In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),based on various pathogenic symptoms and the‘golden chamber’medical text,Huangdi Neijing,diabetes mellitus falls under the category‘collateral disease’.TCM,with its wealth of e...In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),based on various pathogenic symptoms and the‘golden chamber’medical text,Huangdi Neijing,diabetes mellitus falls under the category‘collateral disease’.TCM,with its wealth of experience,has been treating diabetes for over two millennia.Different antidiabetic Chinese herbal medicines re-duce blood sugar,with their effective ingredients exerting unique advantages.As well as a glucose lowering effect,TCM also regulates bodily functions to prevent diabetes associated complications,with reduced side effects compared to western synthetic drugs.Chinese herbal medicine is usually composed of polysaccharides,saponins,al-kaloids,flavonoids,and terpenoids.These active ingredients reduce blood sugar via various mechanism of actions that include boosting endogenous insulin secretion,enhancing insulin sensitivity and adjusting key enzyme activity and scavenging free radicals.These actions regulate glycolipid metabolism in the body,eventually achiev-ing the goal of normalizing blood glucose.Using different animal models,a number of molecular markers are available for the detection of diabetes induction and the molecular pathology of the disease is becoming clearer.Nonetheless,there is a dearth of scientific data about the pharmacology,dose-effect relationship,and structure-activity relationship of TCM and its constituents.Further research into the efficacy,toxicity and mode of action of TCM,using different metabolic and molecular markers,is key to developing novel TCM antidiabetic formulations.展开更多
Human life span has dramatically increased over several decades,and the quality of life has been considered to be equally important.However,diabetes mellitus(DM) characterized by problems related to insulin secretion ...Human life span has dramatically increased over several decades,and the quality of life has been considered to be equally important.However,diabetes mellitus(DM) characterized by problems related to insulin secretion and recognition has become a serious health problem in recent years that threatens human health by causing decline in brain functions and finally leading to neurodegenerative diseases.Exercise is recognized as an effective therapy for DM without medication administration.Exercise studiesusing experimental animals are a suitable option to overcome this drawback,and animal studies have improved continuously according to the needs of the experimenters.Since brain health is the most significant factor in human life,it is very important to assess brain functions according to the different exercise conditions using experimental animal models.Generally,there are two types of DM; insulin-dependent type 1 DM and an insulin-independent type 2 DM(T2DM); however,the author will mostly discuss brain functions in T2 DM animal models in this review.Additionally,many physiopathologic alterations are caused in the brain by DM such as increased adiposity,inflammation,hormonal dysregulation,uncontrolled hyperphagia,insulin and leptin resistance,and dysregulation of neurotransmitters and declined neurogenesis in the hippocampus and we describe how exercise corrects these alterations in animal models.The results of changes in the brain environment differ according to voluntary,involuntary running exercises and resistance exercise,and gender in the animal studies.These factors have been mentioned in this review,and this review will be a good reference for studying how exercise can be used with therapy for treating DM.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders,and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue.It is characterized by hyperglycemia,a condition involving a high blood...Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders,and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue.It is characterized by hyperglycemia,a condition involving a high blood glucose level brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion,decreased activity of insulin,or both.Prolonged effects of diabetes include cardiovascular problems,retinopathy,neuropathy,nephropathy,and vascular alterations in both macro-and micro-blood vessels.In vivo and in vitro models have always been important for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis,identifying targets,and reviewing novel treatment options and medications.Fully understanding these models is crucial for the researchers so this review summarizes the different experimental in vivo and in vitro model options used to study diabetes and its consequences.The most popular in vivo studies involves the small animal models,such as rodent models,chemically induced diabetogens like streptozotocin and alloxan,and the possibility of deleting or overexpressing a specific gene by knockout and transgenic technologies on these animals.Other models include virally induced models,diet/nutrition induced diabetic animals,surgically induced models or pancreatectomy models,and non-obese models.Large animals or non-rodent models like porcine(pig),canine(dog),nonhuman primate,and Zebrafish models are also outlined.The in vitro models discussed are murine and human beta-cell lines and pancreatic islets,human stem cells,and organoid cultures.The other enzymatic in vitro tests to assess diabetes include assay of amylase inhibition and inhibition ofα-glucosidase activity.展开更多
