ProbD: Faulty Path Detection Based on Probability in Software-Defined Networking

With the increasing number of switches in Software-Defined Network-ing(SDN),there are more and more faults rising in the data plane.However,due to the existence of link redundancy and multi-path forwarding mechanisms,these problems cannot be detected in time.The current faulty path detection mechan-isms have problems such as the large scale of detection and low efficiency,which is difficult to meet the requirements of efficient faulty path detection in large-scale SDN.Concerning this issue,we propose an efficient network path fault testing model ProbD based on probability detection.This model achieves a high prob-ability of detecting arbitrary path fault in the form of small-scale random sam-pling.Under a certain path fault rate,ProbD obtains the curve of sample size and probability of detecting arbitrary path fault by randomly sampling network paths several times.After a small number of experiments,the ProbD model can cor-rectly estimate the path fault rate of the network and calculate the total number of paths that need to be detected according to the different probability of detecting arbitrary path fault and the path fault rate of the network.Thefinal experimental results show that,compared with the full path coverage test,the ProbD model based on probability detection can achieve efficient network testing with less overhead.Besides,the larger the network scale is,the more overhead will be saved.

Target acquisition performance in the presence of JPEG image compression

This paper presents an investigation on the effect of JPEG compression on the similarity between the target image and the background,where the similarity is further used to determine the degree of clutter in the image.Four new clutter metrics based on image quality assessment are introduced,among which the Haar wavelet-based perceptual similarity index,known as HaarPSI,provides the best target acquisition prediction results.It is shown that the similarity between the target and the background at the boundary between visually lossless and visually lossy compression does not change significantly compared to the case when an uncompressed image is used.In future work,through subjective tests,it is necessary to check whether this presence of compression at the threshold of just noticeable differences will affect the human target acquisition performance.Similarity values are compared with the results of subjective tests of the well-known target Search_2 database,where the degree of agreement between objective and subjective scores,measured through linear correlation,reached a value of 90%.

Combining Radon-ambiguity transform with second-order difference to improve detection probability of LFM signals in low SNR

The Radon-ambiguity transform （RAT）, although efficient for detecting the linear frequency modulated signals （LFMs）, is troubled by the energy accumulation of noise in low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. A secondorder difference （SOD） method is proposed to treat with this problem. In the SOD method, the optimal search step and difference step are derived from the LFM rate resolution formula. The sharpness of the peaks of RAT is measured by curvature, and the sharpness, but not the magnitude of the peaks, is used to detect the LFMs. The SOD method removes the noise energy accumulation and reserves the drastically changing components integrally; thus, it improves the detection probability of LFMs in low SNR. The expected performance of the new method is verified by 100 Monte Carlo simulations.

Estimation of Probability of Damage Detection in Offshore Structural Inspection

To characterize the uncertainty and fuzziness in offshore structural inspection, probability of detection (POD) must be determined. This paper presents the expressions for the POD of four different damage forms mainly existing in offshore structures. The fuzzy-set theory is applied to estimate human errors through the definition of inspection quality. Expressions of inspection quality are achieved. To verify the validity and correctness of the expressions, the data from an offshore platform field inspection of evaluation results of human errors affecting inspection quality are used to estimate the parameters of the POD. The results show that the present models can provide basis for further study of ofTshore structural inspection reliability.

Detection probability for six laser range-finders of the rotating rocket

To analyze factors that affect the detection probability of six laser range-finders of rotating rocket,taking a missile as the target,the detection model was established according to a detection mechanism.Based on the model,the detection probability was calculated via Monte Carlo method under different conditions.With the calculation results,the relationship of detection probability with the rolling rate and the missile velocity was illustrated in figures,when the laser emitting frequency was 10 kHz,20 kHz,30 kHz respectively under the condition that rocket met the front of missile as well as the condition that rocket met the rear of missile.The figures show that the detection probability increases as laser emitting frequency increases or the rolling rate increases,while it decreases as the missile velocity increases.Detection probability is higher when rocket meets the front of missile than that when rocket meets the rear of missile.In order to maintain a track of approaching Mach 2 targets,rotation rate should be more than 100 r/s.

