Recension of boron nitride phase diagram based on high-pressure and high-temperature experiments

Cubic boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride are the two predominant crystalline structures of boron nitride.They can interconvert under varying pressure and temperature conditions.However,this transformation requires overcoming significant potential barriers in dynamics,which poses great difficulty in determining the c-BN/h-BN phase boundary.This study used high-pressure in situ differential thermal measurements to ascertain the temperature of h-BN/c-BN conversion within the commonly used pressure range(3-6 GPa)for the industrial synthesis of c-BN to constrain the P-T phase boundary of h-BN/c-BN in the pressure-temperature range as much as possible.Based on the analysis of the experimental data,it is determined that the relationship between pressure and temperature conforms to the following equation:P=a+1/bT.Here,P denotes the pressure(GPa)and T is the temperature(K).The coefficients are a=-3.8±0.8 GPa and b=229.8±17.1 GPa/K.These findings call into question existing high-pressure and high-temperature phase diagrams of boron nitride,which seem to overstate the phase boundary temperature between c-BN and h-BN.The BN phase diagram obtained from this study can provide critical temperature and pressure condition guidance for the industrial synthesis of c-BN,thus optimizing synthesis efficiency and product performance.

A NEW METHOD OF COMPUTING MULTI-COMPONENT E-pH DIAGRAMS

Aqueous E pH Diagram is an essential tool for analyzing hydrometallurgical and corrosion processes. Due to the requirements for environmental protection and energy saving in recent years, waste water processing and hydrometallurgical process of concentrate have been greatly developed. The construction of E pH diagrams has turned to multi component systems. However, there are some limits in plotting such diagrams. There is only one diagram for one multi component system, which can not reflect the truth of the aqueous reaction. In the paper, a new computation method is proposed to construct E pH diagrams. Component activity term is used to determine the boundary of stable areas. For the multi component systems, different atom ratios of elements have been taken into account. M S H 2O system is chosen to study since it is of importance in metallurgical solution. Compared with conventional methods, the algorithm is simple and conforms to real conditions.

Properties of the phase diagram from the Nambu-Jona-Lasino model with a scalar-vector interaction

We investigated the properties of the phase diagram of high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index based on an extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with an eight-quark scalar-vector interaction.Non-monotonic behavior was observed in all these quantities around the phase transition boundary,which also revealed the properties of the critical point.Further,this study indicated that the chiral phase transition boundary and critical point could vary depending on the scalarvector coupling constant G_(SV).At finite densities and temperatures,the negative G_(SV)term exhibited attractive interactions,which enhanced the critical point temperature and reduced the chemical potential.The G_(SV)term also affected the properties of the high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index near the critical point.The non-monotonic(peak or dip)structures of these quantities shifted to a low baryon chemical potential(and high temperature)with a negative G_(SV).G_(SV)also changed the amplitude and range of the nonmonotonic regions.Therefore,the scalar-vector interaction was useful for locating the phase boundary and critical point in QCD phase diagram by comparing the experimental data.The study of the non-monotonic behavior of high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index is of great interest,and further observations related to high-order susceptibilities,speed of sound,and polytropic index being found and applied to the search for critical points in heavy-ion collisions and the study of compact stars are eagerly awaited.

Curved Spine:The Shape of Spine in Taoist Body Diagrams and Its Influence on Medical Body Diagrams

From the early Taoist diagrams of the human body to the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,Taoists exaggerated and deformed the human spine in a shape-shifting manner.It is likely that medical practitioners were influenced by this style of representation,and there are also numerous diagrams of the human body with the curved spine in the lateral-view diagrams of viscera and Ming Tang Tu(明堂图Acupuncture and Moxibustion Chart),which constantly show the human torso in an elliptical“egg shape”.No later than the Ming dynasty,medical practitioners began to depict the actual physiological spinal curve of the human body.By the Qing dynasty,the depiction of the spinal curve in medical diagrams of the human figure showed a tendency to part ways with the Taoist freehand style of the previous generation.Although the representation of the curve of the spine was very crude,later medical images of the human body at least gradually straightened the spine and no longer depicted it in a shape-shifting manner.However,the curved spine in Taoist diagrams of the human body continued to exist,and the presentation of the curved spine never changed.This way of depicting its appearance,which is very different from reality,is shaped by Taoism's special way of perceiving and viewing the body,and may also contain another form of truth.

