The Defects and Future Research Direction of the Auditof the Policy Implementation Effect 2 China

近年来,政策执行效果审计在中国逐渐引起了关注.论文首先介绍了政策执行效果审计的内涵和研究的意义,在此基础上简要阐述了政策执行效果审计的发展现状,并指出了其缺陷,最后提出了未来的研究应重点关注建立政策执行效果审计理论框架体系、完善政策执行效果审计评价指标体系、探索对政策本身的评价以及将政策执行效果审计与新兴互联网工程及信息技术结合起来等几个方面.

On the Preparation and Implementation of Research Budget in Agricultural Institutes

Over the years,more attention has been focused on the implementation than on the preparation of the research budget in the agricultural institutes of China,resulting in the unscientific and unreasonable budgeting of research funds. The practical implementation of the research funds has also been adversely affected. In this paper,the problems as well as the root causes of those problems in the budgeting and implementation of research funds were analyzed,and corresponding solutions and suggestions were also presented.

Design-Based Research on the Development and Implementation of AI Courses from the Perspective of University-Enterprise Cooperation

In recent years,China has been issuing artificial intelligence(AI)education policies to promote the deep integration between AI and education.Setting AI courses at the basic education phase can cultivate students’AI literacy and enhance the country’s science and technology competitiveness in the future.However,due to shortages of AI teachers and inadequate conditions for practice,the current AI courses in primary and secondary schools are not enough in effectiveness.In light of current problems,this study,based on the foundation of university-enterprise cooperation,integrates the“competition and education”mechanism into informal AI course design and practice.Using a design-based research paradigm,the study proposes the design framework from four dimensions:goals,themes and content,methods and steps,and evaluation,and then further refines the framework through two rounds of iterations,to provide a reference for the development and practice of AI courses.

Implementation Strategies for Improving the Care of Depressed Elderly Persons—Summary of an International Workshop

The aim of the study was to identify the most important research priorities as well as future strategies for promoting and implementing evidence-based care of depressed elderly persons. An interdisciplinary workshop was organized using a focus group format and the transcript of the discussion was interpreted by means of the qualitative content analysis. The most important research priorities for improving the care of depressed elderly persons, implementation levels, theoretical approaches as well as possible outcomes were analysed on individual consumer, healthcare system, and policy level. A wide range of theories and methods are necessary to identify and explain implementation processes and results. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies in combination with knowledge synthesis were discussed. In addition, the need to summarize the literature in terms of specific issues was emphasized. In conclusion, the implementation strategies for improving the care of depressed elderly persons should be addressed on three levels: individual consumer, healthcare system and policy. Although some aspects of the implementation model may need to be enhanced, the fact that it includes conditions on individual level, i.e. self-management support, is of importance. The expansion and maintenance of evidence-based care generate potential for change in mental healthcare, thus improving outcomes for individual elderly patients. Areas that require further research are organization, cost and leadership. The use of mixed methods could strengthen future studies. Implementation researchers need a broad repertoire in order to plan and perform evidence-based research. To improve practice, implementation strategies should be developed in clinical and community guidelines.

Outcome Evaluation of Early Implementation of Option B+ in Cameroon: A Prospective Cohort Observational Survey in the Northwest and Southwest Regions

Background: Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV constitutes a major source of new pediatric infections in Cameroon. Objective: The aim of this implementation research was to assess outcomes and effectiveness of providing life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B+). Methods: From October 2013 to July 2014, HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women, not on antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis and ART, were recruited from 22 purposefully selected health facilities in the Northwest and Southwest regions for a prospective, observational cohort evaluation. Option B+ was offered to participants and outcome indicators were measured. Results: Out of 680 women eligible for this assessment, 669 (98%) were initiated on Option B+. Retention-in-care was 90% (95% CI, 87.85 - 92.61) and 79% (95% CI, 75.20 - 81.88), and loss to follow up (LTFU) was 7% (95% CI: 4.95 - 8.90) and 15% (95% CI: 12.06 - 17.56) at 6 and 12 months respectively. Maternal mortality at 12 months after ART initiation was 2% (13). As of March 2015, 538 HIV exposed infants (HEIs) were enrolled and received postpartum nevirapine prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth and 84% (454) were on cotrimoxazole at 6 to 8 weeks. By 8 weeks of age, 498 (93%) infants had HIV DNA PCR test with 486 (97.6%) negative and 12 (2.4%) positive. Conclusion: In Cameroon, successful implementation of Option B+ increased retention-in-care to 79% at one year for pregnant and breastfeeding women and reduced MTCT rate below 5% for HEIs at 8 weeks of age. Long term retention, maternal and infant mortality and final MTCT rate after cessation of breastfeeding require further evaluation.

