A Study on Trade Reliance of Creative Products： China as Compared With Developed and Developing Economies

The paper uses data from 2002 to 2011 to make an analysis on trade reliance of China, the top 10 developed countries and top 10 developing countries in products of creative industries. A cross country comparison is done from global, country groups, and individual country perspective respectively. The findings include that the global trade in creative industry is growing steadily in terms of both absolute value and relative value. The trade reliance of major countries in creative products is getting deeper. The trade pattern in creative industry is taking shape. China＇s future markets in creative products include developed countries and high income developing economies. In view of this development trend, China＇s producers should make necessary adjustment in their production and market strategy so that they will not miss the future opportunities.

Spatial Differentiation and Convergence Trend of High-quality Development Level of China’s Tourism Economy

This paper aims to interpret the connotation of high-quality development of tourism economy(HQTE)from the perspective of the new development concepts of innovation,coordination,green,openness and sharing,and then to evaluate the spatial differenti-ation of China’s HQTE based on provincial panel data from 2009 to 2018.Specifically,we employ the spatial convergence model to ex-plore the absolute and conditionalβconvergence trends of HQTE in the whole country and the eastern,central and western regions of China.Our empirical results reveal that:1)within the decade,from 2009 to 2018,regions of China with the highest HQTE index is its eastern region followed by the central region and then the western region,but the fastest growing one is the western region of China fol-lowed by the central region and then the eastern region.2)Whether or not the spatial effect is included,there are absolute and condition-alβconvergence in HQTE in the whole country and aforementioned three regions.3)The degree of government attention as well as the level of economic development and location accessibility are the positive driving factors for the convergence of HQTE in the whole country and the three regions.The degree of marketization and human capital have not passed the significance test either in the whole country or in the three regions.The above conclusions could deepen the understanding of the regional imbalance and spatial conver-gence characteristics of HQTE,clarify the primary development objects,and accomplish the goal of China’s HQTE.

Globalization and Industrial Relations in Transformation Economies： The Contextual Issues

Employee rights have and continue to be subject to significant analysis in developing economies from numerous perspectives： the economic dimension, the cultural and socio-political significance and the interconnectivity of these factors. Although this phenomenon is well established in pluralist democracies, it is an important factor in the process of democratization in some developing economies and a panacea for enduring Industrial Relations （IR） in many transformational economies. This paper contributes to this issue in Nigeria （as an example of a transformation economy） by focusing on the industrial relations characteristics that are being developed in the country. These characteristics are being highlighted by further investigating the emerging contextual issues which have significant contribution to the effectiveness of industrial relations and thus raising the floor for employee rights/voice/democracy in the work environment. Furthermore, the paper is based on the analysis from 12 companies with well-established IR practices and who are also key players in the Nigeria Employers＇ Consultative Association （NECA）. The evidence from the empirical findings suggests that despite globalization, employee rights have specific country orientation （acquiring new contours） and thus reflecting the socio-economic and cultural predisposition which is common with many transformation economies.

Open Prostatectomy in the Management of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in a Developing Economy

Background: Open prostatectomy (OP) is still relatively common in developing countries and remains a useful benchmark against which the minimal access surgical techniques are compared. This study aims to document the indications and outcomes of OP in a typical developing economy. Method: The records of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) who had OP in our university teaching hospital between July 2004 and June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Some analyzed parameters include the demographic characteristics, indications, pre-operative work-up, anaesthetic techniques, OP type, complications, histopathology results and follow-up duration. Results: A total of 247 cases were studied. Mean age was 67 years while the commonest surgery indication was recurrent acute urinary retention. Average prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 8.4 ng/ml while hypertension was the most common comorbidity (44.1%). Regional anaesthesia was mainly used (79.4%) while retropubic prostatectomy was the commonest OP type done (58.7%). The enucleated specimen weighed above 60 g in 91.9% of cases. All our patients were able to micturate spontaneously with urine stream above 20 mls/second on follow-up one week after discharge. Mean duration of hospital admission and follow-up were 7 days and 9 months respectively. Complications occurred in 90 patients (36.4%), of which surgical site infections were the commonest (9.8%). There was 0.4% mortality. Histopathology results showed BPH (95.5%), (incidental) prostate adenocarcinoma (2.4%) or prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (2.1%). Conclusion: OP remains an important therapeutic option for management of BPH in developing countries partly due to relatively large prostate size and presence of BPH complications from late presentationin many patients. The surgery is efficient and has relatively low morbidity and minimal mortality.

