in the period 2010-2015. The UCC and the UCMQ reflects properly the irrigation design, while the EDT reflects irrigation design, management and maintenance. Water footprint is at last the strong tool to evaluate design and operation of the irrigation system and crop management.

海南省装配式整体卫生间方案评价标准及要点分析

该文旨在评价海南省装配式整体卫生间方案的标准及要点,以促进海南省在卫生间建设领域的发展。通过分析相关标准和要点,可以为海南省在选择和实施装配式整体卫生间方案时提供指导和参考。同时作为国家标准及地方标准的补充,拟建立一套针对海南省特殊环境要求的装配式整体卫生间的评价体系。通过三亚中央商务区企业孵化基地项目,综合考虑成本、材料、集成化程度、装配化程度等指标,结合《装配式建筑评价标准》及《绿色建筑评价标准》,提出综合性指数评分表,旨在为海南省装配式整体卫生间发展提供可行的评价标准,推动装配式整体卫生间的可持续发展。

半刚性钢框架优化设计研究综述

钢框架作为一种优良的结构形式,传统设计中一般把梁柱连接简化为两个理想的极端,即完全刚接或者理想铰接,然而连接实际上具有明显的半刚性变形特性。同时,结构优化是工程界永恒追求的目标,如何得到既安全可靠,又经济节约的优化方案,是结构设计中非常重要的研究课题。本文梳理了半刚性钢框架优化设计的研究进展,总结前人的可行之处,以期为后续的研究提供一定的参考。

Neutronic design investigation of a liquid injection-based second shutdown system for a typical research reactor using MCNPX

Safety systems, built on state-of-the-art technology, are essential for achieving acceptable levels of plant safety to minimize hazards to the reactor and the general public. The second shutdown system(SSS) as an engineered safety feature and a part of the reactor protection system(RPS) is a means for rapidly shutting down a nuclear reactor, keeping it in a subcritical state and serving as a backup to the first shutdown system(FSS). In this research, one SSS with two types of optimum chamber designs is proposed that take into account the main current characteristic features of the Tehran research reactor with improvements over earlier designs. They are based on a liquid neutron absorber injection that is preferably different, diverse, and independent from the FSS based on the rod drop mechanism. The major design characteristics of this SSS with two different chambers were investigated using MCNPX 2.6.0 code. The performed calculations showed that the designed SSS is a reliable shutdown system, assuring an appropriate shutdown margin and injection time, with no significant effects on the effective delayed neutron fraction while causing minimal variations to the core structure. Further, the reasonable financial cost and the prolongation of the operation cycle are additional advantages of this design.

Novel Mapping Design Criterion for BICM-ID with Square QAM Constellations

Mapping design criteria of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) with square 16QAM are analyzed. Three of the existing criteria are analyzed and compared with each other. Through the comparison, two main characters of the mapping design criteria are found. They are the harmonic mean of the minimum squared Euclidean distance and the average of Hamming distances with the nearest Euclidean distance. Based on these two characters, a novel mapping design criterion is proposed and a label mapping named mixed mapping is searched according to it. Simulation results show that mixed mapping performs better than the other mappings in BICM-ID system.

Design Considerations for an Underactuated Robotic Finger Mechanism

A design approach is presented in this paper for underactuation in robotic finger mechanisms. The characters of underactuated finger mechanisms are introduced as based on linkage and spring systems,The feature of self-adaptive enveloping grasp by underactuated finger mechanisms is discussed with feasible in grasping unknown objects. The design problem of robotic fingers is analyzed by looking at many aspects for an optimal functionality. Design problems and requirements for underactuated mechanisms are formulated as related to human-like robotic fingers. In particular,characteristics of finger mechanisms are analyzed and optimality criteria are summarized with the aim to formulate a general design algorithm. A general multi-objective optimization design approach is applied as based on a suitable optimization problem by using suitable expressions of optimality criteria. An example is illustrated as an improvement of finger mechanism in Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM) Hand. Results of design outputs and grasp simulations are reported with the aim to show the practical feasibility of the proposed concepts and computations.