Contextual Challenges in the Implementation of the Alliance for Maternal and Newborn Health Improvement, Prospective Cohort Study, an Experience from Rural Pakistan

Introduction: Improving maternal and newborn survival needs robust data on patterns of morbidity and mortality from well-characterized cohorts. It is equally important for researchers to document and understand the contextual challenges of data collection and how they are addressed. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study implemented from December 2012 to August 2014 in Matiari, Pakistan. A total of 11,315 pregnancies were enrolled. Participants were approached at home for sequential data collection through the standard pretested structured questionnaires. Some indicators were sourced through health facility records. Information on field challenges gathered through field diaries and minutes of meetings with field staff. Results: Inaccurate reporting of last menstrual period (LMP) dates caused difficulties in the planning and completion of antenatal data collection visits at scheduled gestational weeks. We documented ultrasound reports wherever available, relied on quickening technique, and implemented a seasonal event calendar to help mothers’ recall their LMP. Health system coordinators of public sector and private healthcare providers were individually approached for maximum data collection. But an unregulated private health system with poor record maintenance and health care providers’ reluctance for cooperation posed a greater challenge in data collection. Conclusions: Within a broader understanding of the health systems and socio-cultural environment, temporal and spatial feasibility of data collection should be considered thoroughly at the early stages of study designing, planning, resource allocation, and implementation. Pre-defined regular and need-based meetings with each tier of data collection teams and study managers help to reinvigorate field execution plans and optimize both quantity and quality of study data.

Clinical Dissemination and Implementation of EBTs From the Ground Up:How to Develop a Multi-Site CBT“Clinical Dissemination Practice”The Case Example of the Child&Family Institute

The recent proliferation of empirically-supported treatments(ESTs)into the private sector has led to more U.S.children and families receiving high quality treatments and improved treatment outcomes.However,there remains a significant dearth of evidence-based clinics,service providers,and training programs nationally,particularly in more remote communities.The Child&Family Institute(CFI)was founded in 2011 as the world’s first Clinical Dissemination Practice and training institute,comprising five core unifying stages and initiatives:(1)Dissemination Through Training,(2)Dissemination Through Community Partnership,(3)Dissemination Through Integrated Behavioral Health,(4)Dissemination Through Technology,and(5)Dissemination Through Multi-State,Multi-Site Program Development and Implementation,all with a common goal of raising awareness and leveraging local and national resources to disseminate and implement accessible,affordable,evidence-based care to children,families,and communities across the United States,and beyond.Perhaps most central and unique to CFI’s five initiatives,and its overall core values and mission,is the accessibility and affordability of services for each and every child.Preliminary feedback from patients,students,collaborators,local politicians and stakeholders,partner organizations,and the broader communities in the regions served has been enthusiastic,and several grant submissions and research partnerships are underway,to test the effectiveness of CFI programming and evidence-based treatments in“real-world”clinics nationwide.

