The Effects of Stacking Sequence on Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation of Kenaf/Jute Hybrid Composites

This research focused on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of woven mat jute/kenaf/jute(J/K/J)and kenaf/jute/kenaf(K/J/K)hybrid composites.Dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA)and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis(TGA)were used to study the effect of layering sequence on the thermal properties of kenaf/jute hybrid composites.The DMA results;it was found that the differences in the stacking sequence between the kenaf/jute composites do not affect their storage modulus,loss modulus and damping factor.From the TGA and DMA results,it has been shown that stacking sequence has given positive effect to the kenaf/jute hybrid composite compared to pure epoxy composite.This is because kenaf and jute fibre has increased the Tg values of the composites,thus affect the thermal degradation.Results showed that the storage modulus for kenaf/jute hybrid composites increased compared with pure epoxy composites with increasing temperature and the values of remained almost the same at glass transition temperature(Tg),the hybrid composite perhaps due to the improved fibre/matrix interface bonding.The preliminary analysis could provide a new direction for the creation of a novel hybrid composite which offers unique properties which cannot be accomplished in a single material system.

Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cross-linked Polystyrene/Glass Fiber Composites

Cross-linked polystyrene/glass fiber composites were fabricated using cross-linked polystyrene （CLPS） as matrix and E-glass fiber as the reinforcement. Surfaces of E-glass fibers were modified by vinyl triethoxysilane （VTES）, vinyl trimethoxysilane （VTMS） and γ-methacryloylpropyl trimethoxysilane （MPS）. The treated glass fibers were analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis （DMTA） and thermo-gravimetric analysis （TGA） were employed to investigate the effect of glass fibers surface modification on viscoelastic behavior and thermal properties. The morphology of fracture surfaces of various composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results revealed that these coupling agents were connected to the surfaces of the fibers by chemical bonding. Dynamic mechanical properties as well as thermal stability of the composites were improved considerablely, but to varying degrees depending on the fiber modification. The diversities of improvement of properties were attributed to the different interfacial adhesion between CLPS matrix and the glass fibers.

Mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of pristine and functionalized carbon nanotube reinforced metallic glass composites:A molecular dynamics approach

This work uses the molecular dynamics approach to study the effects of functionalization of carbon nanotubes(CNTs)on the mechanical properties of Cu64Zr36 metallic glass(MG).Three types of functional groups,carboxylic,vinyl and ester were used.The effect of CNT volume fraction(Vf)and the number of functional groups attached to CNT,on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of CNT-MG composites was analysed using Biovia Materials Studio.At lower values of Vf(from 0 to 5%),the percentage increase in Young’s modulus was approximately 66%.As the value of Vf was increased further(from 5 to 12%),the rate of increase in Young’s modulus was reduced to 16%.The thermal conductivity was found to increase from 1.52 W/mK at Vf?0%to 5.88 W/mK at Vf?12%,thus giving an increase of approximately 286%.Functionalization of SWCNT reduced the thermal conductivity of the SWCNT-MG composites.

NONLINEAR VIBRATION AND THERMAL-BUCKLING OF A HEATED ANNULAR PLATE WITH A RIGID MASS

On the basis of Hamilton's principle and dynamic version of von Karman's equations, the nonlinear vibration and thermal-buckling of a uniformly heated isotropic annular plate with a completely clamped outer edge and a fixed rigid mass along the inner edge are studied. By parametric perturbation and numerical differentiation, the nonlinear response of the plate-mass system and the critical temperature in the mid-plane at which the plate is in buckled state are obtained. Some meaningful characteristic curves and data tables are given.

Thermal debinding dynamics of novel binder system

The thermal debinding dynamics of newly developed binders for cemented carbides extrusion molding was studied. It is shown that the thermal debinding processes can be divided into two stages: low temperature region, in which the low molecular mass components (LMMCs) are removed; and high temperature region, in which the polymer components are removed. The rate of thermal debinding is controlled by diffusion mechanism. The thermal debinding activation energies were solved out by differential method and integral method. The results show that the addition of other components acted as a catalyzer can effectively decrease the activation energy of thermal debinding processes.

