Advances in Research of Collection and Detection Methods of Microplastics in Environment

As a new type of environmental pollutants,microplastics have gradually attracted people's attention.A large number of plastics discharged into the environment by human beings are constantly aging and breaking,and finally become microplastics.Microplastics can adsorb pollutants in the environment,and their components have certain toxicity,which can cause different degrees of harm to organisms.Due to the structural characteristics of microplastic particles,such as small particle size,large specific surface area,and their distribution in different environmental media,it is very difficult to accurately detect microplastics.Reliable collection and detection methods are the key to the study of environmental behavior of microplastics.In this study,the collection and detection methods of microplastics in the environment were reviewed,and the development direction of microplastics detection technology in the future was prospected.This study has a certain reference value for the related research and the prevention and treatment of micro-plastic pollution.

Methods to detect a vian influenza virus for food safety surveillance

Avian influenza （AI）, caused by the influenza A virus, has been a global concern for public health. AI outbreaks not only impact the poultry production, but also give rise to a risk in food safety caused by viral contamination of poultry products in the food supply chain. Distinctions in AI outbreak between strains H5N1 and H7N9 indicate that early detection of the AI virus in poultry is crucial for the effective warning and control of AI to ensure food safety. Therefore, the establishment of a poultry surveillance system for food safety by early detection is urgent and critical. In this article, methods to detect AI virus, including current methods recommended by the World Health Organization （WHO） and the World Organisation for Animal Health （Office International des Epizooties, OIE） and novel techniques not commonly used or commercialized are reviewed and evaluated for feasibility of use in the poultry surveillance system. Conventional methods usually applied for the purpose of AI diagnosis face some practical challenges to establishing a comprehensive poultry surveillance program in the poultry supply chain. Diverse development of new technologies can meet the specific requirements of AI virus detection in various stages or scenarios throughout the poultry supply chain where onsite, rapid and ultrasensitive methods are emphasized. Systematic approaches or integrated methods ought to be employed according to the application scenarios at every stage of the poultry supply chain to prevent AI outbreaks.

Blind detection of liquefaction by existing methods for New Zealand M_L6.3 earthquake on Feb. 22,2011

Real-time liquefaction monitoring and warning techniques are new ways to mitigate liquefaction hazard. A key point is to establish a reverse liquefaction detection method based on seismic records. However, the existing methods are quite limited and the reliability requires verification. On Feb. 22, 2011 an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 struck at New Zealand＇s South Island. Remarkable liquefaction phenomena were reported, which provide an opportunity to verify the existing liquefaction detection methods. 27 acceleration records within 50 km to the epicenter were selected to perform a blind detection by using the existing methods, including Miyajima method, Suzuki method, Kostadinov-Yamazaki method and Yuan-Sun method. The blind detection results indicate that Yuan-Sun method gives correct results for seven confirmed sites, and Suzuki method and Yuan-Sun method yield correct detection for a reported non-liquefied site. Four methods including the Yuan-Sun method give identical detection for four sites and three methods also including the Yuan-Sun method give identical detection for ten sites. Besides, there are five sites, for which the four methods give opposite detection.

Evaluation of multiple surface irradiance-based clear sky detection methods at Xianghe—A heavy polluted site on the North China Plain

Surface irradiance measurements with high temporal resolution can be used to detect clear skies,which is a critical step for further study,such as aerosol and cloud radiative effects.Twenty-one clear-sky detection(CSD)methods are assessed based on five years of 1-min surface irradiance data at Xianghe—a heavily polluted station on the North China Plain.Total-sky imager(TSI)discrimination results corrected by manual checks are used as the benchmark for the evaluation.The performance heavily relies on the criteria adopted by the CSD methods.Those with higher cloudy-sky detection accuracy rates produce lower clear-sky accuracy rates,and vice versa.A general tendency in common among all CSD methods is the detection accuracy deteriorates when aerosol loading increases.Nearly all criteria adopted in CSD methods are too strict to detect clear skies under polluted conditions,which is more severe if clear-sky irradiance is not properly estimated.The mean true positive rate(CSD method correctly detects clear sky)decreases from 45%for aerosol optical depth(AOD)≤0.2%to 6%for AOD>0.5.The results clearly indicate that CSD methods in a highly polluted region still need further improvements.

Research Progress on Detection Methods of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Residue in Dairy Products and Feedstuff

[Objective] More accurate, rapid and sensitive method of melamine and cyanuricacid residue in dairy products and feedstuff were re- viewed. [ Method] Physicochemical properties, metabolism, uses, harm and detection methods of melamine and cyanuric acid were analyzed and described. [ Result] Melamine and cyanuric acid, when used alone, were slightly toxic, but long -term intake could lead to animal reproductive and urinary system damage. [ Condusion] Establishing a more sensitive, fast and easy to popularize detection method for elarnine and cyanuricacid res- idue in dairy products and feedstuff was necessary.