Method of Phase Diagrams for the Analysis of Seism-Acoustical Spatial-Time Monitoring Data in Oil Wells

Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of vibration stimulation of oil recovery in watered fields lead to the conclusion that resonance oscillations develop in fractured-block formations. These oscillations, caused by weak but long-lasting and frequency-stable influences, create the conditions for ultrasonic wave’s generation in the layers, which are capable of destroying thickened oil membranes in reservoir cracks. For fractured-porous reservoirs in the process of exploitation by the method of water high-pressure oil displacement, the possibility of intensifying ultrasonic vibrations can have an important technological significance. Even a very weak ultrasound can destroy, over a long period of time, the viscous oil membranes formed in the cracks between the blocks, which can be the reason for lowering the permeability of the layers and increasing the oil recovery. To describe these effects, it is necessary to consider the wave process in a hierarchically blocky environment and theoretically simulate the mechanism of the appearance of self-oscillations under the action of relaxation shear stresses. For the analysis of seism acoustic response in time on fixed intervals along the borehole an algorithm of phase diagrams of the state of many-phase medium is suggested.

Experiments and Considerations through the Phase Diagram in Open Tubular Capillary Chromatography Based on Tube Radial Distribution of Ternary Mixed Solvents Using a Fused-Silica Capillary Tube

Capillary chromatography using an untreated open tubular capillary tube and a ternary solvent mixture consisting of water-hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic solvent as a carrier solution has been developed. The system is called tube radical distribution chromatography (TRDC). Separation performance of the TRDC system using a fused-silica capillary tube was examined through the phase diagram for the ternary water-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate solvent mixture. The TRDC system required homogeneous carrier solutions with solvent component ratios around the boundary curve between homogeneous and heterogeneous solution in the phase diagram. The data obtained using the fused-silica capillary tube were compared with those obtained using a polytetrafluoroethylene capillary tube in our previous study.

MOLTEN SALT PHASE DIAGRAMS CALCULATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK OR PATTERN RECOGNITION-BOND PARAMETERS Part 2.Prediction of phase diagrams of ternary molten salt systems

ＭＯＬＴＥＮＳＡＬＴＰＨＡＳＥＤＩＡＧＲＡＭＳＣＡＬＣＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＵＳＩＮＧＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＮＥＵＲＡＬＮＥＴＷＯＲＫＯＲＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＲＥＣＯＧＮＩＴＩＯＮＢＯＮＤＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳ①Ｐａｒｔ２．Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｈａｓｅｄｉａｇ...

Phase diagram and quench dynamics of a periodically drivenHaldane model

We investigate a periodically driven Haldane model subjected to a two-stage driving scheme in the form of a step function.By using the Floquet theory,we obtain the topological phase diagram of the system.We also find that anomalous Floquet topological phases exist in the system.Focusing on examining the quench dynamics among topological phases,we analyze the site distribution of the 0-mode and p-mode edge states in long-period evolution after a quench.The results demonstrate that,under certain conditions,the site distribution of the 0-mode can be confined at the edge even in long-period evolution.Additionally,both the 0-mode and p-mode can recover and become confined at the edge in long-period evolution when the post-quench parameters(T,M_(2) /M_(1))in the phase diagram cross away from the phase boundary (M_(2)/ M_(1))=(6√3t2)/ M_(1)−1.Furthermore,we conclude that whether the edge state is confined at the edge in the long-period evolution after a quench depends on the similarity of the edge states before and after the quench.Our findings reveal some new characteristics of quench dynamics in a periodically driven system.

