Dialectical Thermodynamics’Solution to the Conceptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

Hegel and the Antidialectic

This work,using the case study of the Haitian Revolution,positions Paul C.Mocombe’s theory of antidialectic within Hegel’s dialectical reasoning.Mocombe posits that the antidialectical position in Hegel’s dialectic is the position of each self-consciousness when they initially encounter each other at the onset of the master/slave dialectic.Whereas,the master seeks to move to the dialectical position in order to dominate and eliminate the original(antidialectical)position of the slave,the slave remains in this antidialectical position so long as they seek to fight against their enslavement for the purpose of maintaining and reproducing their original,antidialectical,position,which is social,political,economic,and ideological.In any other instances,they(the slaves)are either in the dialectical,seeking to maintain the status quo,or negative dialectical,seeking to integrate the status quo on equal footing with the master,positions.

On the Phonology Characteristics of Leizhou Dialect in Malaysia

Based on first-hand materials obtained from field investigations in Malaysia, the results show that: firstly, there are 17 initials in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia, including the implosives initial and the [f] initial. The pronunciation of Leizhou dialect in China is already rare, some of which are retained in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. Its initial consonant is borrowed from local Hua Yu or other Chinese dialects. Secondly, the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia has 46 finals. The pronunciation and timbre of some of its vowels are similar to the Yue dialect of Malaysia [&#592] main vowel. Thirdly, there are 8 monosyllabic tones in the Leizhou dialect of Malaysia. The pronunciation and tone of some of its characters are similar to the Xia Yin entering tone of Yue dialect of Malaysia.

Reevaluation of dialect boundaries in the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella)based on citizen science data:Should we split or lump?

Dialects are a specific form of geographic variation of birdsong with relatively sharp boundaries between distinct song characteristics,which provide opportunities for focused studies of processes underlying the emergence of spatial patterns in vocalization.Several songbird species that exhibit dialects became models for such research,and for some of them large-scale datasets were assembled that included recordings provided by the public.Among them,the Yellowhammer(Emberiza citrinella,Emberizidae) is particularly prominent,as it has been recently a subject of dedicated citizen science projects focusing on its dialect distribution.The most successful,in terms of public participation as well as the number and density of obtained recordings,was the Dialects of Czech Yellowhammers(DCY) project,which assembled detailed data at the whole-country level.A mosaic of almost all common song variants known across Europe was observed in Czechia,but the results indicated that some of the traditionally recognized Yellowhammer dialects may not represent geographically clustered song variants,at least not in Central Europe.We quantitatively analysed variation(frequency and temporal characteristics and modulation) of the terminal song element in three dialects defined by arbitrary frequency thresholds in DCY.Multivariate analyses indicated that pooling these to two distinct groups reflects the variation in the songs,as well as their spatial distribution,better than retaining the current classification to three dialects or their finer splitting to even more categories.We provide simple measures that may be used for classification of these Yellowhammer song variants in Central Europe.However,we warn from indiscriminate transposing of results from one region to another,as that may lead to substantial biases.Future studies of birdsong variation will benefit from big data assembled by citizen scientists,but to maximise their usefulness for further dialect research,careful delineation of dialect boundaries is essential.

Local and range-wide distribution of song types suggest Ovenbirds(Seiurus aurocapilla)have song neighborhoods but not macro-dialects

The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehensive knowledge of within and among species song structure and distribution is informative for understanding the evolution of song repertoires and vocal behaviour.In this study,we explored variation in the song structure of the Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla),a widespread warbler(Family Parulidae)found in North American forests.We analyzed recordings from the 2021 breeding season to assess song type variation at a local(n=158 birds;Sault Ste.Marie,ON)and breeding range scale(n=512 birds;eBird).We characterized the local song types and tested whether Ovenbirds share song types with their neighbors more often than expected by chance.We then characterized song types of Ovenbirds across the breeding range to determine whether any geographic pattern of song clustering exists(i.e.,macro-dialects).We found 10 distinct song types and some evidence for song type clustering at the local study site(i.e.,song neighborhoods).We found 7 of those 10 song types throughout the breeding range and identified an additional 24 types that were not recorded in our local population.We found no evidence for song dialects across the Ovenbird breeding range.This study contributes to our understanding of Ovenbird song while simultaneously adding to our understanding of geographic structuring of warbler repertoires.Our work contributes to delineating a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting dialect development for this diverse group of songbirds.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

Artificial Intelligence Model to Detect and Classify Arabic Dialects

The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, vowel type, and other acoustic characteristics. Data from different speakers of different dialects is usually used in training machine learning algorithms. Based on this data, an algorithm is created to accurately identify the speaker’s dialect. Arabic dialects can be detected and classified using several models and techniques available in literature. Various models have been proposed from different perspectives. Therefore, this paper discussed different studies about AD for building an understanding of conceptual deep learning model to detect and classify Arabic dialects. The model captured the semantic, syntactic, and phonological characteristics of these dialects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). The proposed model consists of six stages: Natural Language Processing (NLP) stage, feature engineering techniques, neural networks, language models, optimization techniques, and evaluation techniques. Each stage of the proposed model has several techniques that can be used to detect and classify AD. The accuracy and capability of the proposed model will be performed in the future work.

