An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting Double‑Network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

Viologen-based flexible electrochromic devices

Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied voltage.With the rapid development and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical applications.The electrochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic devices.Among the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to produce multiple colors.Notably,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semisolid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device structure.Consequently,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent stability.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based FECDs.It begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Furthermore,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional functionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy storage.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.

Numerical studies for plasmas of a linear plasma device HIT-PSI with geometry modified SOLPS-ITER

The HIT-PSI is a linear plasma device built for physically simulating the high heat flux environment of future reactor divertors to test/develop advanced target plate materials.In this study,the geometry-modified SOLPS-ITER program is employed to examine the effects of the magnetic field strength and neutral pressure in the device on the heat flux experienced by the target plate of the HIT-PSI device.The findings of the numerical simulation indicate a positive correlation between the magnetic field strength and the heat flux density.Conversely,there is a negative correlation observed between the heat flux density and the neutral pressure.When the magnetic field strength at the axis exceeds 1 tesla and the neutral pressure falls below 10 Pa,the HIT-PSI has the capability to attain a heat flux of 10 MW·m-2 at the target plate.The simulation results offer a valuable point of reference for subsequent experiments at HIT-PSI.

Recent advances in two-dimensional photovoltaic devices

Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted tremendous interest in view of the outstanding optoelectronic properties,showing new possibilities for future photovoltaic devices toward high performance,high specific power and flexibility.In recent years,substantial works have focused on 2D photovoltaic devices,and great progress has been achieved.Here,we present the review of recent advances in 2D photovoltaic devices,focusing on 2D-material-based Schottky junctions,homojunctions,2D−2D heterojunctions,2D−3D heterojunctions,and bulk photovoltaic effect devices.Furthermore,advanced strategies for improving the photovoltaic performances are demonstrated in detail.Finally,conclusions and outlooks are delivered,providing a guideline for the further development of 2D photovoltaic devices.

Exploring innovative synthetic solutions for advanced polymer-based electrochromic energy storage devices:Phenoxazine as a promising chromophore

The current investigation offers an innovative synthetic solution regarding electrochromic(EC)and energy storage applications by exploring phenoxazine(POZ)moiety.Subsequently,three POZ-based polymers(polyimide,polyazomethine,and polyamide)were synthesized to ascertain the superior performer.The polyamide exhibited remarkable attributes,including high redox stability during 500 repetitive CVs,optical contrast of 61.98%,rapid response times of 1.02 and 1.38 s for coloring and bleaching,EC efficiency of 280 cm^(2)C^(-1).and decays of the optical density and EC efficiency of only 12.18%and 6.23%after 1000 cycles.Then,the energy storage performance of polyamide PA was tested,for which the following parameters were obtained:74.7 F g^(-1)(CV,scan rate of 10 mV s^(-1))and 118 F g^(-1)(GCD,charging current of 0.1 A g^(-1)).Then,the polyamide was tested in EES devices,which yielded the following EC parameters:an optical contrast of 62.15%,response times of 9.24 and 5.01 s for coloring and bleaching,EC efficiency of 178 cm^(2)C^(-1),and moderate decays of 20.25%and 23.24%for the optical density and EC efficiency after 500 cycles.The energy storage performance included a capacitance of 106 F g^(-1)(CV,scan rate of 0.1 mV s^(-1))and 9.23 F g^(-1)(GCD,charging current of 0.1 A g^(-1)),capacitance decay of 11.9%after500 cycles,and 1.7 V retention after 2 h.Also,two EES devices connected in series powered a 3 V LED for almost 30 s.

Analysis and experimental study on resistance-increasing behavior of composite high efficiency autonomous inflow control device

Bottom water coning is the main reason to reduce the recovery of horizontal bottom water reservoir. By water coning, we mean the oil-water interface changes from a horizontal state to a mound-shaped cone and breaks through to the wellbore. Autonomous inflow control device(AICD) is an important instrument maintain normal production after bottom water coning, however, the resistance increasing ability of the swirl type AICD is insufficient at present, which seriously affects the water control effect. Aiming this problem, this paper designs a multi-stage resistance-increasing and composite type AICD. The separation mechanism of oil-water two phases in this structure, the resistance form of oil-water single phase and the resistance-increasing principle of water phase are analyzed. Establishing the dual-phase multi-stage separation and resistance-increasing model, and verified by measuring the throttling pressure drop and oil-water volume fraction of the AICD, it is found that the composite type AICD has the effect of ICD and AICD at the same time, which can balance the production rate of each well section at the initial stage of production, delay the occurrence of bottom water coning. In the middle and later stages of production, water-blocking can be effectively increased to achieve water control and stable production.After structural sensitivity analysis, the influence law of various structural parameters on the water control performance of composite AICD was obtained. The simulation calculation results show that,compared with the existing swirl type AICD, composite AICD has higher sensitivity to moisture content,the water phase throttling pressure drop is increased by 4.5 times on average. The composite AICD is suitable for the entire stage of horizontal well production.

