Disaster prevention design criteria for the estuarine cities:New Orleans and Shanghai The lesson from Hurricane Katrina

The accurate prediction of the typhoon （hurricane） induced extreme sea environments is very important for the coastal structure design in areas influenced by typhoon （hurricane）. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina brought a severe catastrophe in New Orleans by combined effects of hurricane induced extreme sea environments and upper flood of the Mississippi River. Like the New Orleans City, Shanghai is located at the estuarine area of the Changjiang River and the combined effect of typhoon induced extreme sea en- vironments, flood peak runoff from the Changjiang River coupled with the spring tide is the dominate factor for disaster prevention design criteria. The Poisson-nested logistic trivariate compound extreme value distribution （PNLTCEYD） is a new type of joint probability model which is proposed by compounding a discrete distribution （typhoon occurring frequency） into a continuous multivariate joint distribution （ typhoon induced extreme events）. The new model gives more reasonable predicted results for New Orleans and Shanghai disaster prevention design criteria.

Application of consequence-based design criteria in regions of moderate seismicity

Current design criteria and prineiples of earthquake engineering design are reviewed,including safety factors, probabilistic approach,and two-level and muhi-level functional design ideas.The modern multi-functional idea is discussed in greater details.When designing a structure,its resistance to and the intensity of the earthquake action are considered. The consequence of failure of the structure is considered only through a rough and empirical factor of importance,ranging usually from 1.0 to 1.5.This paper suggests a method of'consequence-based design,'which considers the consequences of malfunctioning instead of simply an importance factor.The main argument for this method is that damage to a structure located in different types of societies may have very different consequences,which are depeudant on its value and usefulness to the society and the seismicity in the region.

Uncertainty and joint probability of sea ice loads

Ice load is one of the most important factors for design of marine stuctures in cold sea area.The designcriteria of ice loads for marine structures consist of two parts: level ice thickness and crushing strength. Due to thestrong randomness of the affecting factors on ice thickness and crushing strength, such as ice temperature,air temperature, water temperature,salinity,wind field, numerical simulation method method can not produce satisfactory results. Thispaper proposes a method of uncertainty analysis and joint probabilistic prediction of level ice thickness and crushingstrength instead of traditional ice load criteria for marine structures.

Detection with High Resolution Radar: Advanced Topics & Potential Applications

In a previous companion paper [1], the potential advantages of high resolution radar for improved target detection were introduced. In particular, the concept of shaping both the transmitted waveform and the receiving processor in accordance to the expected target down-range profile was highlighted and performance predictions were provided. In this paper, we present and evaluate an adaptive scheme devised to on-line estimate the target profile, in order to overcome a limited a-priori knowledge. In addition, we introduce a more general model of target impulse response, based on a statistical description, and we discuss the corresponding processing scheme and detection performance.

Novel Mapping Design Criterion for BICM-ID with Square QAM Constellations

Mapping design criteria of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) with square 16QAM are analyzed. Three of the existing criteria are analyzed and compared with each other. Through the comparison, two main characters of the mapping design criteria are found. They are the harmonic mean of the minimum squared Euclidean distance and the average of Hamming distances with the nearest Euclidean distance. Based on these two characters, a novel mapping design criterion is proposed and a label mapping named mixed mapping is searched according to it. Simulation results show that mixed mapping performs better than the other mappings in BICM-ID system.

Iterative Demodulation and Decoding Scheme with 16 QAM

Iterative demodulation and decoding scheme is analyzed and modulation labeling is considered to be one of the crucial factors to this scheme. By analyzing the existent mapping design criterion, four aspects are found as the key techniques for choosing a label mapping. Based on this discovery, a novel mapping design criteflon is proposed and two label mappings are searched according to it. Simulation results show that the performance of BICM-ID using the novel mappings is better than the former ones. The extrinsic information transfer （EXIT） chart is introduced and it is used to evaluate the proposed mapping design criteria.

