Rural Biomass Energy Utilization and Sustainable Developmental Strategies in Tibet

[Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality.[Method] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet,we analyzed the characteristics and potential of rural biomass utilization in Tibet,and further put forward the sustainable countermeasures on the firewood substitution in Tibet.[Results] Renewable energies including hydraulic,geothermal,solar and wind resources are abundant in Tibet,while there is just a few of fossil energy resources such as oil and coal,with uneven distribution and poor exploration conditions.Traditional consumption of biomass energy resource accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in Tibetan rural districts,which causes potential damage to the fragile ecological environment on the Tibetan Plateau.The excessive use of biomass energy destroyed the vegetation and evoked the environment deterioration such as the intensification of the water and soil loss and the declining of the soil fertility.[Conclusion] It is essential for Tibet to change its rural energy consumption structure,implement the Tibetan firewood alternative energy strategy and try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy,wind energy,hydro-energy instead of native vegetation and animal＇s droppings in order to reduce the adverse impacts of the irrational energy consumption on the ecological environment in Tibet.

Progress and Development Strategy of Biomass Energy Utilization Technologies in China

I. Preface Biomass includes the residues of agriculture, forest and stock breeding, as well as straw, algae and energy crops. In its broad meaning, biomass is a kind of organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of plants, which is not only renewable, but also contains plentiful energy.

Study on the Impact of Climatic and Environmental Factors on the Development and Utilization of Rooftop Solar Energy Resources in Inner Mongolia

Based on the data of 8 solar radiation stations and 119 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2017 as well as the comparative observation of rooftop solar distributed photovoltaic power generation equipment,the impact of climatic and environmental factors on the development and utilization of rooftop solar energy resources was studied.The results show that the main climatic factors affecting rooftop solar power generation were cloud cover,precipitation,relative humidity,visibility,gale,dust weather,temperature and lightning disaster.Except for temperature and lightning disaster,other meteorological elements were negatively correlated with rooftop solar power generation,namely reducing direct radiation.The high temperature in Inner Mongolia in summer could cause the solar cell efficiency to decrease by 40%-60%,while the low temperature in eastern region in winter was not suitable for the development of rooftop solar energy resources.Lightning is the main meteorological disaster affecting the safe operation of photovoltaic systems,and class-2 lightning protection equipment needs to be installed.Photovoltaic power generation equipment should be installed on a roof which is not covered by high buildings and on the windward side of a chimney as much as possible.Areas with heavy dust pollution need to remove dust on the surface of solar panels in time.Snow and ice should be removed timely during snowfall in winter.

Research and Development Situation of International Biomass Energy Based on Bibliometrics

Taking ISI Web of Science thesis database as the data source of document retrieval, and biomass energy and related words as the index words, a retrieval of papers from 2000 to 2013 was conducted, and the research and development situation of international biomass energy were analyzed from aspects of quantity, region, organization, sources, subject and influence. The results show that the number of papers on biomass energy research presented the linear growth as a whole over the past years. United States, China, Germany and Canada had become the focus countries of the study of biomass energy. Environmental science and ecology, agronomy, engineering and bio-technology, etc. had become the key areas of biomass energy research. Highly cited papers in the field of biomass energy had published in Nature, Science, Chemical Reviews and so forth, which shows that biomass energy research has become an international hot spot.

An Overview of Hydropower and Biomass Use in Mozambique

Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.

Potential of Forest Wood Biomass in Bulgaria, Market and Possibilities for Its Utilization

The total annual increment in forests in Bulgaria is about 14.5 Mio m^3 of the growing stock, of which the harvesting amounts at 5-6 Mio m^3 of fallen wood. An increase of the actually harvested quantities of wood is possible and it may rise up to 8-10 Mio m^3. The volume of forestry waste is 1,066,900 m^3, incl. economically accessible forestry waste are 373,400 m^3. Every year, there are about 3.0 Mio m^3 of wood which are obtained by the wood category, being 2.5 Mio m^3 of that same one used by the population as fire wood for stoves about 40% efficiency. In that connection, a map has been elaborated of the economically accessible forest-wood waste from the wood harvesting. Taking into account the data on the share of that wood, is considered capable for energy production, as well as the fact that a part of fire wood shall not be used in the conventional way but shall be processed, instead, that is to say, transformed into chips, pellets and briquettes, a map of category of woods has been made for the purposes and needs of this elaboration. There are some reserves as regards to thinning operations where small- and medium-sized wood is harvested and from temporarily inaccessible forest exploitation basins or the so called ＂closed basins＂ should arrive to. This paper proposes the most promising technologies for waste processing and transformation into chips, which could be applicable in Bulgaria and in some other countries as well.