There is growing evidence that diabetes can induce cognitive decline and dementia.It is a slow,progressive cognitive decline that can occur in any age group,but is seen more frequently in older individuals.Symptoms re...There is growing evidence that diabetes can induce cognitive decline and dementia.It is a slow,progressive cognitive decline that can occur in any age group,but is seen more frequently in older individuals.Symptoms related to cognitive decline are worsened by chronic metabolic syndrome.Animal models are frequently utilized to elucidate the mechanisms of cognitive decline in diabetes and to assess potential drugs for therapy and prevention.This review addresses the common factors and pathophysiology involved in diabetes-related cognitive decline and outlines the various animal models used to study this condition.展开更多
Background:Liraglutide,a GLP-1 receptor agonist,has recently been used to treat metabolic syndrome(MS)because of its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects.We have previously shown that Wistar Bonn Kobori diabetic and...Background:Liraglutide,a GLP-1 receptor agonist,has recently been used to treat metabolic syndrome(MS)because of its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects.We have previously shown that Wistar Bonn Kobori diabetic and fatty(WBN/Kob-Leprfa,WBKDF)rats fed a high-fat diet(HFD)developed MS including marked obesity,hyperglycemia,and dyslipidemia.To obtain further information on WBKDF-HFD rats as a severe MS model,we performed a pharmacological investigation into the anti-MS effects of liraglutide in this model.Methods:Seven-week-old male WBKDF-HFD rats were allocated to three groups(n=8 in each group):a vehicle group,a low-dose liraglutide group,and a high-dose liraglutide group.They received subcutaneous injections of either saline or liraglutide at doses of 75 or 300μg/kg body weight once daily for 4 weeks.Results:Results showed that liraglutide treatment reduced body weight gain and food intake in a dose-dependent manner.The marked hyperglycemia and the glucose tolerance were also significantly ameliorated in the liraglutide-treated groups.Moreover,liraglutide also reduced the plasma triglyceride concentration and liver fat accumulation.Conclusions:The present study demonstrated that liraglutide could significantly alleviate MS in WBKDF-HFD rats,and the reaction to liraglutide is similar to human patients with MS.WBKDF-HFD rats are therefore considered to be a useful model for research on severe human MS.展开更多
The effects of berberine on 60 cases with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and ex-perimental research results were observed in this study. The results suggest berberine has significant ef-fects on noninsulin dep...The effects of berberine on 60 cases with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and ex-perimental research results were observed in this study. The results suggest berberine has significant ef-fects on noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients and experimental diabetes in animals in the re-duction of blood glucose levels. The clinical symptoms basically disappeared and the level of serum insulinrose. The total effective rate was up to 90 percent and there were no signiticant side-effects. It was foundthat berberine has an effect on the recovery of pancreas islet cells, through pathological examination onthe animal subjects.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFD1600100 and 2022YFD1600303。
文摘In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),based on various pathogenic symptoms and the‘golden chamber’medical text,Huangdi Neijing,diabetes mellitus falls under the category‘collateral disease’.TCM,with its wealth of experience,has been treating diabetes for over two millennia.Different antidiabetic Chinese herbal medicines re-duce blood sugar,with their effective ingredients exerting unique advantages.As well as a glucose lowering effect,TCM also regulates bodily functions to prevent diabetes associated complications,with reduced side effects compared to western synthetic drugs.Chinese herbal medicine is usually composed of polysaccharides,saponins,al-kaloids,flavonoids,and terpenoids.These active ingredients reduce blood sugar via various mechanism of actions that include boosting endogenous insulin secretion,enhancing insulin sensitivity and adjusting key enzyme activity and scavenging free radicals.These actions regulate glycolipid metabolism in the body,eventually achiev-ing the goal of normalizing blood glucose.Using different animal models,a number of molecular markers are available for the detection of diabetes induction and the molecular pathology of the disease is becoming clearer.Nonetheless,there is a dearth of scientific data about the pharmacology,dose-effect relationship,and structure-activity relationship of TCM and its constituents.Further research into the efficacy,toxicity and mode of action of TCM,using different metabolic and molecular markers,is key to developing novel TCM antidiabetic formulations.
