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Nutrition impacts of non-solid cooking fuel adoption on under-five children in developing countries 被引量:1
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作者 Yalin Tang Yuhe Guo +1 位作者 Gang Xie Chengfang Liu 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2024年第2期397-413,共17页
This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demogra... This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS).Results from both fixed effects(FE)and instrumental variable(IV)estimates show that using non-solid cooking fuel significantly improves the nutrition outcomes of under-five children.Compared with their peers from households mainly using solid fuel,children from households mainly using non-solid fuel exhibit a lower probability of experiencing stunting(by 5.9 percentage points)and being underweight(by 1.2 percentage points).Our further investigation provides evidence for several underlying mechanisms,such as improved indoor air quality,induced reduction in children’s respiratory symptoms,benefits on maternal health,and reduction in maternal time spent on fuel collection or cooking.Heterogenous analyses suggest that the nutrition benefits of using non-solid cooking fuel are more prominent among boys,children above three years old,and those from households of lower socioeconomic status,rural areas,and Southeast Asia. 展开更多
关键词 non-solid cooking fuel nutrition benefits under-five children developing countries
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An Analysis of Liberia’s Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Context of Least Developed Countries (LDCs): A Review
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作者 Charles Flomo Togbah 《American Journal of Climate Change》 2024年第2期230-250,共21页
Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation c... Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation changes, are facing significant challenges, particularly in climate-sensitive sectors such as mining and agriculture. LDCs need more resilience to adverse climate shocks but have limited capacity for adaptation compared to other developed and developing nations. This paper examines Liberia’s susceptibility to climate change as a least developed country, focusing on its exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It provides an overview of LDCs and outlines the global distribution of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also evaluates specific challenges that amplify Liberia’s vulnerability and constrain sustainable adaptation, providing insight into climate change’s existing and potential effects. The paper emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts on Liberia and calls for concerted local and international efforts for effective and sustainable mitigation efforts. It provides recommendations for policy decisions and calls for further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation. 展开更多
关键词 Least Developed countries LIBERIA Climate Change VULNERABILITY POVERTY HUNGER Disease Research and Development (R&D) Adaptation
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Challenges to establishing and maintaining kidney transplantation programs in developing countries:What are the coping strategies?
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作者 Rabea Ahmed Gadelkareem Amr Mostafa Abdelgawad +4 位作者 Nasreldin Mohammed Mohammed Ali Zarzour Mahmoud Khalil Ahmed Reda Hisham Mokhtar Hammouda 《World Journal of Methodology》 2024年第2期1-16,共16页
Kidney transplantation(KT)is the optimal form of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal diseases.However,this health service is not available to all patients,especially in developing countries.The... Kidney transplantation(KT)is the optimal form of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal diseases.However,this health service is not available to all patients,especially in developing countries.The deceased donor KT programs are mostly absent,and the living donor KT centers are scarce.Single-center studies presenting experiences from developing countries usually report a variety of challenges.This review addresses these challenges and the opposing strategies by reviewing the single-center experiences of developing countries.The financial challenges hamper the infrastructural and material availability,coverage of transplant costs,and qualification of medical personnel.The sociocultural challenges influence organ donation,equity of beneficence,and regular follow-up work.Low interests and motives for transplantation may result from high medicolegal responsibilities in KT practice,intense potential psychosocial burdens,complex qualification protocols,and low productivity or compensation for KT practice.Low medical literacy about KT advantages is prevalent among clinicians,patients,and the public.The inefficient organizational and regulatory oversight is translated into inefficient healthcare systems,absent national KT programs and registries,uncoordinated job descriptions and qualification protocols,uncoordinated on-site investigations with regulatory constraints,and the prevalence of commercial KT practices.These challenges resulted in noticeable differences between KT services in developed and developing countries.The coping strategies can be summarized in two main mechanisms:The first mechanism is maximizing the available resources by increasing the rates of living kidney donation,promoting the expertise of medical personnel,reducing material consumption,and supporting the establishment and maintenance of KT programs.The latter warrants the expansion of the public sector and the elimination of non-ethical KT practices.The second mechanism is recruiting external resources,including financial,experience,and training agreements. 展开更多