A Criteria Model for Budgeting and Assessing Industrial Sites Location in Developing Economy

Industrial sites are selected in many of the developing countries without taking into consideration some pertinent criteria that are directly affecting the sustainability of such industries in the locations after commissioning. Industries are located in some areas based on political influence rather than facility availability that support industry＇s productivity. In this study a criteria model was developed for assessing the present industrial site locations based on predetermined influencing factors called criteria. In the model provision was made for the sorting out of deficient influencing factors for the purpose of upgrading them to the minimum level required called benchmark through periodical allocation of appropriate funds. In validating the model, identified industrial sites located in selected States of Nigeria were surveyed. Data were collected on factors such as power supply, marketability and raw malerial availability which were considered influential to the sustainability of industry＇s site in the respective areas. Data were analysed for the criteria identified along the line of industrial categories which included large-, medium-, and small-scales. Benchmarks, as well as levels of criteria in the respective regions were determined using statistical weighted averages and the results were used as input to the model. The output results of the model showed that none of the industrial sites located in the selected six States of the South-Western Nigeria were productivity supportive. However, a good performance was achieved in a site with a budget of S13 million （US Dollars） for the upgrading of the deficient facilities in the next three years.

China＇s Direct Investment in Advanced Economies： the Cases of Europe and the United States

Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point of Chinese investment in the European Union and the United States since 2008. A new data set is used to highlight similarities and differences of Chinese investment patterns in the world＇s two biggest economies. The second part examines the policy response on both sides of the Atlantic to promote investment from China and at the same time address political and economic risks related to these new flows.

Developing Foreign Trade and Economy of Huaibei

--Huaibei Commission of Foreign Tradeand Economy Huaibei is located in the north of Anhuiprovince,at the intersection of four provincesof Jiangsu,Shandong,Henan and Anhui.Itis a municipality directly under the provincialgovernment that enjoys convenientcommunications and telecommunications. Huaibei is rich in minerals includingcoal,refractory clay,marble,iron,copper,gold,silver,cobalt and nickel.It is animportant production base for grain,cottonand oil,and has plenty of wheat,soybeans,cotton,rice,corn,sweet potatoes,mung beans,sesame,peanuts and so on.Its animalhusbandry and aquiculture also achieve alarge scale. Huaibei possesses a complete

加入WTO与南京市对外开放战略的转变

Entering WTO, indicates that China is going on to the new stage of opening to the outside world. If the open - door policy in the past is said to be active and political, it can be said to be passive and systemic after China joints the world group. Necessary adjustments must be made in the strategy of opening to the out side world on the development of economy in Nanjing.

A Model Fitting Approach to Depict the Global Textile Trade

Since the mercantilism era, economists have built up trade theories to explain the rationale and patterns of world trade.In this paper, the explanatory power of the international product life cycle (IPLC) theory for describing the trends and patterns of the global textile trade, one of the most geographically dispersed export items in both developed and developing countries/regions, is discussed. Data at SITC two-digit level (SITC 65 ) were collected and time series regressions were performed to analyze the value trends and world shares of textile exports from 1990 to 2000 for selected developed economies. It was found that some developed economies have increased their world shares in textile exports, which indicated that global trade shift in the textile industry may not follow what the IPLC has suggested.

Financial statements in less developed countries： What do preparers demand？

This study reports on an empirical investigation of the characteristics, attitudes, and beliefs of preparers of external financial reports in a less developed country. The basic research instrument consisted of a questionnaire in two parts： the first addressing attitudes of professional accountants toward annual financial reports generally; the second, more specifically measuring the importance of the information items to preparers. Our results suggest that the independent auditor is the most influential group in decision-making processes. As in many developed countries, the auditor＇s report and the regulatory framework are considered to have a major influence on financial reporting practices. Preparers believe that a lack of knowledge of external users＇ needs and lack of reporting standards and accepted accounting principles are the main concerns with corporate financial reports in Iran. The results showed that the balance sheet, auditors＇ report, and income statement in that order are the three most important parts of the annual reports.