“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项布局与实施成效分析

“十三五”国家科技计划改革构建了全新的国家重点研发计划,设置“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项对林业科技创新进行支持。在揭示林业资源培育及高效利用调控机制、提升主要人工林单位生产力和提高资源利用效率等方面进行布局,按照基础研究、关键技术研究和技术集成示范进行“产业链布局创新链、一体化组织实施”。截止到2022年,专项已经执行结束并顺利完成项目综合绩效评价。以“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项为主题,总结并分析专项实施背景、立项情况并介绍专项实施成效,为今后林业科技资源配置和组织管理提供参考。

研究性教学在动物寄生虫学课程中的探索与实践

研究性教学是一种以学生为主体,以问题为导向,旨在培养学生的探究精神和研究能力的一种创新性教学模式。该文以西南大学动物寄生虫学课程的本科教学为例,从教学内容的优化和补充、教学方法的改进、考核方式的调整及教学资源和教学队伍的建设等方面,系统论述研究性教学在动物寄生虫学教学中的应用。实践结果表明,多元的教学方法、丰富的教学内容和综合的考核方式能有效提高课程的教学质量,使学生的创新思维和实践能力得到显著提高。

企业绿色转型研究述评

实现“双碳”目标、推进经济发展方式的绿色转型,核心问题是加快企业发展方式的绿色转型。本文从概念内涵、理论依据、影响因素、路径选择和量化研究五个方面对企业绿色转型进行梳理和归纳,分析发现,未来需要立足于企业绿色转型的复杂性,开展对不同类型企业的研究,并将研究视角覆盖到绿色转型的全过程,同时更加注重绿色转型理论在包括工业企业在内的实体企业中的实践应用。

透析期间饮食管理最佳证据临床应用的障碍因素分析——基于CFIR理论

目的 探究透析期间饮食管理最佳证据临床应用的障碍因素。方法 以实施性研究整合框架(CFIR)为理论指导,制定访谈提纲并进行半结构式访谈,抽取护士作为研究对象,应用Colaizzi七步法分析资料。结果 共形成5个主题,分别是创新、外部因素、内部因素、个体和实施过程。创新方面包括2个亚主题:部分证据未充分考虑临床情景,适用性不高;缺乏相关知识的培训,护士知识更新不及时。外部因素方面包括1个亚主题:社会支持是促进变革重要的外部力量。内部因素方面包括3个亚主题:虽然变革会增加护士工作量,但利大于弊;流程规范化,健康教育材料是必需;注意保持良好护患关系,促进变革顺利开展。个体方面包括2个亚主题:护理人员变革决心强,中层领导在变革中起关键作用。实施过程方面包括2个亚主题:患者的宣教工作是主要的困难,部分证据未充分考虑患者意愿。结论 应制定规范的透析期间饮食管理流程、完善系统培训机制、丰富健康教育材料、充分考虑证据的临床情景和患者意愿,以推动在临床上应用透析期间饮食管理最佳证据。

数字化赋能区域教研的框架建构与实施进路

数字化赋能区域教研的本质是利用大数据和人工智能等技术全面提升教研工作的效率和质量,通过数字技术的集成应用,改革教研的目标、内容、方式和评价,以实现教育生态与技术生态的协同发展。该文在阐明数字化赋能区域教研内涵的基础上,认为数字化发展受到政策支持、技术与需求驱动而具备实施价值,同时探讨了数字化在区域教研中的应用价值,提出构建数字化赋能区域教研的应用框架。一是目标指向:从经验到循证的实证取向;二是内容体系:以育人为导向的知识构建;三是教研方法:数字技术的融合与创新;四是成效评估:精准测评的实施与应用。循此,进一步提出数字化赋能区域教研的实施进路:教研理念创新;教研队伍建设;教研路径优化;教研机制建设,为区域教研数字化发展提供一个可参考的发展通路。

振动深松技术及装备研究现状分析

对振动深松技术的研究是为了减少振动深松机具的耕作阻力和降低能耗;将从土壤与耕作部件的作用机理等基础理论研究、振动机构设计与振动机理研究、振动深松机具设计及其作业效果的研究三个部分的国内外研究现状进行分析;归纳了近几年振动深松技术研究的发展现状与振动深松装备的作用机理。对目前振动深松技术及装备现存问题进行了研究分析。

