Initial excess pore water pressures induced by tunnelling in soft ground

Tunnelling-induced long-term consolidation settlement attracts a great interest of engineering practice. The distribution and magnitude of tunnelling-induced initial excess pore water pressure have significant effects on the long-term consolidation settlement. A simple and reliable method for predicting the tunnel-induced initial excess pore water pressure calculation in soft clay is proposed. This method is based on the theory of elasticity and SKEMPTON's excess pore water pressure theory. Compared with the previously published field measurements and the finite-element modelling results, it is found that the suggested initial excess pore water pressure theory is in a good agreement with the measurements and the FE results. A series of parametric analyses are also carried out to investigate the influences of different factors on the distribution and magnitude of the initial excess pore water pressure in soft ground.

Attenuation-type and failure-type curve models on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidated clay

Based on dynamic triaxial test results of saturated soft clay, similarities of variations between accumulated pore water pressure and accumulated deformation were analyzed. The Parr＇s equation on accumulated deformation was modified to create an attenuation-type curve model on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. In this model, dynamic strength was introduced and a new parameter called equivalent dynamic stress level was added. Besides, based on comparative analysis on variations between failure-type and attenuatiun-type curves, a failure-type curve model was created on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. Two models can take cycle number, coupling of static and dynamic deviator stress, and consolidation way into consideration. The models are verified by test results. The correlation coefficients are more than 0.98 for optimization of test results based on the two models, and there is good agreement between the optimized and test curves, which shows that the two models are suitable to predict variations of accumulated pore water pressure under different loading cases and consolidation ways. In order to improve prediction accuracy, it is suggested that loading cases and consolidation ways should be consistent with in-situ conditions when dynamic triaxial tests are used to determine the constants in the models.

Experiment and analysis of the formation,expansion and dissipation of gasbag in fine sediments based on pore water pressure survey

Deep-seated gas in seabed sediments migrates upwards from effect of external factors,which easily accumulates to form gasbags at interface of shallow coarse-fine sediments.Real-time monitoring of this process is important to predict disaster.However,there is still a lack of effective monitoring methods,so we attempt to apply multi-points pore water pressure monitoring technology when simulating forming and dissipation of gasbags in sediments through laboratory experiment.This study focuses on discussion of sensitivity of pore water pressure monitoring data,as well as typical changing characteristics and mechanisms of excess pore water pressure corresponding to crack generation,gasbag formation and gas release.It was found that the value of excess pore water pressure in sediments is negatively correlated with vertical distance between sensors and gas source,and the evolution of gasbag forming and dissipation has a good corresponding relationship with the change of excess pore water pressure.Gasbag formation process is divided into three stages:transverse crack development,longitudinal cavity expansion,and oblique crack development.Formation of gasbag begins with the transverse crack at the interface of coarse-fine sediments while excess pore water pressure attenuates rapidly and then drops,pressure remains almost unchanged when cavity expanses longitudinally,oblique crack appeared in final stage of gasbag evolution while excess pore water pressure accumulated and dissipated again.The variation curve of excess pore water pressure in gas release stage has saw-tooth fluctuation characteristics,and the value and time of pressure accumulation are also fluctuating,indicating the uncertainty and non-uniqueness of gas migration channels in sediments.

The effect of pore fluid on seismicity: a computer model

The influence of fluid on seismicity of a computerized system is analyzed in this paper. The diffusion equation of fluid in a crustal fault area is developed and used in the calculation of a spring slide damper model. With mirror imagin boundary condition and three initial conditions, the equation is solved for a dynamic model that consists of six seismic belts and eight seismogenous sources in each belt with both explicit algorithm and implicit algorithm. The analysis of the model with water sources shows that the implicit algorithm is better to be used to calculate the model. Taking a constant proportion of the pore pressure of a broken element to that of its neighboring elements, the seismicity of the model is calculated with mirror boundary condition and no water source initial condition. The results shows that the frequency and magnitude of shocks are both higher than those in the model with no water pore pressure, which provides more complexity to earthquake prediction.