Design of Axial-Flux Motor for Traction Application

This paper deals with the design of high power – low dimensions axial-flux permanent-magnet motor intended for trac-tion application. First, two motor configurations are analytically designed and compared using finite element calcula-tion. Then, the configuration yielding the best performances is integrated and modelled with the whole traction chain under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment in order to demonstrate the motor operation on a large speed band.

噪声敏感建筑隔声与声舒适性要求

住宅声学性能将在心理、生理和社会上影响住户,声学舒适性是高要求敏感建筑设计和施工中的重要考虑因素。文章对比分析了中国和欧美等国家隔声指标和要求的差异,发现国内住宅空气声隔声指标比国外的指标要求低4~10 dB;楼板撞击声压级比国外的要求高3~25 dB,最大偏差达到-25 dB。考虑到城市化进程的不断推进,城镇居住密度和容积率的不断增大,以及多高层居住建筑的大量应用,以预期满意度50%~67%为目标,建议住宅声学设计标准在现有的标准和规范基础上提高5 dB左右,以期改善住宅的声学品质和住户的声学满意度,而后期开展相应的声学社会调查,改善居住声学环境是十分必要的。

Disassembly Evaluation in Design of a System Using a Multi-Parameters Index

In order to help designers, consider disassembly in their design activities, a method for evaluation of product disassembly is proposed. Criteria characterizing the disassembility of a product are identified. Each criterion is assigned a coefficient, thus proposing an index of easy fixations (Iff) as a design indicator to evaluate the level of disassembly of a solution generated by the designer. This index is calculated as a weighted average of the indicators for evaluating the disassembility of the product. The proposed method uses information such as the list of subsets or parts, the component tree, the part geometry, the functional links between components and parts, the properties of the components. It has been tested on one product: the soy roaster.

Combined Life Cycle Assessment and Costing Analysis Optimization Model Using Multiple Criteria Decision Making in Earth-Resource Systems

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive method to evaluate all attributes or aspects of potential environmental impact throughout a product’s lifecycle. Financial impacts are often added to the systemic evaluation process to reflect both environmental and economic assessment. For the specific application of LCA informing design of new technologies, when numerous variables are undecided or under defined, the process of forming an inventory of complete dataset is very difficult. Accumulating the early data consumes time, and limits application of LCA to new technologies and projects. As such, LCA may not normally be associated with forecasting or guiding a design/production process with an incomplete data set. Here, a life cycle assessment optimization model (LCAO) is described for incomplete data sets, based on the life cycle inventory (LCI) hybrid method and a modified multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. The approach requires data, but can proceed in the given an incomplete or uncertain data set. The model of the algorithm also shows promising results to reveal previously unknown key variables within the dataset, which can then facilitate the minimization of environmental impact while maximizing economic benefits in product design.

Optimization strategies for separation of sulfadiazines using Box-Behnken design by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis

Development of effective chromatographic or electrophoretic separation involves judicious deciding of selection of optimal experimental conditions that can provide an adequate resolution at a reasonable run time for the separation of interested components. Box-Behnken factorial design was effectively applied for the separation optimization of eight structurally related sulfonamides using capillary zone electrophorosis and reverse high performance liquid chromatography. Optimum values for volume ratio of THF to H2O in eluent, column temperature and flow rate of eluent are found as 12 to 88, 35℃ and 1.0 mL/min, respectively. Box-Behnken modified optimization model is extended to separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE). While using CE, a satisfactory separation is achieved with a minimum resolution larger than 1.0 for a separation time less than 10 min.

贯彻《军用飞机结构完整性大纲》的新螺旋桨设计

由于螺旋桨产生的滑流可以缩短飞机起降距离,因此降低了飞机对于机场跑道的要求。目前,螺旋桨在民用飞机和军用飞机上仍有大量发展和应用。我国飞机螺旋桨自主设计起步较晚,过去我国大型螺旋桨一直采用全金属实心桨叶,“新螺旋桨”是我国首次自行研制高性能复合材料螺旋桨。研制过程中,在气动力设计、结构强度、电调控制等方面遇到了一系列巨大挑战。《军用飞机结构完整性大纲》(GJB 775A—2012)作为飞机结构设计的顶层要求,在螺旋桨结构设计中依然发挥着重要作用,是保证新螺旋桨结构可靠性、经济性和产品寿命的重要手段。设计人员在研制中学习和贯彻《大纲》的要求和实施方法,克服了大量的技术难点和工程问题,最终成功地研制和装机了新螺旋桨。本文从《大纲》的五个任务出发,介绍了新螺旋桨研制中关于各个阶段任务的贯彻和实施,以及在此期间开展的有关理论分析和试验验证,系统地总结了《大纲》在螺旋桨结构设计中的实践和体会。希望文章能为今后同类产品的研制提供借鉴和参考。

