Assessing Animal Disease Prevalence and Mortality in Smallholder Dairy Farms under Contrasting Management Practices and Stressful Environments in Tanzania

In dairy farming, deploying effective animal husbandry practices minimise disease infections and animal mortality. This improves animal health and welfare status, which is important in tropical smallholder dairy farming, where animals are persistently exposed to multiple environmental stresses. The hypothesis of this study was that animals managed in positive deviants and typical farms suffer different levels of disease infections and mortality, whether under low- or high-stress environments. The study adopted a two-factor nested design with farms contrasting in the level of animal husbandry (positive deviants and typical farms) nested within environments contrasting in the level of environmental stresses (low- and high-stress). A total of 1,999 animals were observed over 42 month period in the coastal lowlands and highlands of Tanzania. The disease prevalence was lower (p < 0.05) in positive deviant farms than in typical farms under low-stress (10.13 vs. 33.61 per 100 animal-years at risk) and high-stress (9.56 vs. 57.30 per 100 animal-years at risk). Cumulative disease incidence rate was also lower (p < 0.05) in positive deviant farms than in typical farms under low-stress (2.74% vs. 8.44%) and high-stress (2.58% vs. 14.34%). The probability of death for a disease infected dairy cattle was relatively lower in positive deviant farms compared to typical farms under low-stress (0.57% vs. 8.33%) and high-stress (0.60% vs. 6.99%). Per 100 animal-years at risk, the mortality density of cattle was lower (p < 0.05) in positive deviant farms compared to typical farms, 15.10 lower in low-stress and 2.60 lower in high-stress. These results show that compared to typical farms, positive deviant farms consistently attained (p < 0.05) lower animal disease infections and subsequent deaths, regardless of the level of environmental stress that the animals were exposed to. This implies that positive deviant farms deployed animal husbandry practices that more effectively minimised animal disease infections and deaths and therefore could maintain their animals in better health and welfare status.

The Perfect Man:Perspectives on Masculinities Within Heterogeneous Traditions of Early India

There is no manual on masculinity in early India and yet the idea of perfect man runs through Sanskrit,Pali,and Prakrit texts.That the Sanskrit traditions should construct an image of perfect man is understandable.There is thrust on virility and procreation;procreation of a son who would inherit land and carry the lineage further.Strong and healthy men were needed to protect society and for the purpose of production.While this is understandable in a tradition that emphasizes life of a householder,one does find the concept of a complete man a little paradoxical in literature of monastic traditions that promote celibate existence for their monks.The monks were also kept away from both productive activities as well as from the responsibility of providing security to others.The focus was clearly on acquisition of knowledge and spiritual ascension.So what could push the construction of the notion of a perfect man?A closer exploration of Buddhist and Jain texts makes the complexity comprehensible as would be revealed by the study.

Looking good and judging gazes: The relationship between body ideals, body satisfaction and body practices among Norwegian men and women

This article compares how people with normal bodies and bodies that deviate from dominant media-depicted body ideals, live with and accept their bodies. Media images of ideal bodies encompass judging gazes. These gazes affect and discipline people and may make it challenging for them to accept their bodies. The data material is part of the interdisciplinary Nordic project called “Beauty comes from within: looking good as a challenge in health promotion”. Based on 20 interviews with Norwegian men and women, of whom 10 have particular appearance-related problems, the article discusses the relationship between the media-depicted body ideals, descriptions by informants of what a good-looking body is, body satisfaction and body practices. The article shows resonance between how people describe good-looking bodies and satisfaction or not with own bodies. Women express more dissatisfaction with their bodies than men, but the article shows that many have strategies for trying to accept their bodies as they are. The comparative perspective highlight that the people having deviant bodies, more than those with normal bodies, balance the idea of “being myself” with the idea of “doing the best out of my (bodily) situation”. Most interestingly, they show that it is harder to accept handicaps that are changeable, like overweight, than harelips, deformed legs and skin injuries. As such, overweight becomes a double burden.

Prevention and Control of Adolescents' Deviant Behavior in Rural Community

Firstly,an analysis is made from the point of view of sociology on traditional modeling logic of prevention and control of adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community,and maintenance and reproduction of this model.The traditional prevention and control model of adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community is diversity-orderly pattern prevention and control system.This system is based on natural economy,especially on agricultural economy."Supervision by public opinion and moral imitation" is the basic operation logic of this system.It contains a compensation mechanism of "bringing up children for the purpose of being looked after in old age" and "favor returning".Then,deconstruction of traditional prevention and control model for adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community is analyzed.Along with advance in rural modern democratic management and legal construction and growing of rural market economy,function of traditional diversity-orderly pattern of prevention and control of adolescents' deviate behavior in rural community is weak and weak in prevention and control of modern rural adolescents' deviant behavior.Finally,modeling ideas of new(coordinative) prevention and control of rural adolescents' deviant behavior are put forward from four aspects,namely,democracy and legal system,community,family and various rural adolescent admittance organizations.

Current situation and influencing factors of classroom situationdeviant behavior of undergraduate nursing students in colleges oftraditional Chinese medicine

Objective: To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of classroom situation deviant behavior ofundergraduate nursing students in colleges of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: Three hundred andeighty-two undergraduate nursing students in Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were investigatedby general situation questionnaire, Classroom Situation Deviation Behavior questionnaire, Utrecht WorkEngagement Scale-Student and Mobile phone addiction index scale. Results: The scores of the ClassroomSituation Deviation Behavior questionnaire of nursing students were (46.04 ± 14.94). The results of multiple linearregression analysis showed that gender, academic ranking, family income (RMB/month), learning involvement andmobile phone dependence were the influencing factors, accounting for 32.9% of the total variation. Conclusion:The classroom situation deviant behavior of undergraduate nursing students in colleges of traditional Chinesemedicine is moderately upper-level. It is suggested that the management departments of colleges should strictlyenforce the classroom management system, improve the teaching level of teachers, guide students to develop goodlearning habits, and constantly stimulate students' learning enthusiasm in order to reduce the occurrence ofclassroom situation deviation behavior.

Factors Which Are Connected With Deviated Behaviors of High School Students

The school is an educational institution,where students are educated and learn under the guidance of teachers,but in some cases,students do not respect the rules set by the school.In many cases,students,while being in the school,during or out of the learning process,cause trouble,presenting behaviors that are contrary to the rules of the school,but also of the society in general.Students,trying to be as active as possible,present deviant behavior,not fulfilling the obligations presented by teachers,hindering the learning process,harassing others,and engaging in other behaviors,which are detrimental to the individual,the school,and society as a whole.The school should play a key role in creating a suitable and educational environment for students,in order to create valuable generations for the country.There are a number of internal and external factors that influence the behavior of individuals.In many cases,family factors and demographic factors in general play an important role in student behavior in the classroom.Parental education,employment,housing,and many other factors influence student behavior.The study of this problem aims to clarify the correlation of factors with deviant behaviors of students in the classroom.The focus of the study is on high school students.From the empirical results,it was found that there is a correlation between student residence and deviant behavior,student school level and deviant behavior,family structure and student behavior in the classroom.