ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

Stress-strain Model of Corroded Concrete under Uniaxial Compressive Loading

The prism specimens of corroded concrete were subjected to uniaxial compressive load to develop the stress-strain model. Compared to the un-corroded concrete, the mechanical prop- erties of corroded concrete, such as peak strength, Young＇s modulus, and residual deformation, et al are degraded. The concrete, which were subjected to the aggressive media in the environment, were resulted in randomly distributed pre-loading flaws and defects. The propagation of these corrosion flaws during the procedure of loading was the main reason of degradation of corroded concrete properties. By the application of the statistic theory of continuum damage, the compressive stress-strain curve of corroded concrete was simulated. The initial damage factor was introduced to represent the corrosive effects of different media. The present damage constitutive model agreed well with the test results.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

Full-Range Compressive Stress-Strain Curves for Cold-Formed 304 Stainless Steel Circular Hollow Sections After Exposure to Vacuum Brazing

With the rapid development of microscale cellular structures, the small-diameter cold-formed welded stainless steel tubes have recently been used for creating the metallic lat- tice topologies with high mechanical properties. In this paper, to obtain the accurate material properties of the circular hollow section （CHS） under pure compression, a series of concentric compression tests are conducted on the millimeter-scale cold-formed 304 stainless steel circu- lar tubular stub columns after exposure to a vacuum brazing process. The tests cover a total of 18 small-diameter stub tubes with measured thickness-to-diameter ratios （t/D） from 0.023 to 0.201. A generalized three-stage nominal stress-strain model is developed for describing the compressive behavior of the post-brazing CHSs over the full strain range. This mechanical model is especially applicable to computer code implementation. Hence, an interactive computer pro- gram is developed to simultaneously optimize three strain hardening exponents （n1, n2, n3） in the expression of the model to produce the stress-strain curve capable of accurately replicating the test data. To further reduce the number of the model and material parameters on which this model depends, this paper also develops five expressions for determining the 2.5% proof stress （ap2）, n2, the ultimate compressive strength （σp3）, n3, and the ultimate plastic strain （p3%） for given experimental values of three basic material parameters （E0, σ0.01, σ0.2）. These expressions are validated to he effective for the CHSs with t/D 〉_ 0.027. The analytically predicted full-range stress-strain curves have generally shown close agreement with the ones obtained experimentally.

温度对沥青混凝土力学特性的影响

沥青混凝土是现代水利工程中作为防水心墙的主要材料。通过室内高压温控三轴仪对两种沥青含量的沥青混凝土在不同温度下分别进行力学特性试验,研究温度对其力学性质的影响。试验结果表明:试件的应力-应变特性与温度有密切关系,试验温度为0℃时沥青混凝土出现应力软化现象,但随着温度的升高,应力软化现象消失,应力硬化现象呈现;同一沥青含量下,温度越高,最大偏应力越小;试件的抗剪强度随温度的升高逐渐降低;试件的蠕变随温度的升高而增大。

剪切对非饱和土土-水特征曲线影响的探讨

用净平均应力和吸力等于常数、偏应力增大的三轴排水剪切试验,探讨了剪切对非饱和土水量变化的影响。试验结果表明,土-水特征曲线依赖于偏应力,改进了非饱和土中水量变化的本构关系,建立了含水量-吸力-净平均应力-偏应力形式的土-水特征曲线。

重塑非饱和黄土等p剪切试验

探讨了重塑非饱和黄土等p剪切试验过程的破坏特性、屈服特性和水量变化特性。做了2种不同干密度的净平均应力和吸力等于常数、偏应力增大的三轴排水剪切试验。结果表明:破坏应力随吸力增大而增大;得到了一种确定等净平均应力剪切条件下屈服应力的新方法,q-s平面上的加载湿陷屈服线形状与p-s平面相似;土-水特征曲线依赖于偏应力,建立了含水量-吸力-净平均应力-偏应力形式的土-水特征曲线。

Mohr包线的二次曲线形式

为了研究岩土类材料破坏的非线性,基于直剪试验和三轴试验结果的特点建立了二次抛物线形式的Molar破坏包线,并给出了主应力表达形式。与Mohr-Coulomb准则一样,确定此破坏包线只需要两个破坏Mohr圆。根据本法得到的偏平面上的屈服迹线呈等边不等角曲边六边形,且随平均主应力增大,屈服迹线相对于由Mohr-Coulomb准则得到的结果要经历三个阶段:小于Mohr-Coulomb 准则屈服迹线、大于Mohr-Coulomb准则屈服迹线和小于而且越来越小于Mohr-Coulomb准则屈服迹线。利用本模型在子午面上可以方便地直接给出平均主应力与偏剪应力的关系。本模型可以反映拉压不等性。

饱和重塑黄土液化应变发展试验研究

通过对饱和重塑黄土进行了一系列动三轴试验,分析了在振动液化过程中试样的应变发展特性和应力-应变滞回圈的变化趋势.基于动三轴试验结果,分析了应变随着振次的发展变化过程,并结合应力-应变滞回圈的变化过程,将应变发展划分为三个阶段;同时,根据滞回圈的形态变化,提出了振动过程中应变的塑性累积,并通过数据分析,给出了塑性累积计算的公式.