Development of Biomass Utilization in Latvia

This paper describes an efficient and appropriate use of biomass in Latvian conditions as well as analyzing the current situation, leading to recommendations for rational use of biomass and the full implementation of the Latvian energy sector. In recent year＇s, Latvian energy sector development analysis shows, that there is a positive tendency--an increase of local and renewable energy share of energy balance. The paper will be identified for future development opporttmities, and will undertake an analysis of renewable energy consumption forecasting in accordance with the renewable energy potential assessment, taking into account the effective use of innovative technologies and ecological aspects of the energy sector. Increasing use of biomass for district heating （and cogeneration）, also increase the efficient use ofbiomass in cost efficiency and reducing of GHG emissions. Efficient use of biomass analyzed in the paper, taking into account technical, legislative, institutional/organizational, economic, information and financial aspects. Promoting of the efficient use of biomass will increase national energy independence.

The status quo and prospect of biomass power generation in China

Facing the pressure of fossil energy exhaustion and environment pollution, people begin to search for clean and renewable energy to partly substitute fossil energy and realize sustainable development. As the fourth type of energy, biomass energy has many advantages: wide distribution, large quantity, being renewable, clean, storable and transportable and so on. By adopting thermo-chemical and biochemical technologies, biomass energy can be converted to high quality solid, liquid and gaseous energy products, and provide convenient heat and power energy for human being’s production and daily life. This paper presented the status quo of biomass power generation industry in China and also introduced briefly the future development models.

Hydraulic Energy Development of Changjiang Valley in First 5 Decades of 21st Century

The Changjiang River Valley is rich in hydraulic energy resources. A rough estimation of the technically developable volume and the economically developable volume for the Changjiang River Valley was drawn out on the basis of new data. According to the estimation, the developable water energy resources of the whole valley is 257 627.60 MW with an annual energy output of 1 195.142 billion kW·h - respectively amounting to 120.6% and 116.3% of the General Investigation result in 1980. The proportion of economically developable volume in the technically developable volume ranges the medium level in the world. According to the 3-step plan for the national economic and social development, the economic situation of our country will come up to the standard of medium-developed countries in the mid of the 21st century. Calculation reports from related departments show that the national electric power requirement in the Year 2050 will be 6 200 billion kW·h (basic scheme) ～11 600 billion kW·h (ideal scheme) while the electric power requirement of the South-west, Central and East areas of the nation within the Changjiang River Valley will amount to 44% ～ 50 %. In order to satisfy the electric power requirement of the national economic and social development, the development and utilization of the hydraulic energy in the Changjiang River Valley should be speeded up by stressing its strategic position and taking effective measures. The structure of the electric energy components of the three areas will be improved with the increasing proportion of the hydroelectricity. The hydroelectricity should be mainly developed in the South-west area; both the hydroelectric and fossil-fired power should be developed in the Central China; the fossil-fired power should be mainly developed in the combination of hydropower while nuclear power will be properly developed in the East China. In the Year 2050, the development of the economically developable hydraulic energy in the whole valley will be basically completed and the proportion of the hydropower in the electric energy components will be 40%.

Energetic and Environmental Optimization of the Biomass Using

Biomass energy conversion can be done in several ways-combustion, gasification, pyrolysis or anaerobic fermentation （biogas production）. Each of these technologies has certain advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of energy generation for final consumption. In parallel, each of them has certain environmental impact in terms of emissions. The proposed EU directive prefers utilization of primary energy sources by application of highly efficient co-generation. Such change in assessment of energy effectiveness also means a completely new approach in assessment of current technologies. This report presents a guide for optimization of biomass energy conversion technologies assuming application of this new condition and minimal environmental impact. Specific values of emissions from particular technologies are used for the evaluation.