Simulation of Excess Pore Water Pressure During Deep Soil Mixing Columns Installing

Most of current studies of deep soil mixing (DSM) methods are focused on the soil strength improvement and soil treatment effectiveness. But the DSM installation leads to excess pore water pressure and soil disturbance, which will bring great harm to adjacent structures, such as shell tunnels and historic buildings. The procedure of excess pore water pressure buildup while large number DSM columns are installed is complicated. In order to find methods to predict and simulate the excess pore water pressure during DSM column installation, the complicated dissipation and buildup of excess pore water pressure through in-situ test are studied in this paper. In-situ test was conducted in soft clay near the Huangpu River in Shanghai. The pore water pressure was investigated by an automatic monitoring system. Test results indicate that the excess pore water pressure induced by one DSM column installation is composed of the compaction pressure and the reversing pressure. The empirical equations of excess pore water pressure dissipation and buildup were built by mathematical fitting methods. A compound method is proposed to simulate the excess pore water pressure due to DSM installation. Using this method to predict the excess pore water pressure in the situ test, results show a well agreement between the prediction and the measurements.

A Coupling Model of Nonlinear Wave and Sandy Seabed Dynamic Interaction

In the paper, a weak coupling numerical model is developed for the study of the nonlinear dynamic interaction between water waves and permeable sandy seabed. The wave field solveris based on the VOF （Volume of Fluid） method for continuity equation and the two-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes （RANS） equations with a k-ε closure. The free surface of cnoidal wave is traced through the PLIC-VOF （P/ecewise Linear/nterface Construction）. Blot＇s equations have been applied to solve the sandy seabed, and the u-p fmite dement formulations are derived by the application of the Galerkin weighted-residual procedure. The continuity of the pressure on the interface between fluid and porous medium domains is considered. Laboratory tests were performed to verify the proposed numerical model, and it is shown that the pore-water pressures and the wave heights computed by the VOF-FEM models are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is found that the proposed model is effective in predicting the seabed-nonlinear wave interaction and is able to handle the wave-breakwater-seabed interaction problem.

Centrifuge model test and numerical interpretation of seismic responses of a partially submerged deposit slope

Partially submerged deposit slopes are o ften encountered in practical engineering applications.Howeve r,studies on evaluating their stability under seismic loading are still rare.In order to understand the seismic behavior of partially submerged deposit slopes,centrifuge shaking table model tests(50 g) were employed.The responses of horizontal accelerations,accumulated excess pore pressures,deformation mode,and failure mode of the partially submerged deposit slope model were analyzed.In dynamic centrifuge model tests,EQ5 shaking event was applied numerically.The results indicated that in the saturated zone of the deposit slope,liquefaction did not occur,and the measured horizontal accelerations near the water table were amplified as a layer-magnification effect.It was also shown that the liquefaction-resistance of the deposit slope increased under multiple sequential ground motions,and the deformation depth of the deposit slope induced by earthquake increased gradually with increasing dynamic Ioad amplitude.Except for the excessive crest settlement generated by strong shaking,an additional vertical permanent displacement was initiated at the slope crest due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure under seismic loading.The result of particle image velocimetry(PIV) analysis showed that an obvious internal arc-slip was generated around the water table of the partially submerged deposit slope under seismic loading.

列车荷载作用下饱和路基翻浆冒泥特性研究

研究目的:重载列车轴重的提高增大了路基不同深度处的动应力,由此引发的翻浆冒泥等病害日益严重。本文开展精细化模型试验,针对重载列车荷载作用下饱和粉质黏土路基的翻浆冒泥特性进行研究,分析循环荷载幅值及加载频率对试样轴向应变、超孔隙水压力及细颗粒迁移特性等性质的影响。研究结论:(1)循环荷载幅值对粉质黏土路基翻浆冒泥特性具有显著的影响,随着循环荷载幅值的增加,试样产生的轴向应变及超孔隙水压力增大,路基翻浆冒泥程度也不断增加;(2)加载频率对路基翻浆冒泥特性有一定影响,随着加载频率的增加,试样的最终轴向应变及超孔隙水压力均有所减小,试验结束后翻冒的泥浆质量减少;结合试验现象来看,加载频率的增加并不能加剧翻浆冒泥的程度,但能显著缩短翻浆冒泥发生的时间;(3)循环荷载作用下路基内部的超孔隙水压力梯度驱动路基土体细颗粒迁移,从而产生翻浆冒泥病害;(4)本研究成果可为重载铁路路基翻浆冒泥病害的整治提供参考。