Exploring device physics of perovskite solar cell via machine learning with limited samples

Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and coupling of these structural and compositional parameters.In this research,we demon-strate an effective approach to optimize PSCs performance via machine learning(ML).To address chal-lenges posed by limited samples,we propose a feature mask(FM)method,which augments training samples through feature transformation rather than synthetic data.Using this approach,squeeze-and-excitation residual network(SEResNet)model achieves an accuracy with a root-mean-square-error(RMSE)of 0.833%and a Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)of 0.980.Furthermore,we employ the permu-tation importance(PI)algorithm to investigate key features for PCE.Subsequently,we predict PCE through high-throughput screenings,in which we study the relationship between PCE and chemical com-positions.After that,we conduct experiments to validate the consistency between predicted results by ML and experimental results.In this work,ML demonstrates the capability to predict device performance,extract key parameters from complex systems,and accelerate the transition from laboratory findings to commercialapplications.

A research on the effect of plasma spectrum collection device on LIBS spectral intensity

Only a small amount of spectral information is collected because the collection solid angle of the optical fiber probe and lens is very limited when collecting spectral information.To overcome this limitation,this study presents a novel method for acquiring plasma spectral information from various spatial directions.A parabolic-shaped plasma spectral collection device(PSCD)is employed to effectively collect more spectral information into the spectrometer,thereby enhancing the overall spectral intensity.The research objects in this study were soil samples containing different concentrations of heavy metals Pb,Cr,and Cd.The results indicate that the PSCD significantly enhances the spectral signal,with an enhancement rate of up to 45%.Moreover,the signal-to-noise ratio also increases by as much as 36%.Simultaneously,when compared to the absence of a device,it is found that there is no significant variation in plasma temperature when the PSCD is utilized.This observation eliminates the impact of the spatial effect caused by the PSCD on the spectral intensity.Consequently,a concentrationspectral intensity relationship curve is established under the PSCD.The results revealed that the linear fitting R^(2)for Pb,Cr,and Cd increased by 0.011,0.001,and 0.054,respectively.Additionally,the limit of detection(LOD)decreased by 0.361 ppm,0.901 ppm,and 0.602 ppm,respectively.These findings indicate that the spectral enhancement rate elevates with the increase in heavy metal concentration.Hence,the PSCD can effectively enhance the spectral intensity and reduce the detection limit of heavy metals in soil.

Fortifying Smart Grids: A Holistic Assessment Strategy against Cyber Attacks and Physical Threats for Intelligent Electronic Devices

Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.

Active Micro-Nano-Collaborative Bioelectronic Device for Advanced Electrophysiological Recording

The development of precise and sensitive electrophysiological recording platforms holds the utmost importance for research in the fields of cardiology and neuroscience.In recent years,active micro/nano-bioelectronic devices have undergone significant advancements,thereby facilitating the study of electrophysiology.The distinctive configuration and exceptional functionality of these active micro-nano-collaborative bioelectronic devices offer the potential for the recording of high-fidelity action potential signals on a large scale.In this paper,we review three-dimensional active nano-transistors and planar active micro-transistors in terms of their applications in electroexcitable cells,focusing on the evaluation of the effects of active micro/nano-bioelectronic devices on electrophysiological signals.Looking forward to the possibilities,challenges,and wide prospects of active micro-nano-devices,we expect to advance their progress to satisfy the demands of theoretical investigations and medical implementations within the domains of cardiology and neuroscience research.