关于超前谋划天然氢开发利用的思考与建议

在能源转型的大背景下,氢作为清洁高效、资源丰富的新型能源被寄予厚望,其中被称为“金氢”的天然氢的勘探开发已经悄然兴起,引发全球关注。一些国家已经制定了天然氢开发利用计划,并取得较大进展。我国完全具备开发利用天然氢资源的地质条件,但针对天然氢的研究仍处于探索起步阶段。建议积极开展天然氢普查,用“超级盆地”理念勘探开发天然氢,深化天然氢成藏过程研究和潜力评价,加快相关技术研发,前瞻性布局氢能产业,为构建清洁低碳的新型能源体系做出贡献。

温度对废弃生物质热解规律及产物分布的影响

为探究有机固体废弃物热解规律及产物分布,以不同原料(木屑、污泥、生活垃圾)为研究对象,利用一级固定床反应系统研究持续升温下不同生物质热解性能的变化规律。结果表明:高温有利于促进生物质热解、提高热解气产率、降低焦油产率,尤其木屑热解受温度变化作用显著;木屑、污泥、生活垃圾经高温热解后焦油所含有机物的分布差异明显,其中木屑热解油中未检测出酸类物质,酚类、醇类物质占比随温度变化明显增加,酮类化合物占比变化不大;进一步通过不同指标论证了生物质热解制备高值燃气的可行性,得出生物质高温热解气具有很好的协同作用和良好的应用前景,是生物质高值化利用的重要方向,也是绿氢产生的重要途径。

面向薄弱配电网的农村多能互补系统储能协同优化配置

位于配电网薄弱区域的农村常常存在供能可靠性不足的问题,导致接入大规模光伏的多能互补系统难以在此类地区广泛开展。储能系统作为新型能源系统融合的纽带,能够有效提升此类地区的供能可靠性。为此,文中提出一种面向薄弱配电网的农村多能互补系统(rural multi-energy complementary system,RMES)储能协同优化配置策略。首先,明确包含生物质废弃物能源转化系统的RMES架构。然后,以系统缺供损失成本作为评判依据,提出一种储能配置评价准则。最后,建立计及储能全生命周期成本的RMES多元储能协同优化配置模型。针对该模型的特性,将其解耦转化为包含规划-运行两阶段的双层优化模型,并采用粒子群算法和Gurobi求解器相结合的混合策略进行求解。算例分析表明,所提储能配置评价准则有效激发了RMES配置储能的积极性。此外,构建的多元储能协同配置模型使得RMES表现出更好的经济效益和环境效益,并且在提升系统运行可靠性方面具有优越性。

中国生物质能源产业链可持续发展提升路径研究——基于数字赋能视角

以生物质能源产业作为生物产业的典型代表,通过分析生物质能源产业链的现有模式和瓶颈问题,进一步梳理出生物质能源产业链可持续发展切实可行的提升路径:一是要素扩链——基于物联网技术的原料成本优化路径,二是技术补链——基于数字化创新的核心技术突破路径,三是市场强链——基于区块链技术的市场协同集聚路径,四是组织延链——基于数字化平台的产业生态位提升路径。逐步推动数字经济与生物质能源产业链双联动发展,坚持生态目标和经济目标相统一,形成绿色发展的良性循环。

地热资源勘探开发技术与发展方向

地热资源是重要的非碳基可再生能源,具有本土能源、稳定可靠、绿色低碳等优势。21世纪以来,我国地热直接利用规模稳居世界首位,特别是中深层地热供暖利用快速增长,成为我国在世界地热产业中的鲜明特色。但与此同时,受限于我国绝大部分地区处于板块内部,东部用能旺盛区尚没有规模中高温地热资源发现,我国地热发电产业发展缓慢。基于对我国地热资源分布特征和开发利用情况的分析,总结归纳了我国中深层地热勘探开发利用技术现状,包括地热系统形成机制、选区评价技术、热储描述技术、可持续开发技术及“取热不耗水”关键工程技术等。地热能若要在能源转型中发挥更重要作用,未来需要向品位更高、应用范围更广的深层地热资源进军。建议持续加强基础理论研究和原始技术创新,尽快摸清我国深层地热资源家底,攻关高温钻完井、复杂结构井、深层热储改造、井下换热和干热岩EGS工程等关键技术,推进“地热+”多能协同,加大示范项目建设和应用市场培育。同时,需要建立健全政策法规制度体系,加大政策支持和管理监督力度,为地热产业健康、规范、可持续发展营造良好的环境。

中国生物质资源转化利用政策演进及发展路径优化

生物质资源是零碳、清洁、稳定、广泛、丰富的可再生资源,推动生物质资源高效高质转化利用不仅是实现经济社会绿色转型的重要途径,也是落实绿色低碳循环发展的关键环节。我国先后出台了形式多样的相关政策并取得了一定成果,但与生物质产业发达国家相比仍存在一定差距。本文系统梳理了我国生物质资源转化利用政策演进过程,讨论了当前生物质资源转化利用面临的法律约束力和时效性不足、管理体系分配与合作关系不明确、经济机制不完善、模式路径不通畅以及技术发展瓶颈等主要挑战,从人与自然和谐共生和生物质资源高效高质转化利用需求的角度,从近期和远期分别优化了我国生物质资源转化利用的发展路径,其中,近期应重点补充基本法并修订现有法律、构建部门共建共商机制、统一统筹国家标准、建立多元化的财政金融支持机制和空间适宜性评价体系等,远期应重点建立健全法律矩阵、构建信息智库和监管机制、优化完善标准框架、完善市场化运行机制和培育技术成果等。

