Profile of Geriatric Trauma in a Developing Country

Geriatric trauma patients require special consideration. They frequently have comorbidities and reduced physiologic reserves, influencing treatment decisions and outcomes. Hence, a comprehensive approach is fundamental to ensure better results. The authors retrospectively evaluated the profile of 332 cases of geriatric trauma over ten years (January 2010-December 2019) at National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu, in South-East Nigeria. The mean age of patients was 74.78 years (SD = 8.69), with females presenting at a later age than men (76.05 vs 73.69 years), p = 0.013. The commonest mechanism of injury was ground-level fall (47.59%), with proximal femoral fractures being the most common (41.27%). Only 47% of geriatric patients presented to a hospital within 24 hours following injury, and the mean duration of admission was 28 days. Approximately 77% of patients had operative care, and 68.67% expressed satisfaction with the outcome of their management. The mortality rate was 2.11%. In conclusion, most geriatric fractures require surgical intervention and education to facilitate early hospital presentation is needed.

Construction of a Small Scale Laboratory for Solar Collectors and Solar Cells in a Developing Country

In the field of renewable energy, self-provided research in developing countries is barely present, but most welcomed. The creation of know-how and self-development of technologies should reduce the dependence on industrialized countries for both materials and knowledge. This work presents technological and social issues related to the construction of a low budget solar laboratory in Mozambique. The goal is to demonstrate that scientific level research can be carried out in developing countries by using affordable solutions without sacrificing quality of the results. For this investigation, a solar laboratory was built in 2011 at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane of Maputo. The laboratory enables measurements?to evaluate solar?thermal and?photovoltaic-thermal?hybrid collectors.?Thanks to the?flexibility of the system,?students and teaching staff can?add/remove equipment and develop customised local research programs. In addition, a course on the principles of solar energy and collector simulation for local students was taught. The needed data acquisition devices usually used in Europe were compared with cheaper and easy-maintenance ones. Calibration and estimation of the uncertainty were successfully performed. Approximately 9% of inaccuracy in the measurement was introduced by the cheaper equipment, but the investment cost was reduced by more than 90%. Other issues, results and future recommendations are shown.

China remains a developing country

In early 2009, we made the following prediction: "When people look back on our day of financial crisis, they won’t see it as a tragic episode of frustrated development for China, but as an important historical period for China to rise against the torrent of crisis and realize the rejuvenation of

Regeneration patterns and drivers of different underutilized lands in the rust belt city of developing country:An empirical case study for Northeast China

Rust belt cities are largely threatened by a waste of urban space at their core;however,in developing countries where land resources are widely used as instruments for macroeconomic stabilization,urban periphery is also at risk of being underutilized due to land hoarding.Such geographic differences entail new knowledge about how,where,and why underutilized lands are regenerated in the city.Furthermore,rapid urban growth imposes development disparity and mixed underutilization issues on cities in developing countries;therefore,how the geo-information obtained by the regeneration of different underutilized lands differs will be valuable for urban planners and policymakers to make prudent trade-offs.To fill these gaps,we conducted a sequential investigation into the regeneration of underutilized lands in a representative rust belt city – Changchun City in Northeast China,in an attempt to measure the regeneration pattern and analyze the underlying determinants using the Classification and Regression Trees analysis.The results indicated that,of all underutilized lands,increments of vacant lot and remnant cultivated land continued to plague the expanding urban periphery during 2016–2019.In a way,reduced underutilized lands alleviated land use conflicts at the city core.Nearly 23% of the underutilized areas had been regenerated,dominated by realty development,with most converted to residential lands,ecological lands and industrial lands.On the contrary,conversion to transportation lands and parking lots seemed to avoid the rapidly expanding sites.The regeneration rates in a certain area can be increased by a multitude of factors,including denser,simply structured land underutilization,abundant ecosystem services nearby and accessibility to public infrastructures.Site conditions such as residential density and accessibility may have fueled the regeneration associated with residential purposes,while regeneration of industrial development was closely associated with the underutilization density and parcel regularity.This research provides an empirical paradigm for delivering regeneration geo-information across different underutilized lands,particularly for rust belt cities that are caught between a shrinking core and speculative periphery.