关键词 CHALLENGES Coping strategies Developing countries Kidney transplantation Low resources Single-center
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The Implications of Urbanization Processes in Developed Countries for Africa
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作者 YANG Li LI Kaili 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2024年第2期51-58,共8页
Urbanization is the inevitable path of national economic development,and the level of urbanization development in most African countries is still low.By analyzing five typical developed countries in the United States,... Urbanization is the inevitable path of national economic development,and the level of urbanization development in most African countries is still low.By analyzing five typical developed countries in the United States,Britain,France,Germany,and Japan,this paper discusses the promoting factors and problems of the rapid urbanization development in their specific years,as well as the experiences and lessons that Africa can learn,so as to prevent Africa from taking the detour in the urbanization process of Western developed countries and promote the balanced regional development of various African countries. 展开更多
关键词 developed countries AFRICA URBANIZATION
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Food Security in Developing Countries: Factors and Mitigation
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作者 Hellen Abbo Owasa Abdoulaye Fofana Fall 《American Journal of Climate Change》 2024年第3期391-405,共15页
Since 1976, eradicating hunger has become one of the priority objectives of the United Nations, which is included in the Charter of Human Rights;the right to get adequate food. The qualification of food security in ti... Since 1976, eradicating hunger has become one of the priority objectives of the United Nations, which is included in the Charter of Human Rights;the right to get adequate food. The qualification of food security in time and space must analyze not only the three components it covers but also the relationships that these three components maintain. Climate change contributes to food insecurity, but it is not the only factor. To address food insecurity in various forms, greater food security must be combined with improved sustainable agricultural practices with minimal strain on the environment. This review of literature insists on the principles of food security, which in particular allows a better understanding of food insecurity in developing countries and favors a greater contribution of agriculture and food systems in general to nutritional progress. 展开更多
关键词 Food Security Developing countries Climate Change
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Epidemiological transition of colorectal cancer in developing countries: Environmental factors, molecular pathways, and opportunities for prevention 被引量:19
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作者 Faraz Bishehsari Mahboobeh Mahdavinia +2 位作者 Michele Vacca Reza Malekzadeh Renato Mariani-Costantini 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS 2014年第20期6055-6072,共18页
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer-related mortality worldwide.The disease has been traditionally a major health problem in industrial countries,however the CRC rates are increasin... Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer-related mortality worldwide.The disease has been traditionally a major health problem in industrial countries,however the CRC rates are increasing in the developing countries that are undergoing economic growth.Several environmental risk factors,mainly changes in diet and life style,have been suggested to underlie the rise of CRC in these populations.Diet and lifestyle impinge on nuclear receptors,on the intestinal microbiota and on crucial molecular pathways that are implicated in intestinal carcinogenesis.In this respect,the epidemiological transition in several regions of the world offers a unique opportunity to better understand CRC carcinogenesis by studying the disease phenotypes and their environmental and molecular associations in different populations.The data from these studies may have important implications for the global prevention and treatment of CRC. 展开更多
关键词 Colorectal cancer Developing countries Environment DIET Nuclear receptors Gut microbiota
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Gastroenterology in developing countries:Issues and advances 被引量:9
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作者 Kate L Mandeville Justus Krabshuis +3 位作者 Nimzing Gwamzhi Ladep Chris JJ Mulder Eamonn MM Quigley Shahid A Khan 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第23期2839-2854,共16页
Developing countries shoulder a considerable burden of gastroenterological disease. Infectious diseases in particular cause enormous morbidity and mortality. Diseases which afflict both western and developing countrie... Developing countries shoulder a considerable burden of gastroenterological disease. Infectious diseases in particular cause enormous morbidity and mortality. Diseases which afflict both western and developing countries are often seen in more florid forms in poorer countries. Innovative techniques continuously improve and update gastroenterological practice. However, advances in diagnosis and treatment which are commonplace in the West, have yet to reach many developing countries. Clinical guidelines, based on these advances and collated in resource-rich environments, lose their relevance outside these settings. In this two-part review, we first highlight the global burden of gastroenterological disease in three major areas: diarrhoeal