Implications of Design, Management and Recession Phase in Drip Irrigation on the Total Distribution Efficiency in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Crops in Areas with High Slopes in Concordia, Argentina

The increase of human population generates the need to improve the efficiency of food production. A thorough planning is required following the scope of economic and sustainable development, being irrigation a basic tool, however water availability is restricted and it obliges farmers to progress increasing water productivity. Irrigation uses around 70% of total available fresh water, while irrigation water application efficiency is around 40%. Irrigation systems must follow strong criteria at the design stage to achieve high values of water productivity. Maintenance is indispensable to follow the original functioning level of those systems. At last the daily precise management of systems, following soil water potential, considering the effective rain storage at root depth of the crop and the evolution of daily evapotranspiration, preserving natural resources, are relevant to achieve low values of water footprint of this crop. In an 8 year drip irrigation system, the Uniformity Coefficient of Christiansen (UCC) measured was 95.14%;the Uniform Coefficient of the Minor Quart (UCMQ) was 93.16%. The Total Distribution Efficiency (EDT) was 95.13% when measurements finished while the irrigation systems is of. When measurements also considered the volume collected during the “recession phase in drip irrigation” and the “volume of water collected during recession phase in drip irrigation” collected at different points, EDT was 95.13%. Moreover it can be seen that when three different typical soil of the area were considered, the EDT was, 91.85%, 91.47% and 90.30% respectively, according with different water storage capacity of each soil. The Total Distribution Efficient is a strong method, to evaluate the design and management of drip irrigation systems, under different design criteria, management practices and maintenance of the systems. Water footprint in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) crop with drip and sprinkler anti-frost system, were measure and values obtained were 846, 310, 223, 212, 172 and 218 liters per kg of fresh fruit in the period 2010-2015. The UCC and the UCMQ reflects properly the irrigation design, while the EDT reflects irrigation design, management and maintenance. Water footprint is at last the strong tool to evaluate design and operation of the irrigation system and crop management.

THEOREICAL STUDY MODE OF PNEUMATIC ROCK DRILLS

A developing program and a theoretical research mode of pneumatic rock drill areprovided. An ordered system for designing pneumatic rock drills is generally discussed, some im-portant criteria of design are made, and mathematic models on the theoretical study are estab-lished. As an example of calculation, the rock drill of the type 7655 is taken to show the opera-tion of the mode, and the results obtained are accordant with that of experiment.

A study of water curtain parameters of underground oil storage caverns using time series monitoring and numerical simulation

Water curtain systems(WCSs)are key components for the operation of underground oil storage caverns(UOSCs)and their optimization and design are important areas of research.Based on the time series monitoring of the first large-scale underground water-sealed storage cavern project in China,and on finite element analysis,this study explores the optimum design criteria for WCSs in water-sealed oil caverns.It shows that the optimal hole spacing of the WCS for this underground storage cavern is 10 m in order to ensure seal effectiveness.When the WCS is designed with a 10-m horizontal hole spacing and a water curtain pressure(WCP)of 80 kPa,a water curtain hole(WCH)has an influence radius of approximately 25 m.The smaller the vertical distance is between a WCH and the main cavern,the greater the water inflow into the main cavern.The vertical hydraulic gradient criterion can be satisfied when this distance is 25 m.It shows that the optimal WCP is 70 kPa,which meets sealing requirements.

Structure improvement and strength finite element analysis of VHP welded rotor of 700℃ USC steam turbine

The optimized structure strength design and finite element analysis method for very high pressure （VHP） rotors of the 700℃ ultra-super-critical （USC） steam turbine are presented. The main parameters of steam and the steam thermal parameters of blade stages of VHP welded rotors as well as the start and shutdown curves of the steam turbine are determined. The structure design feature, the mechanical models and the typical position of stress analysis of the VHP welded rotors are introduced. The steady and transient finite element analysis are implemented for steady condition, start and shutdown process, including steady rated condition, 110% rated speed, 120% rated speed, cold start, warm start, hot start, very hot start, sliding-pressure shutdown, normal shutdown and emergency shutdown, to obtain the temperature and stress distribution as well as the stress ratio of the welded rotor. The strength design criteria and strength analysis results of the welded rotor are given. The results show that the strength design of improved structure of the VHP welded rotor of the 700℃ USC steam turbine is safe at the steady condition and during the transient start or shutdown process.