Nutrition impacts of non-solid cooking fuel adoption on under-five children in developing countries

This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS).Results from both fixed effects(FE)and instrumental variable(IV)estimates show that using non-solid cooking fuel significantly improves the nutrition outcomes of under-five children.Compared with their peers from households mainly using solid fuel,children from households mainly using non-solid fuel exhibit a lower probability of experiencing stunting(by 5.9 percentage points)and being underweight(by 1.2 percentage points).Our further investigation provides evidence for several underlying mechanisms,such as improved indoor air quality,induced reduction in children’s respiratory symptoms,benefits on maternal health,and reduction in maternal time spent on fuel collection or cooking.Heterogenous analyses suggest that the nutrition benefits of using non-solid cooking fuel are more prominent among boys,children above three years old,and those from households of lower socioeconomic status,rural areas,and Southeast Asia.

Vulnerability of inland and coastal aquaculture to climate change: Evidence from a developing country

Developing countries,which contribute 90%of global aquaculture production,are considered global climate risk hotspots.However,no study focuses on measuring district-or sub-national-level aquaculture vulnerability to climatic hazards or disasters.This study has measured the level of aquaculture vulnerability to climate variability and change in all 64 districts of Bangladesh using a composite vulnerability index approach(using 19 climatic,environmental and socio-economic indicators)and geographical information system(GIS).The results reveal that aquaculture in 12 districts namely Satkhira,Mymensingh,Panchagarh,Lalmonirhat,Nilphamari,Thakurgaon,Sunamganj,Dinajpur,Kurigram,Noakhali,Lakshmipur,and Cox's Bazar have very high vulnerability(in order of highest to lowest vulnerability),which are explained by their higher level of exposure,moderate level of sensitivity,and lower to moderate level of adaptive capacity.Among these,8 districts belong to inland and 4 districts to coastal regions of the country.Three districts,namely Dhaka,Chittagong,and Bandarban,have the lowest level of aquaculture vulnerability(in order of lowest to highest vulnerability)mainly because of very high adaptive capacity and moderate or low level of sensitivity and exposure.This study will punctuate the vulnerability of inland aquaculture and develop and prioritize actions to reduce the climatic impacts.

The barriers of joining in vitro fertilization programs among infertile couples in developing countries:A scoping review

Objective:To determine the barriers of joining in-vitro fertilization(IVF)programs among infertile couples in developing countries.Methods:This study assessed infertile couples and the barriers or associated factors resulting in delayed decision-making of joining IVF program by searching databases PubMed,ScienceDirect,EBSCO,ClinicalKey,and Cochrane Library from inception until December 31,2021.Additional search strategies were snowballing literature search and citation tracking.Results:Eleven articles were included in the scoping review.The cost was the greatest barrier of joining IVF program.Limited access and lack of assisted reproductive technology centers,few qualified infertility trained staff,insufficient government support,low priority in government policy,along with sociocultural factors,such as religion and false beliefs or myths were also majorly considered to be associated obstacles.Conclusions:The main barrier associated with IVF program among infertile couples in developing countries is the high cost of the IVF services.