Preparation, Characterization, and Comparison of Thermal Properties of Aromatic Polyether Imides

Two aromatic polyimides were prepared by two- step way. Firstly, the poly（amic acid）s were synthesized from 1, 3 - bis（4 - aminophenoxy）benzene and two different aromatic dianhydrides. Secondly, polyimides were prepared via thermal imidization of poly（amic acid） precursors. The polyimides prepared were insoluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform and N, N- dimethyiformamide. The inherent viscosities of poly（amic acid）s were 1.82 dL/g and 2.67 dL/g. The high inherent viscosities were due to the strong intra- or intermolecular hydrogen interaction. The polyimides were characterized by mechanical and thermal analysis. It was found that the samples are of excellent thermal stability, higher glass-transition temperature and excellent dynamic mechanical and thermal properties.

Analysis and Design of Thermally Actuated Micro-Cantilevers for High Frequency Vibrations Using Finite Element Method

Vibrational behavior of thermally actuated cantilever micro-beams and their mechanical response at moderately high frequency under a non-harmonic periodic loading is studied in this paper. Two different configurations are considered: 1) a straight beam with two actuation layers on top and bottom which utilizes the bimorph effect to induce bending;2) a uniform beam with base excitation, where the beam is mounted on an actuator which moves it periodically at its base perpendicular to its axis. Generally, vibrating micro-cantilevers are required to oscillate at a specified frequency. In order to increase the efficiency of the system, and achieve deflections with low power consumption, geometrical features of the beams can be quantified so that the required vibrating frequency matches the natural frequencies of the beam. A parametric modal analysis is conducted on two configurations of micro-cantilever and the first natural frequency of the cantilevers as a function of geometrical parameters is extracted. To evaluate vibrational behavior and thermo-mechanical efficiency of micro-cantilevers as a function of their geometrical parameters and input power, a case study with a specified vibrating frequency is considered. Due to significant complexities in the loading conditions and thermo-mechanical behavior, this task can only be tackled via numerical methods. Selecting the geometrical parameters in order to induce resonance at the nominal frequency, non-linear time-history (transient) thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (using ANSYS) is run on each configuration to study its response to the periodic heating input. Approaches to improve the effectiveness of actuators in each configuration based on their implementation are investigated.

Impacts of Multi-Scale Solar Activity on Climate.Part Ⅰ:Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Climate Extremes

The impacts of solar activity on climate are explored in this two-part study. Based on the principles of atmospheric dynamics, Part I propose an amplifying mechanism of solar impacts on winter climate extremes through changing the atmospheric circulation patterns. This mechanism is supported by data analysis of the sunspot number up to the predicted Solar Cycle 24, the historical surface temperature data, and atmospheric variables of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis up to the February 2011 for the Northern Hemisphere winters. For low solar activity, the thermal contrast between the low- and high-latitudes is enhanced, so as the mid-latitude baroclinic ultra-long wave activity. The land-ocean thermal contrast is also enhanced, which amplifies the topographic waves. The enhanced mid-latitude waves in turn enhance the meridional heat transport from the low to high latitudes, making the atmospheric ＂heat engine＂ more efficient than normal. The jets shift southward and the polar vortex is weakened. The Northern Annular Mode （NAM） index tends to be negative. The mid-latitude surface exhibits large-scale convergence and updrafts, which favor extreme weather/climate events to occur. The thermally driven Siberian high is enhanced, which enhances the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM）. For high solar activity, the mid-latitude circulation patterns are less wavy with less meridional transport. The NAM tends to be positive, and the Siberian high and the EAWM tend to be weaker than normal. Thus the extreme weather/climate events for high solar activity occur in different regions with different severity from those for low solar activity. The solar influence on the mid- to high-latitude surface temperature and circulations can stand out after removing the influence from the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation. The atmospheric amplifying mechanism indicates that the solar impacts on climate should not be simply estimated by the magnitude of the change in the solar radiation over solar cycles when it is compared with other external radiative forcings that do not influence the climate in the same way as the sun does.