diseases, hepatitis B, and Helicobacter pylori. Recent progress in their management is explored, with consideration of future solutions. The second part of the review focuses on the delivery of clinical services in developing countries. Inadequate numbers of healthcare workers hamper efforts to combat gastroenterological disease. Reasons for this shortage are examined, along with possibilities for increased specialist training. Endoscopy services, the mainstay of gastroenterology in the West, are in their infancy in many developing countries. The challenges faced by those se^ing up a service are illustrated by the example of a Nigerian endoscopy unit. Finally, we highlight the limited scope of many clinical guidelines produced in western countries. Guidelines which take account of resource limitations in the form of "cascades" are advocated in order to make these guidelines truly global. Recognition of the different working conditions facing practitioners worldwide is an important step towards narrowing the gap between gastroenterology in rich and poor countries. 展开更多
关键词 Helicobacter pylori Developing countries Gastrointestinal diseases Health care delivery Practice guidelines
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Celiac disease in the developing countries: A new and challenging public health problem 被引量:16
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作者 Francesco Cataldo Giuseppe Montalto 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2007年第15期2153-2159,共7页
In the past, celiac disease was believed to be a chronic enteropathy, almost exclusively affecting people of European origin. The availability of new, simple, very sensitive and specific serological tests (anti-gliad... In the past, celiac disease was believed to be a chronic enteropathy, almost exclusively affecting people of European origin. The availability of new, simple, very sensitive and specific serological tests (anti-gliadin, anti- endomysium and anti-transglutaminase antibody assays) have shown that celiac disease is common not only in Europe and in people of European ancestry but also in the developing countries where the major staple diet is wheat (Southern Asia, the Middle East, North West and East Africa, South America), both in the general population and in the groups at risk. Gluten intolerance thus appears to be a widespread public health problem and an increased level of awareness and clinical suspicion are needed in the New World where physicians must learn to recognize the variable clinical presentations (classical, atypical and silent forms) of celiac disease. In the developing countries, both serological screening in the general population and serological testing in groups at risk are necessary for an early identification of celiac patients. The gluten-free diet poses a challenging public health problem in the developing countries, especially since commercial gluten-free products are not available. 展开更多
关键词 Celiac disease Developing countries
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Management of hepatitis B in developing countries 被引量:3
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作者 Zaigham Abbas Adeel R Siddiqui 《World Journal of Hepatology》 CAS 2011年第12期292-299,共8页
Hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis in developing countries, with 5% to 15% of the population carrying virus. The high prevalence is due to failure to adopt appropriate measure to confine the... Hepatitis B is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis in developing countries, with 5% to 15% of the population carrying virus. The high prevalence is due to failure to adopt appropriate measure to confine the spread of infection. Most hepatitis B patients present with advanced diseases. Although perinatal transmission is believed to be an important mode, most infections in the developing world occur in childhood and early adulthood. Factors in developing countries associated with the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus, delta hepatitis virus, hepatitis C virus, alcohol intake and aflatoxin. Treatment protocols extrapolated from developed countries may need modifications according to the resources available. There is some controversy as to when to start treatment, with what medication and for how long? There is now enough evidence to support that hepatitis B patients should be considered for treatment if they show persistently elevated abnormal aminotransferase levels in the last 6 mo, checked on at least three separate occasions, and a serum hepatitis B virus DNA level of > 2000 IU/mL. Therapeutic agents that were approved by Pure Food and Drug Administration are now available in many developing countries. These include standard interferon (INF)-α, pegylated INF-α, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine. Drug resistance has emerged as a major challenge in the management of patients with CHB. The role of the universal vaccination program for effective control of hepatitis B cannot be emphasized enough. 展开更多
关键词 Hepatitis B MANAGEMENT Developing countries Hepatitis B surface antigen Hepatitis B virus DNA VACCINATION
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Challenges Brought about by Rapid Changes in Chinese Diets: Comparison with Developed Countries and Implications for Further Improvement 被引量:6
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作者 ZHAO Li Yun LIU Dan +3 位作者 YU Dong Mei ZHANG Jian WANG Jing Zhong ZHAO Wen Hua 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第10期781-786,共6页
Given developments in urbanization, agricultural, and technological practices, the diet and lifestyle of developed countries has changed dramatically over the course of the last century[1].