MOLTEN SALT PHASE DIAGRAMS CALCULATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK OR PATTERN RECOGNITION-BOND PARAMETERS

ＭＯＬＴＥＮＳＡＬＴＰＨＡＳＥＤＩＡＧＲＡＭＳＣＡＬＣＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＵＳＩＮＧＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＮＥＵＲＡＬＮＥＴＷＯＲＫＯＲＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＲＥＣＯＧＮＩＴＩＯＮＢＯＮＤＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳ①Ｐａｒｔ１．Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｐｈａ...

A Future Life of Binary Phase Diagrams

The article raises the question of what to do with one of the main achievements of metal science in recent years—binary phase diagrams. These diagrams play a key role in the science of alloys and therefore their reliability must be complete. However, the discovery of the “ordering-separation” phase transition, which showed that in binary alloys at certain temperatures the sign of the chemical interatomic interaction changes (and, consequently, the microstructure changes), forces us to reconsider our ideas about those areas. Currently, these areas are designated on diagrams as areas of a “disordered solid solution.” This article proposes, using transmission electron microscopy, to study all the so-called solid solution regions, and apply the results obtained to the studied regions of the phase diagram.

From rectangle to parallelogram:an area-weighted method to make time-space diagrams incorporate traffic waves

A time-space(TS)traffic diagram is one of the most important tools for traffic visualization and analysis.Recently,it has been empirically shown that using parallelogram cells to construct a TS diagram outperforms using rectangular cells due to its incorporation of traffic wave speed.However,it is not realistic to immediately change the fundamental method of TS diagram construction that has been well embedded in various systems.To quickly make the existing TS diagram incorporate traffic wave speed and exhibit more realistic traffic patterns,the paper proposes an area-weighted transformation method that directly transforms rectangular-cell-based TS(rTS)diagrams into parallelogram-cell-based TS(pTS)diagrams,avoiding tracing back the raw data of speed to make the transformation.Two five-hour trajectory datasets from Japanese highway segments are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.The travel time-based comparison involves assessing the disparities between actual travel times and those computed using rTS diagrams,as well as travel times derived directly from pTS diagrams based on rTS diagrams.The results show that travel times calculated from pTS diagrams converted from rTS diagrams are closer to the actual values,especially in congested conditions,demonstrating superior performance in parallelogram representation.The proposed transformation method has promising prospects for practical applications,making the widely-existing TS diagrams show more realistic traffic patterns.

Oxidation Kinetics of Aluminum Powders in a Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor in the Potential Application of Surge Arresting Materials

In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.

MOLTEN SALT PHASE DIAGRAMS CALCULATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK OR PATTERN RECOGNITION-BOND PARAMETERS PART 3.ESTIMATION OF LIQUIDUS TEMPERATURE AND EXPERT SYSTEM

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｄａｔａｏｎｔｈｅｌｉｑｕｉｄｕｓｌｉｎｅｓｏｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｉｎｂｉｎａｒｙｏｒｔｅｒｎａｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｆｒｏｍｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｒｅａｌｗａｙｓｆｉｎｉｔｅ．Ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｔ...

A Lysozyme Concentration, pH, and Time-Dependent Isothermal Transformation Diagram Reveals Fibrous Amyloid and Non-Fibrous, Amorphous Aggregate Species

Deposition of aggregated protein is associated with many human diseases. The mechanism by which protein aggregate species cause cellular death remains unclear. A profile revealing protein aggregation products under a diverse set of conditions allows the search of novel aggregate products and potential pathogens. To achieve this end, an isothermal transformation diagram (ITD) of lysozyme aggregation was constructed. AFM, TEM, and Thioflavin T binding assays were used to analyze the aggregate species synthesized under a broad range of pH values, protein concentrations, and incubation times. Four states were found: 1) soluble protein species;2) insoluble amyloid fibers;3) insoluble amorphous aggregates;and 4) protein hydrogels. The hydrogel-a rises from aggregated amyloid fibers. This work is part of an effort to construct an array of ITDs reporting aggregation properties of many disease relevant proteins, including amyloid beta, tau, α-synuclein, and others involved in protein aggregation diseases. In addition, we propose hydrogel cyto toxicity as a potential novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of amyloid diseases.