Environmental Impact Assessment System and Process in Developing Countries

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), a decision-making process for project appraisal and sustainability adopted globally as an administrative process to identify, predict, evaluate, and monitor projects from their feasibility, preconstruction, construction, and operation stages to mitigate the adverse impacts and enhance the beneficial impacts for the protection of the affected environment, The study objective is to explore global EIA systems and processes and find shortcomings and implications for making the best instrument or tool to protect the natural environment from man-made activities over the project cycle. For this, the relevant literature on the EIA system and process was reviewed and evaluated through the application of quantitative and qualitative approaches, including the assessment of legal instruments and the adoption of EIA methodologies in developing countries. EIA, initiated in the 1970s in the US and Australia, expanded to developing countries and was amended in East and Southeast Asia from the 1970s to the 2000s. The evaluation assessed that the South Asian countries follow UNEP and IAIA guidelines, utilizing national laws and expert consultations, with screening criteria and administrative processes based on established environmental legislation. Ad hoc, checklist, matrix, network, overlay, cost-benefit analysis, and predictive or simulation in EIA practice are used to assess the environmental impacts of development activities. Failure to recommend major projects undermines public trust and prevents mitigation measures from being implemented. Most developing countries have followed EIA to fulfill the legal requirement with shadow-off monitoring and follow-up rather than to upset, reduce, or compensate for the project impacts as per size, location, and severity of the project area. The research and guidelines outlined in the IAIA principles and process have synthesized the best EIA practices worldwide. Public participation, impact coverage, scientific mitigation, transparent evidence-based approaches, monitoring, follow-up, legitimate approaches, and future appraisal opportunities are major concerns to be included in best EIA practice.

Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Women’s Awareness and Attitudes towards Labor Analgesia Influencing Practice between Developed and Developing Countries

Childbirth experience is one of the most intense pain that majority of women will endure during their lifetime. Concerns about pain in labor remain a hot topic, and its popularity gets more common day by day as more women become aware of their rights to achieve a better quality of care during labor. There are various non-pharmacologic (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hydrotherapy, intradermal water injections and acupuncture) and pharmacologic treatments (nitrous oxide, opioids and regional analgesia techniques: spinal, epidural and combined epidural analgesia) available today. Among these, epidural analgesia offers the most effective form of pain relief and is considered to be the gold standard of labor analgesia. Despite having labor analgesic services, most women still go through painful labor due to lack of knowledge regarding it, particularly in developing countries. The main source of information regarding pain reliefs is from friends and relatives, revealing the lack of information from caregiver’s side. So this study reflects that there is a wide gap in the communication between pregnant women and obstetricians. It supports the fact that obstetricians through the practice of routinely offering labor analgesia can significantly improve the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancy. Provision of standardized epidural analgesia information at an appropriate time in their pregnancy may benefit them by the practice of mutual decision-making. Thus, it may prevent women from making a difficult choice of cesarean section to avoid the fear of painful labor.

ISO/TC 321电子商务标准化工作对非洲发展中国家的启示

This paper draws on the experience of the eighth plenary meeting of the ISO/TC 321, Transaction assurance in e-commerce, held in Hangzhou of China in November 2023, and explores potential ways in which developing countries in Africa can drive their development and contribute to global industrial progress by leveraging ISO/TC 321 standards. It provides practical recommendations for utilizing e-commerce standardization and related standards to stimulate economic growth and enhance business practices.

Development and Application of Integrated Indicators for Assessing Healthcare Waste Management Systems in Kenyan Hospitals

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is an important aspect of healthcare delivery globally because of its hazardous and infectious components that have potential for adverse health and environmental impacts. The paper introduces a set of indicators for assessing HCWM systems in hospitals. These indicators are: HCWM policies and standard operating procedures, management and oversight, logistics and budget support, training and occupational health and safety, and treatment, disposal and waste treatment equipment housing. By plotting a mark on a continuum which is defined as good and poor on the extremes and is connected with all other marks in a spoke arrangement, it’s possible to describe a baseline for HCWM in any specific hospital. This baseline can be used to improve awareness of the actors and policy-makers, compare the same hospital at a different point in time, to compare observations by different evaluators and to track improvements. Results suggest that in Kenya, the application of such indicators is useful for evaluating which priorities should be addressed to improve outcomes in HCWM systems. Systematic sampling technique was used to identify and collect data by use of observational checklist, interviews, visual verification and review of documents and a HCWM assessment tool. The objective is to suggest an integrated management tool as a method to identify prevailing problems with a HCWM system. The method can be replicated in other contexts worldwide, with a focus on the developing world. The integrated indicators focus on management of HCW and not its potential impact on human health and environment, an area recognized to be critical for future research.