以刊评文治理文件疲劳症:成因与对策

我国学术评价领域长期存在不当使用以刊评文现象。2003年以来,国家发布多份文件,对治理以刊评文问题提出原则指导,但实际效果不彰,出现文件疲劳症。以史密斯政策过程执行模型作为理论工具,分析政策文本可操作性、执行部门协作两方面以刊评文治理文件疲劳症的主要成因,可以通过统一国内中文期刊评价目录、自建国际英文期刊数据库、限定认可论文数量、非理论研究性质岗位非正高职称评定以考代评、建立引用救济规则等提高政策文本可操作性,通过政府主导顶层设计、一把手高位推动、以高校与科研院所核心利益为顶层设计及高位推动着力点等完善部门协作。

实施科学的前世今生(上篇)——起源与发展

实施科学旨在弥合知识与实践之间的鸿沟,促进循证实践的采纳与应用。在欧美国家,实施科学正快速发展,并走向成熟;在我国,该领域仍处于起步阶段。本文重点阐述了实施科学的定义、起源、国内外发展状况、研究热点、难点和机遇,以期为国内学者提供借鉴和参考。尽管实施科学在我国的发展尚处于起步阶段,但发展势头迅猛,中国学者可充分利用国内特有的研究资源和条件,以高质量实施性研究为抓手,开展创新性研究,在实施科学领域发挥全球引领作用。

实施理论——常态化过程理论的解读

目的 常态化过程理论(Normalization Process Theory,NPT)是实施研究中常用的理论之一,但较难理解。本文将详细介绍NPT,为研究者理解NPT提供指引。方法 通过检索与NPT理论相关的文献并结合团队实际使用NPT的体验,描述NPT的起源、开发与演变、核心要素解读、运用并讨论其特点。结果 NPT以新技术在日常工作中的嵌入(即常态化)为实施结局,指出这个结局是实施者、实施对象和实施环境相互作用的过程。经过20余年的演变,NPT最终包含4个维度和16个构念。结论 NPT逐步完善,为实施科学提供了重要的理论基础;但NPT比较抽象,且存在逻辑和概念的不足,研究者需要在透彻了解其含义的基础上灵活使用。

临床研究生对临床研究设计与实施课程的主观评价及改进建议

目的:调查临床研究生对临床研究设计与实施课程的主观评价,以优化课程内容,提高授课水平。方法:对315名选课研究生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括学生的基本信息、科研经历、对课程效果及课程满意度的主观评价等。结果:课程开始前,8成以上学生在把握度分析、偏倚控制、偏倚识别、样本量估算、统计分析设计等环节存在困难。课程结束后,9成以上学生已掌握上述内容。96.19%的学生认为课程设计的科学性与实用性较好;仅有48.89%认为课程具有趣味性。结论:临床研究设计与实施课程已获得广泛认可,但仍需在课程内容及时间设置上予以改进,并进一步提升趣味性。

战略性基础研究计划的组织实施机制研究--基于ERATO计划与重大研究计划的实践分析

当前国际科技竞争正在加速向基础研究阶段前移,科学高效组织实施战略性基础研究计划,是确保中国占领未来科技创新战略制高点、实现高水平科技自立自强的一项重要举措。基于日本ERATO计划与中国国家自然科学基金重大研究计划的资助与管理实践,通过对两个计划在顶层设计、项目立项、组织实施与过程管理、监测评估等方面的对比分析,总结了战略性基础研究计划组织实施机制的主要特征,并据此提出了未来进一步优化完善中国战略性基础研究计划组织实施与管理的建议。

实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点

实施科学经过20余年的发展已建立起一套理论、模型和框架,可用于指导实施过程,确定影响实施的因素,并评价实施效果。在理论的指导下,实施性研究强调以问题为导向,寻找解决问题的循证实践,识别实施循证实践的障碍和促进因素,并选择性地应用实施策略推动循证实践的采用、实施和维持,从而形成实施性研究范式。这一范式亦赋予了实施性研究在研究设计方面的鲜明特色,包括大量使用理论、模型和框架,符合真实世界和环境,应用混合研究设计,采用快速研究方法,以及根据实施环境优化干预。本文作为“实施科学的前世今生”下篇,将简要介绍实施科学的理论、范式和特点。