Temperature Dependency of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Cement Asphalt Paste by DMTA Method

We investigated the temperature dependency of the dynamic mechanical properties of cement asphalt paste by the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis（DMTA） method. The experimental results show that the dynamic mechanical properties of cement asphalt pastes are sensitive to temperature due to the inclusion of asphalt, and may go through different states within a temperature range of-40 ℃ to 60 ℃, which is different from that of pure cement and asphalt. As the temperature of the cement asphalt paste increases, a considerable change of dynamic mechanical properties, including storage modulus（E＇）, loss modulus（E＇＇） and loss factor（tand） is observed. Moreover, the influence of asphalt to cement（A/C） ratio on the temperature sensitivity of the dynamic mechanical properties of cement asphalt composites was investigated. The temperature dependency of cement asphalt composites is ascribed to the temperature dependency of the asphalt and its interaction with cement paste. A simple fractional model is proposed to describe the viscoelastic behavior of cement asphalt composites.

Dynamic explicit FE modeling of hot ring rolling process

A new FE modeling method of hot ring rolling was presented by solving key technologies such as contact and heat boundary conditions,motion control over guide rolls,and mass scaling.The method has the following features:1)the elastic-plastic dynamic explicit approach instead of the static implicit approach is adopted to solve the process so as to greatly improve computational efficiency without sacrificing computational accuracy;2)the coupled thermal-mechanical effect is considered as opposed to the conventional isothermal assumption,which is more practical;3)in contrast to the simplified 2D or local 3D ring model,the full 3D ring is modeled to simulate the process.Based on the FE modeling method,two cases of hot plain ring rolling are simulated in the FEA software ABAQUS/Explicit.The simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements and the good agreement between them is observed regarding the material flow and the temperature distribution of the ring.

考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨接触热分析

为研究材料温变特性对轮轨接触行为和摩擦温升的影响,提出了一种考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨热力耦合模型,能够考虑纵、横向蠕滑率和自旋的影响,更为真实地模拟轮轨系统的服役状态.首先,研究了热力耦合建模方式对轮轨界面摩擦温升及接触应力的影响;随后,将该模型应用于地铁小半径曲线处车辆-轨道相互作用模拟.结果表明:当轮轨界面温度达到450℃时,轮轨接触应力显著降低,降幅可达20%;考虑热力耦合建模后,轮轨界面的预测温升明显低于不考虑热力耦合建模时的结果,在蠕滑率为0.16时,两者的差异可达51%;地铁车辆在小半径曲线线路上运行时轮轨摩擦温升因过大的蠕滑率与自旋会急剧增大到750℃,应考虑轮轨热力耦合建模以避免过高估计轮轨摩擦温升以及轮轨接触应力.

考虑动态接触电阻的电磁能推进装置运动和温度特性研究

在电磁能推进装置工作过程中,电枢与轨道间的接触电阻动态变化对系统性能有着重要影响。针对现有研究多依赖于Holm接触电阻理论并以电枢静止状态为基础的局限性,采用有限元和控制变量法研究实际推进情况下枢轨动态接触电阻对电磁能推进装置运动和温度特性的影响。首先,通过实验获取膛口电压、电流、电枢速度和位移等关键参数。其次,利用改进的完全自适应噪声集合经验模态分解(improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, ICEEMDAN)-小波阈值组合算法对所获得信号进行降噪处理,计算实际工况下的动态变化接触电阻。分别建立考虑枢轨动态接触电阻与不考虑接触电阻情况下的电磁热力耦合有限元模型,通过对比计算结果得到动态接触电阻对电枢运动和温度特性的影响。最后与实验结果进行对比,发现动态接触电阻是影响推进装置性能的重要因素,随着电枢位移的增加,接触电阻对运动特性的影响逐渐增加。另外,动态接触电阻的存在还会使电枢表面的温度迅速升高,电枢尾翼容易发生烧蚀,进而影响电枢的加速性能。该研究为进一步分析极端条件下动态接触电阻对电磁能推进装置的性能影响提供理论支持。