基金Supported by Fund of Soonchunhyang University,South Korea
文摘Human life span has dramatically increased over several decades,and the quality of life has been considered to be equally important.However,diabetes mellitus(DM) characterized by problems related to insulin secretion and recognition has become a serious health problem in recent years that threatens human health by causing decline in brain functions and finally leading to neurodegenerative diseases.Exercise is recognized as an effective therapy for DM without medication administration.Exercise studiesusing experimental animals are a suitable option to overcome this drawback,and animal studies have improved continuously according to the needs of the experimenters.Since brain health is the most significant factor in human life,it is very important to assess brain functions according to the different exercise conditions using experimental animal models.Generally,there are two types of DM; insulin-dependent type 1 DM and an insulin-independent type 2 DM(T2DM); however,the author will mostly discuss brain functions in T2 DM animal models in this review.Additionally,many physiopathologic alterations are caused in the brain by DM such as increased adiposity,inflammation,hormonal dysregulation,uncontrolled hyperphagia,insulin and leptin resistance,and dysregulation of neurotransmitters and declined neurogenesis in the hippocampus and we describe how exercise corrects these alterations in animal models.The results of changes in the brain environment differ according to voluntary,involuntary running exercises and resistance exercise,and gender in the animal studies.These factors have been mentioned in this review,and this review will be a good reference for studying how exercise can be used with therapy for treating DM.
文摘Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders,and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue.It is characterized by hyperglycemia,a condition involving a high blood glucose level brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion,decreased activity of insulin,or both.Prolonged effects of diabetes include cardiovascular problems,retinopathy,neuropathy,nephropathy,and vascular alterations in both macro-and micro-blood vessels.In vivo and in vitro models have always been important for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis,identifying targets,and reviewing novel treatment options and medications.Fully understanding these models is crucial for the researchers so this review summarizes the different experimental in vivo and in vitro model options used to study diabetes and its consequences.The most popular in vivo studies involves the small animal models,such as rodent models,chemically induced diabetogens like streptozotocin and alloxan,and the possibility of deleting or overexpressing a specific gene by knockout and transgenic technologies on these animals.Other models include virally induced models,diet/nutrition induced diabetic animals,surgically induced models or pancreatectomy models,and non-obese models.Large animals or non-rodent models like porcine(pig),canine(dog),nonhuman primate,and Zebrafish models are also outlined.The in vitro models discussed are murine and human beta-cell lines and pancreatic islets,human stem cells,and organoid cultures.The other enzymatic in vitro tests to assess diabetes include assay of amylase inhibition and inhibition ofα-glucosidase activity.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia,No.FRGS/1/2020/SKK0/USM/03/5.
文摘There is growing evidence that diabetes can induce cognitive decline and dementia.It is a slow,progressive cognitive decline that can occur in any age group,but is seen more frequently in older individuals.Symptoms related to cognitive decline are worsened by chronic metabolic syndrome.Animal models are frequently utilized to elucidate the mechanisms of cognitive decline in diabetes and to assess potential drugs for therapy and prevention.This review addresses the common factors and pathophysiology involved in diabetes-related cognitive decline and outlines the various animal models used to study this condition.
文摘Background:Liraglutide,a GLP-1 receptor agonist,has recently been used to treat metabolic syndrome(MS)because of its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects.We have previously shown that Wistar Bonn Kobori diabetic and fatty(WBN/Kob-Leprfa,WBKDF)rats fed a high-fat diet(HFD)developed MS including marked obesity,hyperglycemia,and dyslipidemia.To obtain further information on WBKDF-HFD rats as a severe MS model,we performed a pharmacological investigation into the anti-MS effects of liraglutide in this model.Methods:Seven-week-old male WBKDF-HFD rats were allocated to three groups(n=8 in each group):a vehicle group,a low-dose liraglutide group,and a high-dose liraglutide group.They received subcutaneous injections of either saline or liraglutide at doses of 75 or 300μg/kg body weight once daily for 4 weeks.Results:Results showed that liraglutide treatment reduced body weight gain and food intake in a dose-dependent manner.The marked hyperglycemia and the glucose tolerance were also significantly ameliorated in the liraglutide-treated groups.Moreover,liraglutide also reduced the plasma triglyceride concentration and liver fat accumulation.Conclusions:The present study demonstrated that liraglutide could significantly alleviate MS in WBKDF-HFD rats,and the reaction to liraglutide is similar to human patients with MS.WBKDF-HFD rats are therefore considered to be a useful model for research on severe human MS.
文摘The effects of berberine on 60 cases with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and ex-perimental research results were observed in this study. The results suggest berberine has significant ef-fects on noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients and experimental diabetes in animals in the re-duction of blood glucose levels. The clinical symptoms basically disappeared and the level of serum insulinrose. The total effective rate was up to 90 percent and there were no signiticant side-effects. It was foundthat berberine has an effect on the recovery of pancreas islet cells, through pathological examination onthe animal subjects.