Estimation of Intermodulation Rejection Value as a Function of Frequency in Power Amplifier Using AM-AM and AM-PM Diagrams Based on Power Series Analysis

A method to predict intermodulation (IM) products of two tone test based on Amplitude to amplitude (AM-AM) and amplitude to phase (AM-PM) diagrams of power amplifier is proposed in this paper. An RF power amplifier is mathe-matically modeled by a power series in order of 13. Coefficients of the transfer function are obtained by odd-order polynomial fitting of the transfer function of the power amplifier that is modeled by power series, with AM-AM and AM-PM diagrams. Because of considering AM-PM distortion, coefficients have become complex. By using this transfer function, analytical expressions of IM products are derived. Frequency effect of IM products are modeled in suggested method to estimate the effects of changing in input frequency on output. With the mean of this factor the model is able to predict IM products of wideband frequency input. Simulated results agree well with the predicted method in comparisons.

Extended Hubble Diagram on the Basis of Gamma Ray Bursts Including the High Redshift Range of z = 0.0331 - 8.1

It is generally accepted that the history of the expansion of the universe can be exactly described by the concordance model, which makes specific predictions about the shape of the Hubble diagram. The redshift-magnitude Hubble diagram in the redshift range z = 0.0104 - 1 seems to confirm this expectation, and it is believed that this conformity is also valid in the high redshift range. However, this belief is not undisputed. Recent work in the high redshift range of up to z = 8.1 has shown that the shape of the Hubble diagram deviates considerably from the predictions made by the Lambda cold dark matter model. These analyses, however, were based on mixed SN1a and gamma ray burst data, and some astronomers argue that this may have biased the results. In this paper, 109 cosmology-independent, calibrated gamma ray burst z/μdata points are used to calculate the Hubble diagram in the range z = 0.034 to z = 8.1. The outcome of this analysis confirms prior results: contrary to expectations, the shape of the Hubble diagram turns out to be exponential, and this is difficult to explain within the framework of the standard model. The cosmological implications of this unexpected result are discussed.

Numeric and Analytic Investigation on Phase Diagrams and Phasetransitions of the ν = 2/3 Bilayer Fractional Quantum Hall Systems

The phase diagrams and phase transitions of a typical bilayer fractional quantum Hall (QH) system with filling factor ν = 2/3 at the layer balanced point are investigated theoretically by finite size exact-diagonalization calculations and an exactly solvable model. We find some basic features essentially different from the bilayer integer QH systems at ν = 2, reflecting the special characteristics of the fractional QH systems. The degeneracy of the ground states occurs depending on the difference between intralayer and interlayer Coulomb energies, when interlayer tunneling energy (ΔSAS) gets close to zero. The continuous transitions of the finite size systems between the spin-polarized and spin-unpolarized phases are determined by the competition between the Zeeman energy (ΔZ) and the electron Coulomb energy, and are almost not affected by ΔSAS.

Wenxiang: a web-server for drawing wenxiang diagrams

The wenxiang diagram was proposed to represent α-helices in a 2D (two dimensional) space (Chou, K.C., Zhang, C.T., Maggiora, G.M. Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet., 1997, 28, 99-108). It has the capacity to provide more information in a 2D plane about each of the constituent amino acid residues in an α-helix, and is particularly useful for studying and analyzing amphiphilic helices. To meet the increasing requests for getting the program of generating wenxiang diagrams, a user-friendly web-server called “Wenxiang” has been established. It is accessible to the public at the web-site http://www.jci-bioinfo.cn/wenxiang2 or http://icpr.jci.edu.cn/bioinfo/wenxiang2. Further- more, for the convenience of users, here we provide a step-to-step guide for how to use the Wenxiang web-server to generate the desired wenxiang diagrams.