Challenges of pancreas transplantation in developing countries,exploring the Turkey example

Pancreas transplantation significantly improves the quality of life for people with type 1 diabetes,primarily by eliminating the need for insulin and frequent blood glucose measurements.Despite the growing numbers of solid organ transplantations worldwide,number of pancreas transplantations in the developing countries`remain significantly low.This difference of pancreas transplantation practices was striking among the participating countries at the 1st International Transplant Network Meeting which was held in Turkey on 2018.In this meeting more than 40 countries were represented.Most of these counties were developing countries located in Africa,Middle East or Asia.The aim of this article is to identify the challenges and limiting factors for pancreas transplantations in these developing countries,by exploring the Turkish example.The challenges faced by the developing countries are broadly classified in four categories;wait-listing,donor pool,team work and follow up.Under these categorical titles,issues are further discussed in detail,giving examples from Turkish practice of pancreas transplantation.Additionally,several solutions to these challenges have been proposed-some of which have already been undertaken by the Turkish Ministry of Health.With the insight and methods presented in this article,pancreas transplantation should be made possible for the potential recipients in the developing countries.

Factors influencing successful aging in middle-aged and older adults in developing countries: a meta-analysis

Background:The successful aging of middle-aged and older adults in developing countries is still in the exploratory stage.This paper aims to understand the current situation of successful aging of middle-aged and older adults in developing countries and systematically evaluate the factors influencing successful aging of middle-aged and older adults in developing countries.Methods:We searched databases including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,CBM,WanFang Data Knowledge Service Platform and VIP from inception to April 30,2021.RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.Results:Fourteen studies were included and 17 related risk factors were analyzed.The statistically significant influence factors were gender(odds ratio(OR)=1.37,95%confidenceinterval(CI):1.09~1.71),age>75 years(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.31~0.68),education level(OR=3.24,95%CI:1.84~5.70),Cohabiting with a partner(OR=0.17,95%CI:0.11~0.24),domicile(OR=2.60,95%CI:1.07~6.29),self-rated health(OR=3.15,95%CI:2.33~4.24),income(OR=1.72,95%CI:1.04~2.86),smoking(OR=1.33,95%CI:1.16~1.53),alcohol intake(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.09~2.37),body pain(OR=0.28,95%CI:0.09~0.84),hearing impaired(OR=0.28,95%CI:0.13~0.59),physical exercise(OR=1.46,95%CI:1.24~1.73),eating pattern(OR=1.47,95%CI:1.19~1.80),sleep disorder(OR=0.49,95%CI:0.27~0.89).Sensitivity analysis results show that the results of meta-analysis are stable.Conclusion:Current evidence shows that men living in cities and towns,living with their spouse,good financial status,high educational level,self-rated health,low alcohol consumption,physical exercise and regular diet are beneficial to the successful aging of middle-aged and older adults factor.For ages over 75 years old,five factors,such as long-term smoking,physical pain,hearing impairment and sleep disturbance are the unfavorable factors that hinder successful aging.

Typhoid intestinal perforation in developing countries: Still unavoidable deaths?

Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal perforation(TIP), observed in 0.8% to 39%, with a striking rate difference between high-income and low-middle-income countries. Although the mortality rate consequent to TIP in resource-poor countries is improved in the last decades, it is still fluctuating from 5% to 80%, due to surgical-and not surgical-related constraints. Huge economic costs and long timelines are required to provide a short-to middle-term solution to the lack of safe water and sanitation. Inherent limitations of the currently available diagnostic tools may lead to under-evaluation as well as over-evaluation of the disease, with consequent delayed treatment or inappropriate, excessive antibiotic use, hence increasing the likelihood of bacterial resistance. There is a need for immunization programs in populations at greatest risk, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Uniform surgical strategies and guidelines, on the basis of sound or prospective surgical studies and adapted to the local realities, are still lacking. Major drawbacks of the surgical treatment are the frequent delays to surgery, either for late diagnosis or for difficult transports, and the unavailable appropriate intensive care units in most peripheral facilities. As a consequence, poor patient's conditions at presentation, severe peritoneal contamination and unsuitable postoperative care are the foremost determinant of surgical morbidity and mortality.