Influence of Range Gate Width on Detection Probability and Ranging Accuracy of Single Photon Laser Altimetry Satellite

The influence of the single photon laser altimeter range-gate width on the detection probability and ranging accuracy is discussed and analyzed,according to the LiDAR equation,single photon detection equation and the Monte Carlo method to simulate the experiment.The simulated results show that the probability of detection is not affected by the range gate,while the probability of false alarm is relative to the gate width.When the gate width is 100 ns,the ranging accuracy can accord with the requirements of satellite laser altimeter.But when the range gate width exceeds 400 ns,ranging accuracy will decline sharply.The noise ratio will be more as long as the range gate to get larger,so the refined filtering algorithm during the data processing is important to extract the useful photons effectively.In order to ensure repeated observation of the same point for 25 times,we deduce the quantitative relation between the footprint size,footprint,and frequency repetition according to the parameters of ICESat-2.The related conclusions can provide some references for the design and the development of the domestic single photon laser altimetry satellite.

A New Probability of Detection Model for Updating Crack Distribution of Offshore Structures

There exists model uncertainty of probability of detection for inspecting ship structures with nondestructive inspection techniques. Based on a comparison of several existing probability of detection (POD) models, a new probability of detection model is proposed for the updating of crack size distribution. Furthermore, the theoretical derivation shows that most existing probability of detection models are special cases of the new probability of detection model. The least square method is adopted for determining the values of parameters in the new POD model. This new model is also compared with other existing probability of detection models. The results indicate that the new probability of detection model can fit the inspection data better. This new probability of detection model is then applied to the analysis of the problem of crack size updating for offshore structures. The Bayesian updating method is used to analyze the effect of probability of detection models on the posterior distribution of a crack size. The results show that different probabilities of detection models generate different posterior distributions of a crack size for offshore structures.

Dynamic portfolio choice with uncertain rare‑events risk in stock and cryptocurrency markets

In response to the unprecedented uncertain rare events of the last decade,we derive an optimal portfolio choice problem in a semi-closed form by integrating price diffusion ambiguity,volatility diffusion ambiguity,and jump ambiguity occurring in the traditional stock market and the cryptocurrency market into a single framework.We reach the following conclusions in both markets:first,price diffusion and jump ambiguity mainly determine detection-error probability;second,optimal choice is more significantly affected by price diffusion ambiguity than by jump ambiguity,and trivially affected by volatility diffusion ambiguity.In addition,investors tend to be more aggressive in a stable market than in a volatile one.Next,given a larger volatility jump size,investors tend to increase their portfolio during downward price jumps and decrease it during upward price jumps.Finally,the welfare loss caused by price diffusion ambiguity is more pronounced than that caused by jump ambiguity in an incomplete market.These findings enrich the extant literature on effects of ambiguity on the traditional stock market and the evolving cryptocurrency market.The results have implications for both investors and regulators.

Modeling Target Detection and Performance Analysis of Electronic Countermeasures for Phased Radar

Interference is a key factor in radar return misdetection.Strong interference might make it difficult to detect the signal or targets.When interference occurs in the sidelobes of the antenna pattern,Sidelobe Cancellation(SLC)and Sidelobe Blanking are two unique solutions to solve this problem(SLB).Aside from this approach,the probability of false alert and likelihood of detection are the most essential parameters in radar.The chance of a false alarm for any radar system should be minimal,and as a result,the probability of detection should be high.There are several interference cancellation strategies in the literature that are used to sustain consistent false alarms regardless of the clutter environment.With the necessity for interference cancellation methods and the constant false alarm rate(CFAR),the Maisel SLC algorithm has been modified to create a new algorithm for recognizing targets in the presence of severe interference.The received radar returns and interference are simulated as non-stationary in this approach,and side-lobe interference is cancelled using an adaptive algorithm.By comparing the performance of adaptive algorithms,simulation results are shown.In a severe clutter situation,the simulation results demonstrate a considerable increase in target recognition and signal to noise ratio when compared to the previous technique.