Petrochemical eigenvalues and diagrams for the identification of metamorphic rocks'protolith,taking the host rocks of Dashuigou tellurium deposit in China as an example

The Dashuigou tellurium deposit is the world’s only known independent tellurium deposit.By restoring metamorphic rocks’protolith,we seek to understand not only the development and evolution trajectory of the region but also the origin of the relevant deposits.While there are many ways to restore metamorphic rocks’protolith,we take the host metamorphic rocks of Dashuigou tellurium deposit and leverage various petrochemical eigenvalues and related diagrams previously proposed to reveal the deposit’s host metamorphic rocks’protolith.The petrochemical eigenvalues include molecular number,Niggli’s value,REE parity ratio,CaO/Al_(2)O_(3)ratio,Fe^(3+) /(Fe^(3+) -+Fe^(2+) )ratio,chondrite-normalized REE value,logarithmic REE value,various REE eigenvalues including scandium,Eu/Sm ratio,total REE amount,light and heavy REEs,δEu,Eu anomaly,Sm/Nd ratio,and silicon isotope δ^(30) SiNBS-29‰,etc.The petrochemical plots include ACMs,100 mg-c-(al+alk),SiO_(2)-(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O),(al+fm)-(c+alk)versus Si,FeO+Fe_(2)O^(3+) TiO)-Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO,c-mg,Al_(2)O_(3)-(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O),chondrite-normalized REE model,La/Yb-REE,and Sm/Nd ratio,etc.On the basis of these comprehensive analyses,the following conclusions are drawn,starting from the many mantle-derived types of basalt developed in the study area of different geological ages,combined with the previously published research results on the deposit s fluid inclusions and sulfur and lead isotopes.The deposit is formed by mantle degassing in the form of a mantle plume in the late Yanshanian orogeny.The degassed fluids are rich in nano-sc ale substances including Fe,Te,S,As,Bi,Au,Se,H_(2),CO_(2),N_(2),H_(2)O,and CH_(4),which are enriched by nano-effect,and then rise to a certain part of the crust in the form of mantle plume along the lithospheric fault to form the deposit.The ultimate power for tellurium mineralization was from H_(2)flow with high energy,which was produced through radiation from the melted iron of the Earth’s outer core.The H,flow results in the Earth’s degassing,as well as the mantle and crust’s uplift.

Solving Algebraic Problems with Geometry Diagrams Using Syntax-Semantics Diagram Understanding

Solving Algebraic Problems with Geometry Diagrams(APGDs)poses a significant challenge in artificial intelligence due to the complex and diverse geometric relations among geometric objects.Problems typically involve both textual descriptions and geometry diagrams,requiring a joint understanding of these modalities.Although considerable progress has been made in solving math word problems,research on solving APGDs still cannot discover implicit geometry knowledge for solving APGDs,which limits their ability to effectively solve problems.In this study,a systematic and modular three-phase scheme is proposed to design an algorithm for solving APGDs that involve textual and diagrammatic information.The three-phase scheme begins with the application of the statetransformer paradigm,modeling the problem-solving process and effectively representing the intermediate states and transformations during the process.Next,a generalized APGD-solving approach is introduced to effectively extract geometric knowledge from the problem’s textual descriptions and diagrams.Finally,a specific algorithm is designed focusing on diagram understanding,which utilizes the vectorized syntax-semantics model to extract basic geometric relations from the diagram.A method for generating derived relations,which are essential for solving APGDs,is also introduced.Experiments on real-world datasets,including geometry calculation problems and shaded area problems,demonstrate that the proposed diagram understanding method significantly improves problem-solving accuracy compared to methods relying solely on simple diagram parsing.