Adverse events associated with the gold probe and the injection gold probe devices used for endoscopic hemostasis:A MAUDE database analysis

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding accounts for over half a million admissions annually and is the most common GI diagnosis requiring hospitalization in the United States.Bipolar electrocoagulation devices are used for the management of gastrointestinal bleeding.There is no data on device-related adverse events for gold probe(GP)and injection gold probe(IGP).AIM To analyze this using the Food and Drug Administration(FDA’s)Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience(MAUDE)database from 2013 to 2023.METHODS We examined post-marketing surveillance data on GP and IGP from the FDA MAUDE database to report devicerelated and patient-related adverse events between 2013-2023.The MAUDE database is a publicly available resource providing over 4 million records relating to medical device safety.Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.27.0(IBM Corp.,Armonk,NY,United States).RESULTS Our search elicited 140 reports for GP and 202 reports for IGP,respec-tively,during the study period from January 2013 to August 2023.Malfunctions reportedly occurred in 130 cases for GP,and actual patient injury or event occurred in 10 patients.A total of 149 patients(74%)reported with Injection GP events suffered no significant consequences due to the device failure,but 53 patients(26%)were affected by an event.CONCLUSION GP and IGP are critical in managing gastrointestinal bleeding.This study of the FDA MAUDE database revealed the type,number,and trends of reported device-related adverse events.The endoscopist and support staff must be aware of these device-related events and be equipped to manage them if they occur.

Designing an Experimental Device for Swinging Excitation Spray Cooling

In this paper,we introduce the design principle of the oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.We then designed an oscillating excited spray cooling experimental device.By using the device,the swaying motion can be realized through the control system,and the motion of the droplet under different vibration frequencies can be observed.By measuring the liquid flow rate and pressure,the changes in liquid flow rate,pressure,and temperature with time under different vibration frequencies were studied.The trajectory of the droplet and the temperature distribution of the droplet under different vibration frequencies could be observed.The device has a simple structure,is easy to control,and can achieve continuous observation of the spray cooling process.

Low-temperature conformal vacuum deposition of OLED devices using close-space sublimation

Close-space sublimation(CSS)has been demonstrated as an alternative vacuum deposition technique for fabricating organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).CSS utilizes a planar donor plate pre-coated with organic thin films as an area source to rapidly transfer the donor film to a device substrate at temperatures below 200℃.CSS is also conformal and capable of depositing on odd-shaped substrates using flexible donor media.The evaporation behaviors of organic donor films under CSS were fully characterized using model OLED materials and CSS-deposited films exhibited comparable device performances in an OLED stack to films deposited by conventional point sources.The low temperature and conformal nature of CSS,along with its high material utilization and short process time,make it a promising method for fabricating flexible OLED displays.

一种Y型延迟荧光分子及其蓝光和绿光OLED应用

以噻吨酮作为受体、3,6-(二咔唑基)三咔唑作为给体设计合成了一种具有延迟荧光特性的Y型分子(TX-TCz)。模拟计算表明化合物HOMO和LUMO能级完全分离且在苯环上存在较小的重叠,有助于获得小的S1和T1的能级差ΔEST。随着溶剂极性的增加,化合物发射峰发生明显的红移且由于电荷转移态和局域激发态的共存产生了双峰发射。在纯膜中TX-TCz的发射峰位于513 nm,量子产率为11.5%。基于低温下荧光和磷光发射峰,计算得到化合物的ΔEST为0.03 eV,并且检测到µs级的寿命,说明化合物具有延迟荧光发射。与此同时,化合物展示了良好的热稳定性能和电化学性能,有助于制备高性能OLED器件。其在掺杂浓度为5%(wt)的器件中展示了良好的蓝光性能,发射峰位于463 nm,最大外量子效率为1.53%;在非掺杂器件中展示了良好的绿光发射(522 nm),最大外量子效率达到1.81%。

OLED屏下RGB图像优化算法

全面屏的流行对智能手机前置摄像头提出了屏下高质量拍摄的要求。目前用于屏下拍摄方案的有机发光二极管(Organic Light-Emitting Diode,OLED)透明屏存在光衍射、折射等现象,导致拍摄的RGB图像易产生模糊和细节丢失等问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种OLED屏下RGB图像优化算法。针对目前屏下RGB图像优化数据集较少的问题,设计实现了一种基于智能手机的OLED透明屏屏下图像数据采集装置,采集并制作了由10000多组典型场景构成的屏下图像数据集。其次,提出了一种基于生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Nets,GAN)的屏下RGB图像优化算法,其中生成器采用残差网络学习屏下图像细节信息,所设计的感知损失函数是颜色损失、对抗损失和内容损失三者的结合。实验结果表明,基于主观视觉和峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio,PSNR)、结构相似性(Structural Similarity,SSIM)等定量评价指标,本文算法在自建数据集上的图像优化效果优于当前的DPED等方法的效果。