关键词 Challenges Brought about by Rapid Changes in Chinese Diets Comparison with Developed countries and Implications for Further Improvement
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in developing countries 被引量:2
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作者 Hossein Bahrami 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2005年第24期3808-3809,共2页
TO THE EDITORNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly known medical entity with high prevalence, about 1 0 to 24 percent in general population and up to 74% in obese population[1]. The prevalence of... TO THE EDITORNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly known medical entity with high prevalence, about 1 0 to 24 percent in general population and up to 74% in obese population[1]. The prevalence of the disease is expected to increase worldwide, as we are encountering the global obesity epidemic and the trend in developing countries toward the Western lifestyles. However, it looks that there are some differences between the demographic and epidemiologic features of NAFLD in developing and developed countries. 展开更多
关键词 Nonalcoholic fatty liver Developing countries
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Chemical Safety as a Major Challenge for Developing Countries: Role of the International Program on Chemical Safety^1 被引量:1
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作者 M.MERCIER 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1990年第2期211-216,共6页
Developing countries face a number of unique problems related to the hazards of chemicals. The WHO International Program on Chemical Safety may play a useful role by working jointly with Member Nations and such intern... Developing countries face a number of unique problems related to the hazards of chemicals. The WHO International Program on Chemical Safety may play a useful role by working jointly with Member Nations and such international organizations as FAO, UNEP. and ILO. (c)1990 Academic Press. Inc. 展开更多
关键词 Pro Chemical Safety as a Major Challenge for Developing countries Role of the International Program on Chemical Safety~1
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Women’s Awareness and Attitudes towards Labor Analgesia Influencing Practice between Developed and Developing Countries 被引量:1
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作者 Shammi Karn Hong Yu +2 位作者 Sourabh Karna Liqin Chen Dongyan Qiao 《Advances in Reproductive Sciences》 2016年第2期46-52,共7页
Childbirth experience is one of the most intense pain that majority of women will endure during their lifetime. Concerns about pain in labor remain a hot topic, and its popularity gets more common day by day as more w... Childbirth experience is one of the most intense pain that majority of women will endure during their lifetime. Concerns about pain in labor remain a hot topic, and its popularity gets more common day by day as more women become aware of their rights to achieve a better quality of care during labor. There are various non-pharmacologic (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hydrotherapy, intradermal water injections and acupuncture) and pharmacologic treatments (nitrous oxide, opioids and regional analgesia techniques: spinal, epidural and combined epidural analgesia) available today. Among these, epidural analgesia offers the most effective form of pain relief and is considered to be the gold standard of labor analgesia. Despite having labor analgesic services, most women still go through painful labor due to lack of knowledge regarding it, particularly in developing countries. The main source of information regarding pain reliefs is from friends and relatives, revealing the lack of information from caregiver’s side. So this study reflects that there is a wide gap in the communication between pregnant women and obstetricians. It supports the fact that obstetricians through the practice of routinely offering labor analgesia can significantly improve the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancy. Provision of standardized epidural analgesia information at an appropriate time in their pregnancy may benefit them by the practice of mutual decision-making. Thus, it may prevent women from making a difficult choice of cesarean section to avoid the fear of painful labor. 展开更多
关键词 Pain Relief Epidural Analgesia Labor Analgesia Developing Country Developed Country Labor Pain
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Typhoid intestinal perforation in developing countries: Still unavoidable deaths?