生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用研究进展

好氧发酵是目前有机固体废弃物处理的一种有效手段。人们对于好氧发酵的研究主要集中在高效有机肥的获取上,但发酵过程产生的热能不容忽视。发酵热作为一种“零碳”能源,可代替传统化石能源应用于加温供暖、生物干化等领域,助力实现“碳达峰、碳中和”。为将生物质能高效转化为热能利用,人们对发酵热回收利用进行了研究,但是没有将热生产、热回收和热利用三个阶段进行系统联系,导致热回收工艺效率不高。该文主要阐述了好氧发酵产热原理,并从菌剂、原料理化性质和发酵工艺三个方面对发酵热生产的影响进行了探讨,总结了现有热回收利用系统,最后对生物质好氧发酵热生产与回收利用系统的发展方向进行展望,以期为生物质发酵热能利用提供支持。

Estimation of Net Primary Productivity of Terrestrial Vegetation in China by Remote Sensing

Among the many approaches for studying the net primary productivity (NPP), a new method by using remote sensing was introduced in this paper. With spectral information source (the visible band, near infrared band and thermal infrared band) of NOAA-AVHRR, we can get the relative index and parameters, which can be used for estimating NPP of terrestrial vegetation. By means of remote sensing, the estimation of biomass and NPP is mainly based on the models of light energy utilization. In other words, the biomass and NPP can be calculated from the relation among NPP, absorbed photosynthetical active radiation (APAR) and the rate (epsilon) of transformation of APAR to organic matter, thus: NPP = ( FPAR x PAR) x [epsilon * x sigma (T) x sigma (E) x sigma (S) x (1 - Y-m) x (1 - Y-g)]. Based upon remote sensing ( RS) and geographic information system (GIS), the NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China in every ten days was calculated, and the annual NPP was integrated. The result showed that the total NPP of terrestrial vegetation in China was 6.13 x 10(9) t C . a(-1) in 1990 and the maximum NPP was 1 812.9 g C/m(2). According to this result, the spatio-temporal distribution of NPP was analyzed. Comparing to the statistical models, the RS model, using area object other than point one, can better reflect the distribution of NPP, and match the geographic distribution of vegetation in China.

中国工业绿色低碳发展质量的演进、区域差异及政策建议

如何理解工业绿色发展的内涵,对于评价工作至关重要。已有研究忽视了绿色制造体系的重要作用,且较少探究区域工业绿色低碳发展差异的来源,有必要弥补这些不足。研究发现,中国工业绿色低碳发展指数呈现总体上升态势,反映了工业绿色低碳发展质量的不断提升向好趋势。分区域看,东、中、西三大区域呈现出明显的自东向西阶梯状过渡分布,工业绿色低碳发展质量较好的省份依然集中于东部地区;工业绿色低碳发展质量的区域差距表现为先增后降,区域工业绿色低碳发展质量的差异主要来自区域间,且区域内和区域间的差异来源有所不同。目前存在的主要问题在于,第一,绿色创新发展在实现工业绿色低碳发展中的核心作用尚未充分发挥;第二,绿色体系建设水平仍有一定的提升空间;第三,地方性环保法规等制度实施效果存在较大的地区性差异。由此,政府部门在推动区域协调发展战略的同时,需要重点关注区域工业绿色低碳发展水平的差异。

干化技术对酒糟生物质资源化利用的影响

经济高效的干化技术对于包括农林废弃物、制革废弃物和工业有机固废等生物质的资源化转化利用至关重要。中国白酒产量巨大,为国家经济发展和人民物质需求带来贡献的同时,也产生了大量的废弃酒糟。废弃酒糟具有含水量高、酸度高、易霉变等问题,不易处理,导致其资源化利用一直面临困难。高效、低成本的酒糟干化技术对于其资源化利用具有决定性意义。因此,文章介绍了不同工艺酒糟的特点,详细综述了多种酒糟干化预处理技术与资源化利用技术,以期为酒糟的资源化、能源化转化利用提供借鉴,为酿酒行业在“双碳”背景下的绿色可持续发展和转型升级奠定基础。