考虑饱和砂土液化阶段性特征的触变性流体本构模型

合理评价循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化过程及性质演变规律,是解决液化砂土大变形问题的关键。通过饱和砂土不排水循环三轴试验,分析了饱和中密南京细砂液化阶段性特征,引入Gompertz函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,提出了一种修正的孔压触变性流体模型,并验证了模型的合理性。①饱和砂土液化过程具有明显的阶段性特征,根据孔压比增长速率可分为固态土体阶段、固液相变阶段、触变性流体阶段和稳定性流体阶段,并基于其他学者的试验结果验证了四阶段特性及阶段划分方法的适用性。②采用Gompertz函数代替线性函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,并利用不同的破坏速率参数c来表征循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的不同阶段,提出了考虑液化阶段性特征的修正孔压触变性流体模型,为解决地震液化问题提供了一种新的统一方法。

冲击荷载下含夹层饱和砂土孔压变化规律分析

砂土中夹层的性状会影响饱和砂土孔压发展,从而影响砂土层变形。为研究夹层位置、厚度和种类等不同夹层状态下砂土液化过程中的孔压变化规律,设计了冲击荷载作用下层状砂液化试验,建立了含夹层饱和砂土理论模型,并将试验结果与理论分析进行对比。结果表明:含夹层饱和砂土的孔压发展呈现3个阶段,即快速上升、快速消散、缓慢消散阶段。高渗透性夹层高度越高,其下方土层孔压快速消散时长越短,越快趋于稳定值,但消散总时长无明显影响;低渗透性夹层高度或厚度的增大,均会使夹层上方孔压快速消散阶段速率加快,孔压消散稳定阶段延长,孔压消散总时长随之线性增长;同时,孔隙水会在低渗透性夹层下方形成水膜,夹层高度或厚度的增加均会使水膜持续时间增长,但水膜形态主要受夹层厚度影响。试验结果与理论分析较为一致,说明了试验的可靠性。

排渗失效下尾矿库溃坝三维模型试验研究

针对尾矿库渗透破坏模式,为克服二维试验槽边壁效应对模型渗流走向及溃决位置的影响,本文以某尾矿库为原型,基于自主设计的三维尾矿库溃坝模型试验平台,进行了排渗设施失效诱发的尾矿库溃坝模型试验研究,揭示了该尾矿库的溃决模式及溃决机理。结果表明:(1)排渗失效导致的溃坝呈现局部流土破坏-坝体累计变形-深层滑动面发展贯通-整体突发失稳的渐进伴突发型溃决演化模式;(2)坝体孔隙水压力骤变是坝体发生滑动破坏的关键响应指标,预示着坝体将在短时间内由滑动体前后缘局部散浸软化、流土、塌陷转变为大范围溃决,可作为坝体溃决事故的前兆信息;(3)排渗失效导致的尾矿库溃坝过程具有渐进性和突发性的特点,发生散浸与流土破坏的过程时间较长,发生深层滑动和溃决的时间短暂,该特征可为尾矿库渗透破坏隐患治理及坝体溃决应急响应提供参考。研究结果对尾矿库溃坝的灾害预防具有重要的现实意义。

基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法

采用常规检测手段进行处理地基的工后质检存在时间滞后与空间局部的问题,不能及时反映处理地基的整体加固效果。提出了一种基于能量的碎石桩复合地基桩周土振动加密效果评价方法,为实现桩周土加密效果的准实时评价提供参考。首先,根据地基弹性波传播理论建立振冲施工过程中桩周土吸收波动能量的计算方法,通过不排水动三轴试验建立典型饱和粉砂土基于吸收能量的超静孔压模型,为进一步根据固结理论预测处理后复合地基桩周土密实度提供依据;其次,依托某工程水电站深厚坝基碎石桩处理工程实例,采用桩周土超静孔压峰值和处理后孔隙比两个关键物理量对方法进行了检验,发现与施工现场实测超静孔压和工后质检得到的孔隙比相比,方法的预测精度达到90%左右,说明基于能量的振冲碎石桩加密效果评价方法具有可行性。