Dialectic:辩证逻辑的新形态

当代中国辩证逻辑研究的多元进路均不同程度地把辩证法作为研究的理论基础。基于“dialectic”一词具有的辩证法与论辩术的双重含义,当代关于论辩术的种种逻辑研究具有作为辩证逻辑的合法性,这种新形态的辩证逻辑对于深化马克思主义辩证逻辑的研究、把握辩证逻辑和现代性建构与批判之间的关系都具有重要意义。

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

Looking at the Effects of Language Contact With Hakka as Reflected by the Characteristics of the Pingshan Zhanmi Dialect

The special Economic Zone of Shenzhen has been endowed with plentiful of language resources. Apart from various Yue dialects in the west and Hakka dialect in the east, there are also many indigenous Chinese dialects such as the Dapeng dialect (大鹏话), the Danjia dialect (疍家话) and also the Zhanmi dialect (占米话). The last one is not ever reported. Out of curiosity, we went to investigate the dialect which is spoken in isolate patches in the easternmost townships of Pingshan (坪山), Kengzi (坑梓) and Pingdi (坪地). The Pingshan Zhanmi dialect (PZD)seems to be an intermediate between Yue and Hakka dialects. According to our observation, PZD is quite similar to the Dongguan-Baoan Yue dialects (DBYD, 莞宝片粤语) in the western part of the city and has obvious correspondence with them, such as having the onset [m] in the Middle Chinese (MC) Wei (微) characters, little literal/colloquial discrepancies in the Fei Group (非组), [a/?] contrast, literal/colloquial readings in the Geng rime group all with [?/k] as codas, etc. However, because of long term contact with the surrounding Hakka dialects, PZD has also a lot of characteristics of Hakka, such as aspirated readings in all MC voiced stops and affricates onsetsafter devoicing, lack of rounded frontal vowels, no Ying-yang contrast in the Shang tone. More influences of Hakka can be found in the vocabulary, which PZD has been borrowing for centuries.

A Dialectical Way between Literal and Free Translation:Taking the Translation of English Similes as an Exemplar

Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.

The Differences between Dalian Dialect and Standard Chinese

Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.

The Inheritance and Protection of Taizhou Dialect Proverbs from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology

Dialect contains rich cultural connotation,represents valuable regional cultural spirit,and therefore has strong living fossil value.In terms of how to protect and inherit dialect proverbs,cultural ecology is undoubtedly a valuable research perspective,whose theory focuses on the three-fold relationships between man and nature,man and society,and man and man.Based on the principles of cultural ecology,this paper probes into the potential threats to Taizhou dialect proverbs,explores the reasons for their decline,and highlights the need for an ecological protection approach.

Pragma-Dialectics:语用-辩证法,还是语用论辩学?

荷兰Pragma-Dialectics学派的论辩理论在我国的影响越来越大。但是,对Pragma-Dialectics这个词本身的翻译发生了重大变化。Pragma-Dialectics最初传入我国时,被译作"语用-辩证法",后来出现了"语用论辩术(学)"的译法。两种译法孰优孰劣,关涉不少理论和历史问题,需要辨明。"语用论辩术(学)"的译法有诸多危险:不能保证相关术语翻译的一致性;抹煞了作为一种颇具特色的论辩理论——Pragma-Dialectics的一个突出特性;割裂了Dialectics的历史,忽视了Dialectics的各种表现形式。

Study on Dialect Words in Chinese Neologism——Based on the Research of Beijing,Guangdong,Hunan and Jiangxi Dialects

In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.

Language and dialect

本文从多个方面论述了语言与方言之间的关系 :两者之间既有区别又有联系。方言虽然是语言的附属变体 ,在使用范围和影响力方面弱于语言 ,但反过来方言又在地域、时间、社会。

亚里士多德《修辞学》中“dialectic”一词的翻译

正确理解术语"dialectic"是理解亚里士多德修辞学的关键之一。这一术语在亚里士多德《修辞学》的两个中译本中有着"论辩术"和"辩证法"两个不同的译名。文章试从词源、词义的演变、词的译介以及亚里士多德本人的观点四个方面探讨"dialectic"的意义和翻译,指出"辩证法"译名的不科学性,并提出了翻译处理的建议。

The Appropriate Relevance between Putonghua and Dialects

Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.

PANSYSTEMS ANALYSIS: MATHEMATICS, METHODOLOGY, RELATIVITY AND DIALECTICAL THINKING

Based on new analysis modes and new definitions with relative mathematization and simplification or strengthening forms for concepts of. generalized systems, panderivatives, pansymmetry, panbox principle, pansystems relativity, etc., the framework and related principles of pansystems methodology and pansystems relativity are developed. Related contents include: pansystems with relatively universal mathematizing forms, 200 types of dualities, duality transformation, pansymmetry transformation, pansystems dialectics, the 8-domain method, pansystems mathematical methods, generalized quantification, the principles of approximation-transforming, pan-equivalence theorems, supply-demand analysis, thinking experiment, generalized gray systems, etc.

Study on the Status Quo of Yichang Dialect-A Case study in Xiling District

Dialect is threatened by the increasing language contact. In Yichang, seldom young students speak its dialect. In this preliminary research, the author tries to clarify the actual language use and language attitude in the community of family by the means of interviewing the parents living in Xiling district, both of whom could speak the dialect. It is found that the profession,education background of parents would influence their language attitude and actual choice of language to their children. The result shows that there exists significant disparity between the parents' language attitudes and the actual communication with their children. Reasons of such disparity and the public prediction of the tendency of Yichang dialect and provided. In the end, suggestions towards language policy are presented.