Digital finance and renewable energy consumption:evidence from China

While digital finance and renewable energy consumption(REC)are two timely issues,it remains unclear whether the former affects the latter,especially in developing economies.This paper examines the impact of digital finance on China’s REC between 2011 and 2018 and explores the underlying mechanisms.Results show that digital finance,along with its coverage breadth and usage depth,significantly improved REC in China and that digital finance in the area of credit has had the most significant impact.Additionally,the results show that loan scale and income level are the main mediation variables,through which digital finance affects REC.The findings also suggest that economic growth and technological progress have increased REC in China,while carbon dioxide emissions have had no meaningful effect on this consumption.The results further indicate that policymakers must pay close attention to the role of digital finance when formulating policies on REC.To promote REC and environmental sustainability,developing economies like China should strengthen the breadth and depth of digital finance development,focus on the influence channels of digital finance,and promote economic growth and technological progress.

The “Valley Economy” Model of Regional Development: A Case Study of Mountain Areas in Beijing, Northern China

A case study is presented of a regional development model for valley economies in the mountain areas of Beijing, China. The nature and framework of the valley economy model are described and the development of the model, which is specific to the mountain areas of Beijing, is analyzed. Five different valley economy models applied in the Beijing mountain areas are compared. The major purpose of the valley economy model is to develop the regional economy, including the selection of appropriate industries, the allocation of industrial space, the establishment of supply chains and the integration of various industries. Pilot experiments using the valley economy model have been conducted in seven counties(districts) in Beijing: Pinggu, Huairou, Changping, Mentougou, and Fangshan districts, and Yanqing and Miyun counties. Five models for developing the Beijing mountain areas have been explored, including: creative cultural industries, characteristic industry clusters, the promotion of large tourist areas, natural scenic tourism and folk cultural tourism. Each model has its own unique features and potential to help in the regional development of mountain areas.

Empirical Analysis on Harmonious Development of Economy in Niyang River Basin under Environmental Constraint

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin under environmental constraint. [ Method] According to the principles of index definition like balance, diversity, comparability and so forth, we constructed the indicator system of harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin firstly, then empirically analyzed the status quo of harmonious development of economy in the basin by using factor analysis method. Finally, some suggestions for promoting the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River ba- sin were put forward. [ Results] Three first-class indicators, containing nine secondary-class indicators, were included in the indicator system of har- monious development of economy in Niyang River basin, namely ecological economic, rural non-agricultural development and service economic indi- cator. To promote the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin lies in further improving and developing its ecological economy, rural non-agricultural development and service economy. [ Condusion] The research could provide scientific references for the harmonious develop- ment of economy and protection of ecological environment in Niyang River basin.

Green Barriers： Obstacle or Stimulation ？

Most viewpoints in China consider green barrier is one kind of non-tariff barriers imposed by developed countries and is unfair to developing countries. Different from these, this paper points out that green barriers, evolving from the background of sustainable development theory and the principle of environment protection, have positive effect on ideology, international institutional arrangement and innovation stimulation. Demonstrating the rationality of green barriers, the paper puts forward that green barriers should be regarded as the stimulation for technology innovation and industrial restructure rather than obstacles. The best way to surmount the green barriers for Chinese government and enterprises is to implement circular economy and clean production so as to achieve the harmony of trade, environment and economic development.

Changes of surface water pollution of Suzhou region: a case study in Taicang County, China

Environmental pollution is a by product of industrialization when economy of a region is developing. China also suffers from such a problem, especially in the southern part like Suzhou region in Jiangsu Province. In this paper, data covering situations of surface water pollution and social and economic development showed that the surface water pollution in Taicang County, a typical economic zone of Suzhou region, is significantly correlated to the economic growth of this region.