Study of the influence of virtual guard ring width on the performance of SPAD detectors in 180 nm standard CMOS technology

The influence of the virtual guard ring width(GRW)on the performance of the p-well/deep n-well single-photon avalanche diode(SPAD)in a 180 nm standard CMOS process was investigated.TCAD simulation demonstrates that the electric field strength and current density in the guard ring are obviously enhanced when GRW is decreased to 1μm.It is experimentally found that,compared with an SPAD with GRW=2μm,the dark count rate(DCR)and afterpulsing probability(AP)of the SPAD with GRW=1μm is significantly increased by 2.7 times and twofold,respectively,meanwhile,its photon detection probability(PDP)is saturated and hard to be promoted at over 2 V excess bias voltage.Although the fill factor(FF)can be enlarged by reducing GRW,the dark noise of devices is negatively affected due to the enhanced trap-assisted tunneling(TAT)effect in the 1μm guard ring region.By comparison,the SPAD with GRW=2μm can achieve a better trade-off between the FF and noise performance.Our study provides a design guideline for guard rings to realize a low-noise SPAD for large-array applications.

Optimal Power Management for Antagonizing Between Radar and Jamming Based on Continuous Game Theory

To solve the problem of dynamic power resource allocation for cooperative penetration combat,the continuous game theory is introduced and a two-person general-sum continuous-game-based model is put forward with a common payoff function named collaborative detection probability of netted radar countermeasures.Comparing with traditional optimization methods,an obvious advantage of game-based model is an adequate consideration of the opposite potential strategy.This model guarantees a more effective allocation of the both sides′power resource and a higher combat efficiency during a combat.Furthermore,an analysis of the complexity of the proposed model is given and a hierarchical processing method is presented to simplify the calculating process.Simulation results show the validity of the proposed scheme.

DCT domain filtering method for multi-antenna code acquisition

For global navigation satellite system （GNSS） signals in Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channel, a novel signal detection algorithm is proposed. Under the low frequency uncertainty case, after performing discrete cosine transform （DCT） to the outputs of the partial matched filter （PMF） for every antenna, the high order com- ponents in the transforming domain will be filtered, then the equalgain （EG） combination for the inverse discrete cosine transform （IDCT） reconstructed signal would be done subsequently. Thus, due to the different frequency distribution characteristics between the noise and signals, after EG combination, the energy of signals has almost no loss and the noise energy is greatly reduced. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the detection algorithm can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the captured signal and increase the probability of detection under the same false alarm probability. In addition, it should be pointed out that this method can also be applied to Rayleigh fading channels with moving antenna.

Study on the long-distance target apperception techniques for underwater vehicles

The limited physical size for autonomous underwater vehicles （AUV） or unmanned underwater vehicles （UUV） makes it difficult to acquire enough space gain for localizing long-distance targets. A new technique about long-distance target apperception with passive synthetic aperture array for underwater vehicles is presented. First, a synthetic aperture-processing algorithm based on the FFT transform in the beam space （BSSAP） is introduced. Then, the study on the flank array passive long-distance apperception techniques in the frequency scope of 11-18 kHz is implemented from the view of improving array gains, detection probability and augmenting detected range under a certain sea environment. The results show that the BSSAP algorithm can extend the aperture effectively and improve detection probability. Because of the augment of the transmission loss, the detected range has the trend of decline with the increase of frequency under the same target source level. The synthesized array could improve the space gain by nearly 7 dB and SNR is increased by about 5 dB. The detected range is enhanced to nearly 2 km under the condition of 108-118 dB of the target source level for AUV system in measurement interval of nearly 1 s.

Study on the detection of the multiple unresloved targets

When the returns come from two or more unresolved targets (the signals are not resolved in the frequency or time domains) in a monopulse radar system, the direction-of-arrival (DOA)estimate indicated by the monopulse ratio is not the true information of the tracked target.Then the tracking systems is influenced. An approach has been proposed to detect whether the returns come from a single target or two unresolved targets. The above approach is extended from two to three unresolved targets. The simulation indicates that the detection probability under the three unresolved targets is not sure to exceed the detection probability under the two unresolved targets.

认知无线电中基于加权硬判决的协作频谱感知算法(英文)

Weighted one bit hard combination for cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed in this paper. Two thresholds are adopted to divide the possible energy value into three weighted regions. If the energy value falls into the corresponding region,it will be judged as "1",no information or "0". When the probability of false alarm is constrained to be constant,the objective is to maximize the probability of detection. The optimization problem is simplified by separating the weight of the middle region into several intervals. Simulation results show that the sensing performance of the proposed scheme is much better than that of the traditional one bit hard combination scheme and almost the same as that of the equal gain combination(EGC) scheme. Moreover,compared with the traditional one bit hard combination,fewer average sensing bits are required to transmit to the data fusion center with the proposed method.