Dengue virus infection:A review of advances in the emerging rapid detection methods

Dengue virus infections are increasing worldwide generally and in Asia,Central and South America and Africa,particularly.It poses a serious threat to the children population.The rapid and accurate diagnostic systems are essentially required due to lack of effective vaccine against dengue virus and the progressive spread of the dengue virus infection.The recent progress in developing micro-and nano-fabrication techniques has led to low cost and scale down the biomedical point-of-care devices.Starting from the conventional and modern available methods for the diagnosis of dengue infection,this review examines several emerging rapid and point-of-care diagnostic devices that hold significant potential for the progress in smart diagnosis tools.The given review revealed that an effective vaccine is required urgently against all the dengue virus serotypes.However,the rapid detection methods of dengue virus help in early treatment and significantly reduce the dengue virus outbreak.

Advances in Detection Methods for Invasive Pest Bactrocera dorsalis

Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel （Diptera： Tephritidae） is an invasive pest around the world. The paper summarizes biological and ecological characteristics of B, dorsalis, and reviews its detection methods from the aspects of morphological identification, acoustic detection and molecular detection, in order to provide a reference for further research and development of new detection methods. The hot issues in the study of B. dorsalis, such as ecological adaptation pattern, diffusion pathways and mechanisms, sustainable control measures, are also put forward in the paper.

Circulating tumor cells in lung cancer:Detection methods and clinical impact

Circulating tumor cells(CTCs) are tumor cells that enter the blood circulation after detaching from the primary tumor and can migrate to reach distant organs, where they can give rise to aggressive metastasis. Clinical studies have revealed that the presence of CTCs in peripheral blood is correlated with disease progression in lung cancer. However, as CTCs are rare cancer cells released from tumors into the bloodstream, both enrichment and sensitive detection methods are technically challenging. In order to best understand how CTCs are currently being deployed, this review mainly focuses on the different detection methods for CTCs. Furthermore, we will describe the clinical impact of circulating tumor cells in lung cancer and discuss their potential use as biomarker to guide the prognosis.

Research progress on detection methods of the asymptomatic COVID- 19 infected persons

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has brought great harm and challenges to many countries and regions around the world.The majority of COVID-19 patients have typical clinical manifestations,but the number of asymptomatic infections is increasing as COVID-19 research continues and SARS-CoV-2 testing improves.Many asymptomatic COVID-19 patients with no obvious clinical symptoms are able to transmit the virus to others due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies,thus greatly accelerating the worldwide pandemic and posing great difficulty and threat to global epidemic prevention and control.Therefore,early detection and identification of asymptomatic infected persons through various testing methods are effective measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic.This article will provide a brief review of the available methods and techniques for detecting asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.

Advances in Detection Methods of Koi Herpes Virus

Koi herpes virus is a new virus found in the aquaculture production of Cryprinus carpiod and common carp in recent years. Currently, virus isolation and identification is still the traditional method for the detection of Koi herpes virus, while molecular biology detection method has become the current developmental di- rection due to its characteristics of more sensitive, specific and rapid. Furthermore, people are still committed to exploring new detection methods for the detection of Koi herpes vires. In this paper, traditional and newly-developed detection methods of Koi herpes vires in recent years were summarized, in order to provide refer- ence for further exploring rapid and accurate diagnostic detection method.

Harms of Mycotoxins to Animals and Research Progress of Detection Methods

Mycotoxin is widely distributed in various feedstuffs and feeds of animals.Mycotoxin not only causes feed deterioration,but also leads to various diseases of animals,or even results in acute toxic death,causing great harm to the breeding industry.In this paper,the harm of mycotoxin to animals and its detection methods in feed and animals are summarized and analyzed,so as to provide the reference basis for further improving the detection methods of mycotoxin and reducing the harm of mycotoxin to breeding industry.

Research Advances in Detection Methods of Plant Growth Regulators for Agricultural Products

In recent years,plant growth regulators are widely used in agricultural products.As the toxicity of plant growth regulator residues has gained increasing concerns,trace analysis methods for plant growth regulators have been developed.In this paper,the major methods with advantages and disadvantages for the detection and pre-treatment of plant growth regulator residues in agricultural products were summarized,including gas chromatography(GC),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),chromatographic technique combined with mass spectrometry,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),capillary electrophoresis(CE)and so on.Meanwhile,the development prospects were also discussed.

Different Detection and Treatment Methods for <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>and <i>Entamoeba dispar</i>in Water/Wastewater: A Review

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and well known as a human pathogen, while its close relative, Entamoeba dispar, also possesses similar characteristics as an infectious agent. These microorganisms are generally transmitted in fecal-contaminated water. However, E. dispar present in industrial wastewater is also capable of creating biofilms that can cause adverse impacts in piping networks. Therefore, it is important to detect both of these protozoan species in water and to find a cost-effective technique for inactivation or management control. This review article summarizes the available detection methods in water and wastewater matrices along with feasible disinfection techniques.