Research on the Spatial Influence of Digital Inclusive Finance on the High-quality Development of Private Economy

This paper selects China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020,uses the entropy method to calculate the high-quality development index of the private economy,and studies the spatial impact of digital inclusive finance on the high-quality development of the private economy based on the SDM model.The results show that:digital inclusive finance development has a positive effect on the high-quality development of the private economy in various provinces and cities,while it has a negative inhibitory effect on the high-quality development of the private economy in neighboring provinces and cities.In terms of spatial heterogeneity,digital inclusive finance in North China,East China,and Central and South China has a significant role in promoting the high-quality development of the private economy.The effect of North China,East China,and Central South is decreasing in order,while digital inclusive finance in Northwest China has a significant effect on the private economy.High-quality development has a negative effect.This paper provides empirical evidence and policy directions for the high-quality development of private enterprises in the context of the digital economy in the new era.

The Impact of the Environment Management Act （EMA） on the Accountability of Companies in Fiji

This study seeks to explore the impact of the Environment Management Act （EMA） （2005） on the accountability of three companies in Fiji. The study uses a multi-case study approach based on three subsidiaries of a conglomerate. Data collection methods include semi-structured interviews with accountants, internal auditors, and environmental officers, document reviews, and content analysis of annual reports and websites of the respective companies. The findings suggest that the EMA （2005） had some effects in terms of engendering accountability on the companies studied. Further evidence suggests that while this increased accountability has led to disclosures in annual reports and websites, these disclosures are minimal at best; furthermore, they primarily address that the stakeholder group comprised government regulatory authorities. The study provides policy implications on how environmental legislations could be designed to improve the accountability of commercial entities in developing economies. The experience and issues highlighted are also useful to other developing economies who are contemplating in developing their own environmental legislations. This paper is one of the few papers that explore the impact of environmental legislations on accountability in a developing economy context.

Study on the Economic Logic of ＂The Belt and Road＂ Initiative of China

＂The Belt and Road＂ Initiative is one of the Chinese medium- and long-term national development strategies which are mainly to create a new driving force of economic growth and develop a new pattern of opening-up. Starting analyzing the background of international and domestic economy, ＂the Belt and Road＂ Initiative was put forward. This paper constructed the theoretical model of ＂the Belt and Road＂ in the abstract, and certified its inherent economic logic and provided a new perspective for understanding the economic nature of＂the Belt and Road＂. On this basis, this paper also analyzed the significance of ＂the Belt and Road＂ to China＇s development and how to cooperate between China and European countries and between China and the North American countries. The results show that ＂the Belt and Road＂ initiative is conducive to combine the advantages of capital and capacity of China and the advantage of market of Central and West Asian countries and Africa countries to achieve the multi-win situation, and European countries and North American countries can join this initiative deeply by taking advantages of their technologies and so on.

Technological Content of the Import of Services and the Transformation of Growth Patterns of China's Industrial Economy

Based on the latest approach for measuring technology content of import of services and with the contribution of total factor productivity(TFP) to gross industrial output as the indicator for measuring the growth pattern of China's industrial economy,this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of import technology content of trade in services on the development pattern of China's industrial economy between 2004 and2011.Result of econometric test reveals that the technology content of import of services has a significant positive effect on transforming the growth pattern of China's industrial economy.Moreover,import of new types of trade in services with high technology such as computer and information services has a much stronger positive effect compared with import of traditional trade in services with relatively low technology content such as transport.In terms of different industrial sectors,technology content of import of services has the greatest effect on transforming the development pattern of China's technologyintensive industrial sectors,followed by capital-intensive,resource-intensive and laborintensive sectors respectively.Transformation of the development pattern of China's industrial economy cannot be isolated from the system of global division of work.Against the backdrop of global service sector fragmentation,China should take the important opportunities in the development of global trade in services and give more attention to improving the quality of import of services in the interest of transforming the development pattern of its industrial economy.

Financial Risk: a Major Threat in the Development of the World Economy

By the mid-1990s, following nearly a century of struggles-two worldwars, continuous coups and clashes, and 40 years of Cold War with itsnuclear threat-mankind seemingly entered a new period of peace, stabili-