磁场辐射下TNT晶体性能的变化特性

为了解强磁场辐射下三硝基甲苯(TNT)晶体性能的变化特性,借助扫描电子显微镜仪研究了磁场辐射(0,6 T)下TNT晶体形貌,利用X射线衍射仪和拉曼光谱分析了磁场辐射后TNT晶格的变化,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)获得了磁场辐射下TNT的热分解特性。基于分子动力学模拟,探讨了磁场辐射下(0,3,6 T和8 T)TNT的晶格常数、微观分布、力学性能和撞击感度变化情况。结果表明:TNT晶体受到6 T磁场辐射后,微观形貌由辐射前的鳞片针状结构转变为不规则的块状结构,热分解放热峰温度由289.6℃升高到304.1℃,但TNT的晶体相结构和晶格常数未发生明显改变。TNT晶格常数不受磁场辐射的影响,但磁场会改变TNT分子在晶体内部的分布。8 T磁场辐射能显著改善TNT晶体的延展性。通过比较最长引发键的占比,发现8 T磁场会增加TNT晶体的撞击感度。

硝酸酯键断裂触发的含能增塑剂DNTN多阶热分解机理

采用反应分子动力学模拟、固相原位红外测试和同步热分析-红外-质谱联用技术相结合的方法对2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯(DNTN)的热分解过程进行了研究,分析了其热分解气体产物和固相产物,阐明了其热分解机理.结果表明,DNTN的分解分为3个阶段:第一阶段为诱导分解阶段,温度区间为127~147℃,DNTN发生部分O—N键的断裂,释放少量的NO_(2)气体;第二阶段在147~220℃之间,DNTN快速分解,发生硝基基团脱去和季碳骨架的分解,并且伴随小环结构的生成和裂解,释放大量的NO_(2)和CO_(2)等气体,同时放出大量的热;第三阶段为240~350℃,DNTN剩余固态产物在高温下热解,释放少量的CO_(2),并且在300℃后剩余的固相物质会进一步反应生成氰基.

考虑圆度误差的角接触球轴承温升特性研究

以往有关于轴承温升特性的研究多注重轴承温升以及圆度误差对轴承振动的影响,其中圆度误差对轴承温升影响的文献较少,且研究对象多针对的是低速、轻载轴承的温升。为此,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型,研究了轴承沟道圆度误差对轴承温升的影响规律。首先,以轴承拟动力学、弹流润滑理论、传热学理论和基尔霍夫能量守恒定律为基础,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型;然后,利用模型分析了不同工况条件、圆度误差对轴承温升特性影响;最后,将模型计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,验证了角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型的合理性。研究结果表明:模型计算结果和实验结果相比,最大相对误差为5.37%;随着圆度误差阶次的增加,轴承温度呈现波动性变化,且随着转速的增加,波动趋势愈加显著;随着润滑油温度的升高,温度波动逐渐减小;当圆度误差的阶次等于球数n/2±2(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度比不考虑圆度误差时要低,因此将圆度误差控制在特定阶次内能有效降低轴承温升,从而提高工作效率;轴承外圈温度的波动性与外圈圆度误差的幅值成正比,为轴承设计提供了重要参考;外圈温度与沟道圆度误差阶次之间呈周期性变化,并与钢球的个数形成映射关系,当圆度误差阶次等于球数的(2 n-1)/4倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度达到最高;当圆度误差阶次等于球数的n/2倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度最低,这一规律可为轴承的优化提供具体参考方向。

GIS盆式绝缘子热解反应机理函数的通用表征模型与求解方法

反应机理函数可有效表征GIS盆式绝缘子的绝缘老化与劣化过程,有助于揭示盆式绝缘子的失效机理,为评估绝缘子的绝缘性能提供了新途径。通过对反应机制的微分方程的解析,建立了4个基本参量的反应机理函数的积分表达式,它能对不同的反应阶段或路径进行修正,适用范围更广。在此基础上,根据非等温动力学方程,推导出了该试验函数的结构形式,并推导了该模型的计算公式。利用该方法还可同时计算指前因子。进一步具体解析了盆式绝缘子和交联聚乙烯的反应机理函数,并基于Coast-Redfern法和改进Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法验证了反应机理函数通用表征模型与求解方法的有效性。上述研究工作为分析绝缘子绝缘材料劣化过程的反应机制提供了有效方法。