降雨冲刷条件下含水率变化对堆填黄土沟床侵蚀的影响

黄土区城市建设造就大量堆填黄土场地,受极端降雨作用影响,水土流失严重。为探究含水率变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,本研究基于野外调查,采用室内直槽概化模型试验,开展堆填黄土沟床模拟降雨冲刷试验研究。结果表明:1)堆填黄土沟床侵蚀过程以水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀交互作用为主。随土体含水率增加,堆填黄土易湿陷、液化,水力侵蚀作用增强;2)沟床侵蚀发育过程中土体含水率和孔隙水压力两者变化规律呈现明显的一致性,土体失稳、侵蚀破坏前后出现大幅度波动,是土体结构破坏及侵蚀滑塌的关键因素;3)随前期降雨引起土体含水率增加,土体抗剪强度下降,水流冲刷沟床易侵蚀破坏,沟床侵蚀速率增大,溯源侵蚀演化速度加快。该研究表明前期降雨引起含水率变化在土壤侵蚀中的影响显著,可为工程堆积体水土流失和土壤侵蚀等研究提供参考。

速度脉冲型地震动作用下局部可液化场地响应

为研究速度脉冲效应对可液化场地的影响,基于OpenSees平台建立有限元模型,对近断层速度脉冲型地震动与无速度脉冲地震动作用下局部可液化场地的竖向位移、加速度时程、土体剪应力-应变、超孔隙水压力比、循环应力比等土体的响应差异进行研究。数值计算结果表明:相同输入地震动幅值前提下,无脉冲地震动作用下可液化土体的竖向永久位移与位移发展持时平均值比速度脉冲型地震动作用分别大13%、19%;而速度脉冲型地震动作用下土体最大剪应变是无速度脉冲地震动的约5.4倍,最大剪应力约1.7倍;速度脉冲效应使土体的剪应力-剪应变滞回圈所围面积更大但滞回圈数量较少,且不同深度土体具有更大的循环应力比,从而促进土体发生液化;非液化密砂层放大地震动加速度幅值;液化松砂层对地震加速度时程进行了高频滤波,使地表加速度时程更为平滑且稀疏;速度脉冲效应作用下液化土层超孔隙水压力比整体较小,表明土体剪胀效应更加强烈。

静钻根植桩施工环境效应现场试验研究

静钻根植桩采用先钻孔注浆后植桩的施工技术,可以解决传统预制桩施工过程引起的挤土效应问题。然而,静钻根植桩施工过程中钻孔和注浆过程会对周围土体产生一定扰动,目前没有相关研究。文章通过一组现场试验对静钻根植桩施工过程中的钻孔、注浆搅拌和植桩阶段对周围土体的扰动规律进行研究。静钻根植桩施工前在钻孔周围土体中埋设土压力传感器,孔隙水压力传感器和测斜管,分别测试静钻根植桩施工过程中周围土体中水平土压力,超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移的变化规律。研究结果表明:静钻根植桩施工过程会对周围土体造成一定扰动,而施工完成后周围土体中的水平土压力、超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移迅速恢复;当水平距离达到4D(D为钻孔直径)时,静钻根植桩施工过程基本不会对土体产生影响;试验结果可以为静钻根植桩在地铁周围等施工位移控制敏感区域的应用提供理论依据。

饱和砂土液化特性的振动台试验研究

基于地震模拟振动台试验,配制3组不同平均粒径和3组不同细粒含量的6个砂土模型,通过埋置于砂土内部的传感器监测模型内部不同位置的超孔隙水压力等指标,分析砂土模型内部的超孔隙水压力时程曲线及孔压比时程曲线,归纳出地震波加载峰值、砂土平均粒径、细粒含量及埋置深度等因素对饱和砂土液化特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着地震波加载峰值的增大,砂土模型液化程度逐渐增大,液化势逐渐增大,抗液化强度逐渐减小;随着砂土埋置深度的增加,砂土细粒含量的增加,砂土平均粒径的增加,砂土模型液化程度逐渐减小,液化势逐渐减小,其抗液化强度逐渐增大。同时,试验结果还表明,砂土液化各影响因素对砂土液化的影响程度依次为地震波强度>砂土埋置深度>砂土平均粒径、细粒含量。试验结果可为后续数值模拟的参数选取提供支持,为研究其他因素对砂土液化的影响提供参考。