High Capacity Spectrum Sensing Framework Based on Relay Cooperation

In order to reduce interference to primary users and provide better performance of detection probability and channel capacity in multi-user cooperative spectrum sensing networks, a high capacity spectrum sensing framework is proposed based on the analysis of amplification factors on the performance of detection probability and channel capacity. Thanks to the energy concentration property of chirp signals in the Fractional Fourier Transform(Fr FT) domain, sinusoidal signal and different chirp signals are utilized for primary user and cognitive users, respectively. Hence, spectrum sensing and signal transmission can be performed simultaneously in our proposed framework. Simulation results show that compared with the previous relay-based framework, the modified cooperative spectrum sensing framework can improve the detection probability significantly, and the channel capacity can also be improved. Moreover, the amplification factor can be used to realize the tradeoff between detection probability and channel capacity in our proposed framework.

Novel clutter map CFAR algorithm with amplitude limiter

The traditional clutter map constant false alarm rate (CM-CFAR) detector is affected by interference and self-masking[1] which will cause the low probability of detection. To solve these problems, a novel algorithm named clutter map CFAR with amplitude limiter (ALCM-CFAR) is proposed, in which the amplitude of the input signal is limited by a filter. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of ALCM-CFAR algorithm.

A Novel Spectrum Handoff-Based Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff Scheme in Cognitive Radio

In cognitive radio(CR), there is a tradeoff between spectrum sensing time and throughput of secondary user(SU). In the conventional sensing-throughput tradeoff scheme, when the presence of the primary user(PU) is detected, the SU will stop forwarding data and wait to redetect the PU in the following frame, yielding great throughput loss. In order to improve the SU's throughput, a novel sensing-throughput tradeoff scheme is proposed, which allows the SU to search for a new idle channel through spectrum searching and transfer to this channel to continue communication, when the presence of the PU is detected. An optimization problem is proposed to maximize the SU's throughput in the proposed scheme through jointly optimizing the sensing time, the searching time and the number of available channels, providing that the detection probability to the PU is guaranteed. By fixing the number of channels, based on alternating direction optimization, the joint optimization algorithm of sensing time and searching time is proposed, and then the optimal number of channels is obtained through enumerative searching. The simulation results show that there exist the optimal solutions to the proposed scheme, and the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme notably, with different detection probabilities and sampling frequencies.

Enhanced Intrusion Detection System for an EH IoT Architecture Using a Cooperative UAV Relay and Friendly UAV Jammer

In this paper,the detection capabilities and system performance of an energy harvesting(EH)Internet of Things(Io T)architecture in the presence of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)eavesdropper(UE)are investigated.The communication protocol is divided into two phases.In the first phase,a UAV relay(UR)cooperates with a friendly UAV jammer(UJ)to detect the UE,and the UR and UJ harvest energy from a power beacon(PB).In the second phase,a ground base station(GBS)sends a confidential signal to the UR using non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA);the UR then uses its harvested energy to forward this confidential signal to IoT destinations(IDs)using the decode-and-forward(DF)technique.Simultaneously,the UJ uses its harvested energy to emit an artificial signal to combat the detected UE.A closed-form expression for the probability of detecting the UE(the detection probability,DP)is derived to analyze the detection performance.Furthermore,the intercept probability(IP)and throughput of the considered IoT architecture are determined.Accordingly,we identify the optimal altitudes for the UR and UJ to enhance the system and secrecy performance.Monte Carlo simulations are employed to verify our approach.

Code acquisition method based on wavelet transform filtering

In order to improve the acquisition probability of satellite navigation signals, this paper proposes a novel code acquisition method based on wavelet transform filtering. Firstly, the signal vector based on the signal passing through a set of partial matched filters （PMFs） is built. Then, wavelet domain filtering is performed on the signal vector value. Since the correlation signal is low in frequency and narrow in bandwidth, the noise out-of-band can be filtered out and the most of the useful signal energy is retained. Thus this process greatly improves the signal to noise ratio （SNR）. Finally, the detection variable when the filtered signal goes through the combination process is constructed and the detection based on signal energy is made. Moreover, for the better retaining useful signal energy, the rule of selection of wavelet function has been made. Simulation results show the proposed method has a better detection performance than the normal code acquisition methods under the same false alarm probability.