Radiation oncology practice during COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries

Radiation therapy(RT)is considered one of the cornerstone modalities of treatment for different cancer types.The preparation and delivery of RT requires a number of staff members from different disciplines within the radiation oncology department.Since the emergence of the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,RT,similar to other cancer care modalities,has been adapted to minimize patient and staff exposure without compromising the oncological outcomes.This was reflected in the dramatic practice changes that occurred in the past year to address the lockdown restrictions and fulfill the infection control requirements.RT practices differ across regions based on financial and training levels,and developing countries with limited resources have struggled to maintain radiation treatment services at a level equivalent to that in developed countries while following pandemic control guidelines.The response during the COVID-19 pandemic varied between developing countries according to the infection rate and RT technological capabilities.In this editorial,we review recently published articles addressing radiotherapy practice reports during the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries.

HPV Vaccination in Young Girls from Developing Countries: What Are the Barriers for Its Implementation? A Systematic Review

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries that account high HPV incidence and mortality rates. Vaccinating girls between 9 and 14 years old is supposed to be the most cost-effective public health approach against cervical cancer. This systematic review aims to assess the application and coverage of the HPV vaccine in developing countries and identify the main challenges for the introduction of the vaccine in these settings. Eligible studies were selected according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. To determine the quality of the studies was employed the STROBE checklist. This review included seven studies, encompassing the analysis of 19 countries and 112,116 girls aged from 9 to 18 years old. The coverage of HPV vaccination ranged from 13.8% to 107.4%, with most of the programs having more than 60% of coverage, which reflects a high percentage of vaccinated girls. The main challenges were lack of knowledge and worries about the vaccine, insufficient financial resources and staff workers, lack of community involvement and dissemination of important information about HPV. In developing countries that implemented the HPV vaccine, high coverage rates were achieved, despite sociocultural, economic and political challenges. In the future, studies that analyze the coverage rates after the elimination of the barriers and the repercussions on the mortality rates should be conducted, so that more developing countries have the opportunity to efficiently implement the vaccine.

China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

The implementation of China’s open development strategy has unveiled a wave of outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)by Chinese companies,with global implications.Based on panel data from 146 developing countries from 2003 to 2017,we investigate the growth effects of China’s OFDI.We find that China’s OFDI has promoted significant economic growth in developing countries.Not only could China’s OFDI increase GDP per capita of a country in a short time but raise the country’s long-run equilibrium value as well.In addition,the growth effects of China’s OFDI were more significant for countries with weak governance,rich resource,and modest human capital,and were above the average level for Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)countries,African countries,and in the post-crisis era.Our research helps unravel the global significance of Chinese companies investing overseas and contributes to research on the growth effects of direct investment between developing countries.

Informed consent process: ethical and practical challenges in clinical trials regarding subject enrollment, protection, and informed consent in developing countries (India, Pakistan & Iran)

In this study,we are discussing the rationale behind informed consent in clinical trials in developing countries.It elaborates how informed consent has remained an ethical and practical issue.Poverty,endemic diseases,and a lack of investment in healthcare systems influence the ease of conducting and selecting trials that can benefit the people of developing countries.Differences in cultural perspectives,religious beliefs,a lack of formal training for clinical staff,children,time zone difference,literacy,vulnerable population,and language barriers for subject enrollment,protection,and informed are also challenges.This report doesn’t only highlight the right the wrongs of the past or reiterate cases where clinical trials have hurt subjects in developing countries.The current study investigates the conditions of human research in developing countries to make them more ethically sound.The extends proposals to investigators,scientists,governments,sponsors,and other groups who are interested where appropriate.