Influence of microwave treatment on mechanical behaviour of compact basalts under different confining pressures

The realisation of microwave-induced fracturing of hard rocks has potential signiflcance for microwave-assisted mechanical rock fracturing and stress release in deep rock masses.In this context,compact basalts were treated by microwave heating in a multi-mode cavity at a frequency of 2450 MHz,and then,we investigated the mechanical behaviour of basalt samples after microwave treatment under uniaxial compression and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.After microwave exposure,cracks appeared on the surface and inside of the rock sample,and the temperature of the sample's surface was unevenly distributed.The results show that the conventional triaxial compressive strength(CTCS)of basalt samples decreased linearly with microwave exposure time,and the higher the confining pressure,the smaller the reduction in the strength of basalt samples after microwave treatment.Under uniaxial compression,microwave exposure greatly affected the axial deformation,suggesting that deformation resistance of the samples gradually decreases with increasing microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,some microcracks induced by microwave exposure closed due to the effect of confining pressure,resulting in the confining pressure inhibiting any rightward shift of the axial deformation curve.Furthermore,under uniaxial compression,the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of basalts also decreased in a quasi-linear manner with elapsed microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,microwave exposure has slight influence on elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio.After microwave treatment,the changes in rock strength and deformation mainly result from changes in between the mineral structures.Confining pressure results in the closure of microcracks produced by microwave exposure,so that effects of microwave treatment on strength and deformation decrease,thus reducing the influence on elastic constants.The cohesion decreases with increasing microwave exposure time and shows an approximately linear decrease over time.In the basalt samples,new microcracks in various directions generated by microwave exposure can increase the discreteness of test results,while the discreteness of test results caused by microcracks gradually reduces with increasing confining pressure.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete

The axial compressive strength,axial tensile strength,elastic modulus,poisson ratio and stress-strain relationship of RPC are obtained by compressive tests and tensile tests of RPC prism.Mathematical models of axial compressive and axial tensile stress-strain relationship are established,from which the equivalent coefficient of compressive and tensile stress diagram of cross-section in RPC beam are deduced.The results provide the theory basis for the design of RPC structure and the wider popularization of RPC.

Effect of strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviors of lotus-type porous copper

Lotus-type porous copper was fabricated by unidirectional solidification, and compressive experiments were subsequently conducted in the strain rate range of 10-3-2400 s-1 with the compressive direction parallel to the pores. A GLEEBLE-1500 thermal-mechanical simulation system and a split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） were used to investigate the effect of strain rate on the compressive deforma-tion behaviors of lotus-type porous copper. The influence mechanism of strain rate was also analyzed by the strain-controlling method and by high-speed photography. The results indicated that the stress-strain curves of lotus-typed porous copper consist of a linear elastic stage, a plateau stage, and a densification stage at various strain rates. At low strain rate （〈1.0 s^-1）, the strain rate had little influence on the stress-strain curves; but when the strain rate exceeded 1.0 s^-1, it was observed to strongly affect the plateau stage, showing obvious strain-rate-hardening characteristics. Strain rate also influenced the densification initial strain. The densification initial strain at high strain rate was less than that at low strain rate. No visible inhomogeneous deformation caused by shockwaves was observed in lotus-type porous copper during high-strain-rate deformation. However, at high strain rate, the bending deformation characteristics of the pore walls obviously differed from those at low strain rate, which was the main mechanism by which the plateau stress exhibited strain-rate sensitivity when the strain rate exceeded a certain value and exhibited less densification initial strain at high strain rate.

Fabrication and compressive performance of plain carbon steel honeycomb sandwich panels

Plain carbon steel Q215 honeycomb sandwich panels were manufactured by brazing in a vacuum furnace. Their characteristic parameters, including equivalent density, equivalent elastic modulus, and equivalent compressive strength along out-of-plane （z-direction） and in-plane （x-and y-directions）, were derived theoretically and then determined experimentally by an 810 material test system. On the basis of the experimental data, the compressive stress-strain curves were given. The results indicate that the measurements of equivalent Young＇s modulus and initial compressive strength are in good agreement with calculations, and that the maximum compressive strain near to solid can be up to 0.5-0.6 along out-of-plane, 0.6-0.7 along in-plane. The strength-to-density ratio of plain carbon steel honeycomb panels is near to those of Al alloy hexagonal-honeycomb and 304L stainless steel square-honeycomb, but the compressive peak strength is greater than that of Al alloy hexagonal-honeycomb.