硅基OLED微显示器的集中式融合扫描策略

本研究针对数字驱动型硅基OLED(Organic Light-emitting Diode,OLED)微显示器在显示动态图像时引发的视觉感知问题,尤其是动态假轮廓和闪烁现象,提出了一种新的扫描策略——集中式融合扫描。集中式融合扫描策略采用灰度权值重分配和融合子场概念,通过对整数子场数目和权值的重新分配,以及将融合子场固定于调制周期中间位置,改善显示器图像质量。实验结果表明,集中式融合扫描在峰值信噪比方面较传统扫描方法平均提高约13%,均方误差降低了约10%,并且结构相似度评分接近1,显著高于现有扫描方法。集中式融合扫描在JEITA闪烁评估中的表现优于19子场扫描法,闪烁量化值降低了约22%。集中式融合扫描策略在改善数字驱动型硅基OLED微显示器的图像显示质量方面提供了一种有效解决方案,为未来显示技术的研究和创新提供了新的方向。

新型OLED柔性基板用聚酰亚胺薄膜研究

本研究以4,4’-二氨基苯酰替苯胺(DABA)和4,4’-二氨基-2,2’-二甲基联苯(m-TB)与均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和4,4,-氧双邻苯二甲酸酐(ODPA)为原料,成功合成了有机发光二极管(OLED)柔性基板用聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜。结果表明:当二胺与二酐摩尔比为0.990、加料时间为120 min、反应温度为0~30℃、搅拌速度为200~250 r/min、反应时间为240 min时,聚酰胺酸合成过程凝胶量少,黏度满足工业化合成要求。经400℃热亚胺化后,所得PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度为450℃,1%热失重温度为554℃,热膨胀系数为4.1×10^(-6) K^(-1),拉伸强度为326.9 MPa,拉伸模量为9 572.8 MPa,电气强度为623 kV/mm,介电常数为3.251,这些参数指标满足OLED柔性基板的工业应用要求。

专利视域下“卡脖子”关键技术识别及突破策略——以OLED技术领域为例

[研究目的]建立科学高效的“卡脖子”技术识别框架,有效识别关键核心技术领域的“卡脖子”技术,可以为中国实现“卡脖子”关键核心技术攻关和高水平科技自立自强提供科学依据。[研究方法]该研究首先对“卡脖子”技术的内涵和特征进行了剖析,明晰“卡脖子”技术的概念。其次采用改进PageRank算法和HITS算法对核心专利及关键核心技术进行识别,在此基础上从技术差距、产业安全和战略竞争三个维度设计识别指标和研判标准筛选出“卡脖子”技术。最后,采用“卡脖子”技术突破策略矩阵,提出“卡脖子”关键核心技术的突破路径。[研究结论]以OLED技术领域为样本,共识别出3项优势技术、4项轻度“卡脖子”技术和23项重度“卡脖子”技术,结果表明识别结果与我国OLED技术领域的发展现状一致,证明了模型的有效性和科学性。最后,论文也分别为重度“卡脖子”关键核心技术提供了颠覆、攻坚、挖壕和卡位4种不同的技术突破策略。

关于高端显示技术OLED的研究

随着社会的发展,除了极少数领域外,CRT技术已经退出了历史舞台.目前主流的显示技术是LCD技术.但是,LCD技术也渐渐满足不了人们的需求,所以迫切需要更好的显示技术服务于自身.其中,OLED显示技术就是一种重要的发展方向.目前,OLED显示技术已经日趋成熟,诸如响应时间、色域等主要技术指标均远超LCD技术.OLED显示技术具有可视角度大、响应速度快、抗震能力强、超薄、可弯曲等诸多优点.因此,OLED显示技术目前已成为显示技术的主流发展方向.

OLED掩模版Mura缺陷分析与改善

Mura缺陷管控作为关键技术指标直接决定着OLED器件的显示画质与良品率。针对OLED掩模版生产过程中发生的Mura缺陷,通过Mura不良分析发现这种缺陷与阵列像素单元邻近辅助图形有关,并在显影工艺后表现出阵列像素单元关键尺寸(CD)不均匀与宏观色差。依据显影工艺分析,基于旋喷式显影模式提出了一种分步显影方案,实验测试分析了显影液流速、旋转速度、纯水流速以及纯水/显影液过渡时间等工艺参数对Mura缺陷的影响。通过优化显影工艺,实现阵列像素单元CD不均匀性优于120 nm,阵列像素单元边缘Mura不良区域由大于3%降低至无视觉可见Mura,结果表明该工艺方案可以显著改善Mura缺陷。