基于多物理场耦合的压接型IGBT功率循环应力特性仿真分析

压接型IGBT器件广泛应用于高压柔性直流系统中。由于在功率循环实验以及实际运行中,器件不同材料之间存在的热膨胀效应会显著影响机械应力,其难以通过实验仪器获取,进而造成疲劳寿命预测困难以及不准确,因此需要研究与实际相符的高精度仿真模型计算器件内部的应力参数。首先,分析了影响IGBT器件有限元模型准确性的物理特性,并提出考虑IGBT芯片动态电导率的高精度IGBT电-热-力多物理场耦合模型。其次,通过器件饱和压降、结温以及Von Mises应力对所搭建模型进行实验对比分析,验证了模型的准确性。最后,利用所提出的多物理场耦合模型仿真分析了压接型IGBT器件在工况以及功率循环过程中的应力变化特性,提出“额外应力差”这一概念以表征IGBT在功率循环中应力存在的特殊变化规律并分析了额外应力差的产生机理,明确应力特性对在研究寿命预测等问题时具有的意义。

减振制品用天然橡胶在存储过程中结构与性能的演变

采用长期储存和加速老化相结合的方法对减振制品用天然橡胶(NR)在存储过程中结构与性能的演变进行研究。结果表明,随着老化温度的升高和老化时间的延长,NR硫化胶的硬度、100%定伸应力、300%定伸应力、储能模量和损耗模量均逐渐增大且总体变化趋势与交联密度的变化趋势相近,拉伸强度和扯断伸长率的变化率均呈现整体下降趋势,而损耗因子则迅速降低并趋于稳定,动静刚度比呈现先降低后缓慢上升的趋势;热空气老化对NR硫化胶减振性能的影响较小。

微观尺度下黏结剂预聚物体系中硝酸酯的分解老化机制

目的研究硝酸酯黏合剂预聚物中硝酸酯的分解、老化及相应的微观变化机理。方法利用反应分子动力学模拟NG/BTTN/PEG复合体系的热分解过程,基于此过程设计不同老化程度的硝酸酯分子。通过第一性原理计算结合经典分子动力学模拟,对硝酸酯分解老化导致的静电势分布、分子极性、分子间弱相互作用等一系列微观变化进行理论计算。结果硝酸酯黏结剂预聚物中NG和BTTN的初始分解均以脱硝基反应为主导,随后C—C键发生裂解。这种裂解是由于前线轨道的变化引起解离能下降导致的。随着硝酸酯分子分解老化程度的加剧,分子表面的静电势分布逐渐趋向于电中性,老化导致NG和BTTN的分子极性先增大、后减小。老化过程分子间相互作用的退化,主要由PEG分子上的O和硝酸酯分子上的H原子对间氢键作用的大幅减弱导致。结论硝酸酯的分解老化减弱了与黏结剂分子间的静电吸引,改变了分子极性,弱化了分子间的氢键及范德华相互作用。老化过程的微观机制研究对于预测推进剂力学性能退化、组分迁移等宏观性能变化规律具有重要意义。

环保芳烃油在丁苯橡胶中的应用研究

研究国产环保芳烃油在丁苯橡胶中的应用,并与国外同类产品进行对比。结果表明:国产环保芳烃油的环保性能满足欧盟环保指令要求,红外光谱与进口环保芳烃油基本一致;采用加氢降凝工艺制备的国产环保芳烃油A1820-1的硫化胶与采用双重萃取工艺制备的进口环保芳烃油V500的硫化胶的物理性能、耐磨性能、耐疲劳性能、动态力学性能和耐热氧老化性能基本相当,国产环保芳烃油可以替代进口产品。