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作者 Sandro Contini 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS 2017年第11期1925-1931,共7页
Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal... Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal perforation(TIP), observed in 0.8% to 39%, with a striking rate difference between high-income and low-middle-income countries. Although the mortality rate consequent to TIP in resource-poor countries is improved in the last decades, it is still fluctuating from 5% to 80%, due to surgical-and not surgical-related constraints. Huge economic costs and long timelines are required to provide a short-to middle-term solution to the lack of safe water and sanitation. Inherent limitations of the currently available diagnostic tools may lead to under-evaluation as well as over-evaluation of the disease, with consequent delayed treatment or inappropriate, excessive antibiotic use, hence increasing the likelihood of bacterial resistance. There is a need for immunization programs in populations at greatest risk, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Uniform surgical strategies and guidelines, on the basis of sound or prospective surgical studies and adapted to the local realities, are still lacking. Major drawbacks of the surgical treatment are the frequent delays to surgery, either for late diagnosis or for difficult transports, and the unavailable appropriate intensive care units in most peripheral facilities. As a consequence, poor patient's conditions at presentation, severe peritoneal contamination and unsuitable postoperative care are the foremost determinant of surgical morbidity and mortality. 展开更多
关键词 Typhoid bacterial resistance Typhoid fever Typhoid intestinal perforation Developing countries Low-Middle-Income countries Postoperative care Typhoid vaccination
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Quality Assurance in Toxicology Studies in Developing Countries
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作者 CARL R.MORRIS 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1989年第1期44-47,共4页
As developing countries become more involved in the international chemical trade, they must adhere to certain requirements for importation of their chemicals into foreign countries. These developing countries will be ... As developing countries become more involved in the international chemical trade, they must adhere to certain requirements for importation of their chemicals into foreign countries. These developing countries will be required to provide basic safety information on their chemical products, including data developed from chemical and toxicologic testing. These data must be developed in accordance with the national requirements of the importing country. Many importing countries have adopted the OECD Test Guidelines and the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) as primary guidance to assure the quality of laboratory data. These procedures provide a basis for internationally acceptable data. Several countries have incorporated many of these provisions into their national laws or administrative procedures. These procedures describe the process of documenting the conduct of laboratory studies, including recording of data, reporting of study results, and storage of data gathered. This process is intended to assure the quality and integrity of the data so that, if required, the study can be reconstructed by an auditor or an inspector. Details of these procedures and their applicability to the international chemical trade are discussed. 1989 Academic Press, Inc. 展开更多
关键词 AS CO Quality Assurance in Toxicology Studies in Developing countries
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Radiation oncology practice during COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries
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作者 Fawzi Abuhijla Ramiz Abuhijlih Issa Mohamad 《World Journal of Clinical Cases》 SCIE 2021年第25期7292-7296,共5页
Radiation therapy(RT)is considered one of the cornerstone modalities of treatment for different cancer types.The preparation and delivery of RT requires a number of staff members from different disciplines within the ... Radiation therapy(RT)is considered one of the cornerstone modalities of treatment for different cancer types.The preparation and delivery of RT requires a number of staff members from different disciplines within the radiation oncology department.Since the emergence of the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,RT,similar to other cancer care modalities,has been adapted to minimize patient and staff exposure without compromising the oncological outcomes.This was reflected in the dramatic practice changes that occurred in the past year to address the lockdown restrictions and fulfill the infection control requirements.RT practices differ across regions based on financial and training levels,and developing countries with limited resources have struggled to maintain radiation treatment services at a level equivalent to that in developed countries while following pandemic control guidelines.The response during the COVID-19 pandemic varied between developing countries according to the infection rate and RT technological capabilities.In this editorial,we review recently published articles addressing radiotherapy practice reports during the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries. 展开更多
关键词 RADIOTHERAPY COVID-19 Developing countries Radiation therapy PANDEMIC Low income countries
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The barriers of joining in vitro fertilization programs among infertile couples in developing countries:A scoping review
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作者 Andriana K Dewi Anggi L Wicaksana +1 位作者 Muhammad Lutfi Agung Dewanto 《Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction》 2023年第4期147-154,I0001-I0003,共11页
Objective:To determine the barriers of joining in-vitro fertilization(IVF)programs among infertile couples in developing countries.Methods:This study assessed infertile couples and the barriers or associated factors r... Objective:To determine the barriers of joining in-vitro fertilization(IVF)programs among infertile couples in developing countries.Methods:This study assessed infertile couples and the barriers or associated factors resulting in delayed decision-making of joining IVF program by searching databases PubMed,ScienceDirect,EBSCO,ClinicalKey,and Cochrane Library from inception until December 31,2021.Additional search strategies were snowballing literature search and citation tracking.Results:Eleven articles were included in the scoping review.The cost was the greatest barrier of joining IVF program.Limited access and lack of assisted reproductive technology centers,few qualified infertility trained staff,insufficient government support,low priority in government policy,along with sociocultural factors,such as religion and false beliefs or myths were also majorly considered to be associated obstacles.Conclusions:The main barrier associated with IVF program among infertile couples in developing countries is the high cost of the IVF services. 展开更多
关键词 In vitro fertilization Assisted reproductive technology BARRIER Developing countries
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A Quantitative Approach to Analyse Rural Population and Development in Some African and Southern-Central American Countries over 10 Years
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作者 Nicola Galluzzo 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B)》 2013年第3期189-198,共10页
In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment prote... In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment protection with the consequence to worsen the marginalization of these territories. In the world, more than 50% of poverty is located in rural areas and the most incidence of it is in Sub-Saharan African countries; in Latin American nations, instead, the most percentage of poverty is located in urban areas. The aim of this research was to estimate, by a multiple regression model, in 46 countries of Africa and in 23 nations of Souther-Central America, which socio-economic variables were able to play a fundamental role on the rural population and on the development of rural areas in 2000 and 2010 using some statistical data published in the FAO Statistic book. In analysed African countries there has been an increase of people living in the rural space and a growth by 21% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Southern and Central American nations, there has been a meaningful emigration from rural territories due to an expansion of commercial flows and per capita income in rich areas, thus people have decided to move from the rural territories to the urban territories, worsening the poverty and living conditions in the countryside. 展开更多
关键词 Rural areas developing countries emigration social capital multiple regression model agricultural gross domesticproduct.