Sources, distribution, behavior, and detection techniques of microplastics in soil: A review

In recent years, the problem of environmental pollution caused by microplastics has attracted widespread attention. This paper reviews the latest research progress in terms of the source, content and distribution characteristics, harm, and detection technology of soil microplastics by referring to the relevant literature on soil microplastics worldwide. It concludes that:(1) Existing studies worldwide have detected the presence of microplastics in soil, water, and atmosphere, and the use of agricultural films, sewage sludge,and other man-made activities are the main sources of microplastics in soil;(2) microplastics can adsorb heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and antibiotics in soil, change the physical and chemical properties of soil. This will result in composite pollution and harm to the ecosystem;(3) microplastics in soil not only can destroy the activity of key soil microorganisms, but also enter the body of crops and soil animals, affecting normal growth of crops and soil animals, and further threaten human health;(4) at present, there is no unified operating standard for the sampling, processing, and detection process of microplastics. Analysis methods such as visual inspection, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis have both advantages and disadvantages, and emerging detection technologies require urgent development.Microplastics have become a new pollutant in soil and their distribution characteristics are closely related to human activities. They pollute the environment and threaten human health through the food chain.Although related research on soil microplastics has just begun, it will become the focus of research in the future.

Methods for Detection of Viruses in Water and Wastewater

Viruses present in water might be harmful for human health and life. Nowadays over 100 pathogenic human virus species occur in water polluted with sewage. Chlorination, which is the most popular disinfection method is not able to remove easily viruses from treated water. Due to this, it’s necessary to detect viruses in water before treatment in order to determine disinfectant dose and to ensure the sanitary safety level of treated water. The aim of this article is to review viruses detection methods as well as the problems related to implementation of those methods in analysis of water and wastewater samples.

Food Safety Detection Methods Applied to National Special Rectification of Product Quality and Food Safety

Afour-month period of national special rectification for product quality and food safety officially started on August 25, and was focused on eight fields, including those of agricultural products and processed foods.……

Application Research of Sonar Detection Method in Melting Exploration at the Bottom of Piles

Karst landforms are widely distributed in China,and are most common in Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi.If the development of karst caves at the bottom of the piles cannot be accurately ascertained before the construction of bridge pile foundations,accidents such as hole collapse,slurry leakage,and drill sticking will easily occur.In this paper,the principle and method of sonar detection for detecting karst caves at the bottom of bridge piles was introduced,and the sonar detection data and the cave situation at the bottom of the pile during the construction process in combination with the case of Yunnan Zhenguo Highway Project was analyzed,which verifies the practicability and reliability of sonar detection method reliability.

Potential clinical application of microRNAs in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer(BC)is the tenth most prevalent malignancy globally,presenting significant clinical and societal challenges because of its high incidence,rapid progression,and frequent recurrence.Presently,cystoscopy and urine cytology serve as the established diagnostic methods for BC.However,their efficacy is limited by their invasive nature and low sensitivity.Therefore,the development of highly specific biomarkers and effective noninvasive detection strategies is imperative for achieving a precise and timely diagnosis of BC,as well as for facilitating an optimal tumor treatment and an improved prognosis.microRNAs(miRNAs),short noncoding RNA molecules spanning around 20–25 nucleotides,are implicated in the regulation of diverse carcinogenic pathways.Substantially altered miRNAs form robust functional regulatory networks that exert a notable influence on the tumorigenesis and progression of BC.Investigations into aberrant miRNAs derived from blood,urine,or extracellular vesicles indicate their potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators in BC,enabling miRNAs to monitor the progression and predict the recurrence of the disease.Simultaneously,the investigation centered on miRNA as a potential therapeutic agent presents a novel approach for the treatment of BC.This review comprehensively analyzes biological roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression,and systematically summarizes their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers,as well as therapeutic targets for BC.Additionally,we evaluate the progress made in laboratory techniques within this field and discuss the prospects.

Comparison of Genomic DNA Extraction Methods for Chenopodium quinoa Willd

To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.

Establishment of Reverse-transcription Loopmediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Detection of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus

A reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification （RT-LAMP） method was established for the detection of wheat streak mosaic virus （WSMV）. Ac-cording to the conservative regions of the genes that encode the coat protein of WSMV, 2 pairs of primers were designed. Final y, the 1st pair of primers was select-ed through the specificity test. The sensitivity test showed the sensitivity of RT-LAMP method was 10 times higher than that of RT-PCR. In addition, the amplifica-tion of target gene could be judged visual y from the presence of fluorescence （cal-cein） in the final reaction system. The RT-LAMP method, established in this study, was rapid, easy, specific and sensitive. Moreover, it did not require sophisticated equip-ment. The RT-LAMP was suitable for the rapid detection of WSMV.