软土地层盾构地中对接法孔压扰动规律研究

在软土地层中应用盾构地中对接法能大大缩短长隧道施工周期,但先、后行盾构施工在盾构对接段产生的超静孔隙水压力会影响土体应力状态和地层稳定性。建立软土地层盾构地中对接法的流固耦合模型,在时间方面,分析了盾构地中对接横断面上不同距离的超静孔隙水压力时间分布;在空间方面,分析了先、后行盾构施工引起的超静孔隙水压力纵向分布,以及盾构对接施工过程引起的超静孔隙水压力横断面分布。另外,分析了盾构地中对接施工对孔隙水压力的扰动规律,并进行施工参数分析。结果表明:完成盾构对接时,盾构施工对拱顶扰动范围最大,侧边次之,底部最小;后行盾构施工对开挖面前方的超静孔隙水压力影响范围是先行盾构施工的1.5倍,其值大约为3.4倍的隧道直径;当分层土体的渗透性差异过大时,会出现超静孔隙水压力突变的情况;在盾构地中对接施工过程中,先行盾构施工阶段产生的扰动影响要远大于后行盾构,至对接位置时,先行盾构对拱顶产生的孔压扰动指标是后行盾构的2倍左右;对接点处未进行注浆加固时,建议先、后行盾构在距对接点2D(D为隧道外径)前,将掌子面支护力减小至0.8倍标准掌子面支护力,或在先行盾构到达对接点前进行超前注浆加固,以减小盾构对接施工过程的扰动影响。

弱渗透性土中地下结构承受水压规律试验研究

为合理评估地下结构在使用寿命周期内的抗浮性能,设计一种多功能模型试验系统,模拟不同水力梯度作用下重塑黄土和粉质黏土中孔隙水压力的传递过程,开展竖向渗流条件和侧向渗流条件下两种土体介质中地下结构承受水压变化规律试验;基于修正K-C(Kozeny-Carman)渗流理论提出用于描述弱渗透性土体介质中孔压竖向传递的数学模型。研究结果表明:在相同水力梯度作用下粉质黏土中同一测点的孔压值较重塑黄土中小,且趋于稳定所需时间较长;当两种土体介质中发生竖向渗流或侧向渗流时,地下结构承受的水压均比理论静水压力小;所提出的数学模型能够较好地描述重塑黄土和粉质黏土介质中孔压的传递过程;在实际工程中,应考虑结构自身对地下渗流场的影响和特殊土体介质对孔隙水渗流的影响,从而实现更合理的抗浮设计。

各向异性固结下饱和珊瑚砂超静孔压增长的能量模式

针对具有不同初始物理状态的饱和珊瑚砂,开展了不同固结条件下循环应力主轴90°跳转的系列不排水循环剪切试验,研究了细粒含量FC、初始相对密度D_(r)、固结条件(固结围压p′0、固结方向角α_(c)和固结比k_(c))以及循环加载条件(循环加载频率、循环加载路径和循环应力比)对饱和珊瑚砂的超静孔压u_(e)与累积耗散能W关系的影响。u_(e)与W的关系受土性条件和固结条件的影响显著,而不依赖于循环加载条件。当FC低于阈值细粒含量时,试样液化所需累积耗散能(W_(s))随FC的增加而减少,而随D_(r)的增大而增大。均等固结条件下试样液化所需累积耗散能随p′0的增加而增加;对于各向异性固结试样,u_(e)的稳定值随αc的增加呈现出先增后减的趋势;而随kc的增大而减小。引入等效骨架孔隙比e_(sk)^(*)描述珊瑚砂的物理状态,发现均等固结条件下饱和珊瑚砂的超静孔压比r_(u)与规准化累积耗散能WR的关系曲线具有唯一性,提出考虑α_(c)及k_(c)的经验参数,建立了适用于不同物理状态和复杂应力条件的饱和珊瑚砂修正ru随WR增长的反正切函数能量模型。

双洞隧道地铁运行引起的软土地基振动及孔压研究

建立双洞隧道的三维有限差分模型,通过车轨耦合计算得到地铁运行中隔振器的力时程,以集中力的形式施加到地铁轨道对应的节点上,分析探讨了软土地基中振动加速度和超静孔隙水压力的变化规律及影响范围等。结果表明:左侧隧道和右侧隧道振动及孔隙水压力的变化基本一致,在地铁的一次相向运行过程中,软土地基的地表竖向振动加速度在两隧道中心处出现最大值,在距隧道中心轴约25 m处存在地表振动加速度放大现象,在距隧道中心轴150 m外,地表加速度峰峰值衰减至2 gal以下。软土地基中的超静孔隙水压力随着远离隧道而快速减小,在距隧道中心轴80 m外,超静孔隙水压力便衰减至100 Pa以下。白天地铁运行过程中,超静孔隙水压力出现较平稳的振荡,晚间地铁停运后,超静孔隙水压力出现一定程度下降,且随着地铁的反复运行下降幅度减小。