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HPV Vaccination in Young Girls from Developing Countries: What Are the Barriers for Its Implementation? A Systematic Review
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作者 Inês Maria Brito Gonçalves Joana Rafaela Magalhães Fernandes +1 位作者 Filipa Ribeiro Adhemar Longatto-Filho 《Health》 2020年第6期671-693,共23页
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries that account high HPV incidence and mortality rates. Vaccinating girls between 9 and 14 years old is supposed to be the most cos... Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries that account high HPV incidence and mortality rates. Vaccinating girls between 9 and 14 years old is supposed to be the most cost-effective public health approach against cervical cancer. This systematic review aims to assess the application and coverage of the HPV vaccine in developing countries and identify the main challenges for the introduction of the vaccine in these settings. Eligible studies were selected according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. To determine the quality of the studies was employed the STROBE checklist. This review included seven studies, encompassing the analysis of 19 countries and 112,116 girls aged from 9 to 18 years old. The coverage of HPV vaccination ranged from 13.8% to 107.4%, with most of the programs having more than 60% of coverage, which reflects a high percentage of vaccinated girls. The main challenges were lack of knowledge and worries about the vaccine, insufficient financial resources and staff workers, lack of community involvement and dissemination of important information about HPV. In developing countries that implemented the HPV vaccine, high coverage rates were achieved, despite sociocultural, economic and political challenges. In the future, studies that analyze the coverage rates after the elimination of the barriers and the repercussions on the mortality rates should be conducted, so that more developing countries have the opportunity to efficiently implement the vaccine. 展开更多
关键词 HPV Vaccine HPV Knowledge and Education HPV-Induced Cancer Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness Cervical Cancer Mortality HPV Incidence HPV in Developing countries
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Sustainability Impact on Construction Management in Developing Countries: Iraq as a Case Study
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《Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture》 2012年第4期403-414,共12页
Sustainable development contributes to the economic and social advancement of construction projects. Ignoring sustainability during the cost estimating process associated with evaluation phase develops many problems o... Sustainable development contributes to the economic and social advancement of construction projects. Ignoring sustainability during the cost estimating process associated with evaluation phase develops many problems of conventional decision methodology used in construction industry in the most of developing countries. This research focuses on sustainability which is the key factor in all decision making in design and construction processes. Therefore, Iraqi construction industry should respond to sustainability as a leading indicator of its infrastructure rebuilding. The construction management and sustainability could help to manage the rebuilding of the destroyed public infrastructure during the disaster wars periods passed thru thirty years ago and also to modernize of private buildings and plants. Field study has been carried out by adopting personal interviews and questionnaires conducted with experts, experienced consultants and designers working in many design organizations. The data collected has been analyzed and the results obtained show a clear weakness in the field of sustainability understanding, practicing and implementation. Moreover, the design work in Iraq is suffering from a lack of scientific techniques and a lack in experience in the domain of sustainability field. This will take an integrated approach to study the impact of sustainability on construction management which encompasses both public and private sector perspectives for building and engineering construction, and the roles played by all the participants in the construction team (owners, contractors, design professionals, and other supporting professionals). 展开更多
关键词 Sustainability concepts CONSTRUCTION management ENGINEERING developing countries Iraq
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