好看 好懂 好记 好用——陈汉民先生标志设计准则研究

文章围绕陈汉民先生毕生“为学、为事、为人”的事迹,采用理论与设计实践密切结合的方法,系统地研究了陈汉民先生提出的创新引领设计“好看、好懂、好记、好用”的准则。该准则精辟、简洁、深刻地揭示了标志设计创意、造型、审美、解读和使用等要点的理论基础。陈汉民先生“中国风、民族情、国际观”、“求变·求新·求实·求美”与“回头看、超前迈、快一步”的设计观与他的“四好准则”一脉相承,凝聚了他的心血与创新智慧,折射出先生的人品、艺品与理念,对探索设计创新之道、建设中华民族现代文明、促进设计及其教育的高质量发展有着重要的意义和启示。

The Definition of Task in Task-Based Language Teaching and The Factors Considered in Task Design

Task-based language teaching(TBLT)has caused considerable interests among curriculum developers,language testers and language teachers during the past several decades.In order to use the approach rightly,throughout literature review,the essay is going to analyze what the task is critically and the factors teachers should consider when they design tasks.At the end of the study,it is concluded that even though the definition of task is various,the main criteria are that a task is mainly focusing on meaning;has a clear goal;involves the outcome;and is related to the real world.When design tasks,teachers need to balance the fluency,accuracy and complexity,making task difficulties be appropriate to students’levels,considering thematic content and the range of task types and the phases of tasks.

A Decision Support Framework for the Choice of Languages and Methods for the Design of Real Time Embedded Systems

The choice of methods or design languages is a crucial phase in the development of systems and software, also for real time and embedded systems. An open question that remains in the design of these types of systems is to build a method, or to choose one among those existing, capable to cover the life cycle of a project, and particularly the development phases. This article contributes to answer the question, by proposing an approach based on a multi-criteria comparative study, of few languages and methods dedicated to the design of real time and embedded systems. The underlying objective of this work is to present to designers a wide range of approaches, and elements that can guide their choices. In order to reach this goal, we propose different comparison criteria. Each criterion is divided into sub-criteria, so that the designers can refine their choices according to the qualities they prefer and wish to have in the method or language. We also define a rating scale which is used to assess the retained languages and methods. The scores obtained from this assessment are presented in tables, one table per criterion, followed by a summary table giving the overall scores. Graphics built from these tables are provided and intend to facilitate the judgement and thus the choice of the designers.

基于AHP-CRITIC混合加权法和星点设计-效应面法的荆防活血乳膏处方优化研究

目的研究并优选荆防活血乳膏剂的制备工艺。方法以荆防活血乳膏剂的离心稳定性、耐热稳定性、涂抹分散性为考察指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)、基于指标相关性的权重确定方法(CRITIC)、AHPCRITIC混合加权法确定各评价指标的权重系数,并结合星点设计(central composite design,CCD)-效应面优化法筛选荆防活血乳膏处方中出对基质质量影响较大的3个因素硬脂酸、甘油、混合乳化剂(平平加、三乙醇胺)的用量,验证优化后的最佳处方。结果按AHP-CRITIC混合加权法得到离心稳定性、耐热稳定性、涂抹分散性的权重系数分别为0.5216,0.3372,0.1412,最佳处方比例为:硬脂酸4.4 g,甘油14.3 g,混合乳化剂4.2 g,单硬脂酸甘油酯2 g,凡士林8.5 g,二甲基硅油10 g,纯化水20 g,冰片1.5 g(2%),苯甲酸钠0.1%,荆防活血方组方药物提取干膏用量7.5 g(每100 g乳膏中含主药量约10 g)。结论优选出的荆防活血乳膏剂制备工艺经验证简单、合理,所得制剂具有良好的外观性状、涂抹分散性和稳定性。