A new diamond bit for extra-hard, compact and nonabrasive rock formation

A new impregnated diamond bit was designed to solve the slipping problem when impregnated diamond bit was used for extra-hard, compact, and nonabrasive rock formation. Adding Si C grits into matrix, Si C grits can easily be exfoliated from the surface of the matrix due to weak holding-force with matrix, which made the surface non-smooth. Three Ф36/24 mm laboratorial bits were manufactured to conduct a laboratory drilling test on zirconiacorundum refractory brick. The laboratory drilling test indicates that the abrasive resistance of the bit work layer is proportional to the Si C concentation. The higher the concentration, the weaker the abrasive resistance of matrix. The new impregnated diamond bit was applied to a mining area drilling construction in Jiangxi province, China. Field drilling application indicates that the ROP(rate of penetration) of the new bit is approximately two to three times that of the common bits. Compared with the common bits, the surface of the new bit has typical abrasive wear characteristics,and the metabolic rate of the diamond can be well matched to the wear rate of the matrix.

Shengli Diamond Bits

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Research on Fe-based impregnated diamond drill bits strengthened by Nano-NbC and Nano-WC

In order to improve the matrix performance of impregnated diamond drill bit to better meet the drilling needs,the effects of the addition of nano-WC and nano-NbC particles on the matrix material together with the mechanical properties and microstructure of the diamond-matrix composite material of the Fe-based diamond drill bit were studied by using the method of uniform formula design,regression analysis and solution finding.An indoor drilling test was also carried out using the fabricated impregnated diamond drill bit.The results showed that after the addition of nano-NbC and nano-WC,the hardness and flexural strength of the matrix material got improved,as the flexural strength of the diamond composite material increased to 4.29%,the wear-resistance ratio increased to 8.75%,and the tighter the chemical bonding between the diamond and the matrix.This,indicates that the addition of nanoparticles has a positive significance in improving the performance of the diamond composite.The results of the drilling test showed that the mechanical drilling speed of the impregnated diamond drill bit after nanoparticle strengthening is 25.85%higher than that of the conventional drill bit,and the matrix wear was increased by 17.5%.It proves that nanoparticles can improve the drilling performance and efficiency of drill bit.

The Principle of the Drilling by Impregnated Diamond Bits and the Classification of Rocks

Recently impregnated diamond bits have been widely applied in drilling hard and medium - hard formations in the world . It is quite necessary to study the fracturing mecha-nism of the impregnated diamond bit and the classification of rocks , which can realize optimum drilling . Using multi - parameter rotary test stand can monitor and print nine parameters . The diamond size and concentration for experiment are various and there are nearly 200 types of samples , numbering over 1000 pieces . The results of laboratory are the same as those in the field . Besides , this paper expresses that the diamond concentration of impregnated diamond bits effect the bonding strength of diamond imbedded in ma-trix . During drilling by impregnated diamond bits three ways are used to cool the bits . The contact area between impregnated diamond layer and flow , and the drilling flow through annulus carrying away heat with conduction form can be shown by equations . It is impossible to classify the rock drillability only by using single factor . The best method is to use main factors to analyse the drillability of rocks. Only in this way , the results can be applied to practice .

THE LUBRICATING MECHANISMS OF LUBRICATINGDRILLING FLUIDS ON SYNTHETIC DIAMOND BIT

The functions of lubricants in diamond drilling were discussedin this paper. The influences of lubricant on drilling efficiency and bit′s life were compared and analyzed with simulated drilling test and lubrication test apparatus. Lubricating mechanisms were also discussed.

Discussion of reasonable drilling parameters in impregnated diamond bit drilling

The impregnated diamond(ID)bit drilling is one of the main rotary drilling methods in hard rock drilling and it is widely used in mineral exploration,oil and gas exploration,mining,and construction industries.In this study,the quadratic polynomial model in ID bit drilling process was proposed as a function of controllable mechanical operating parameters,such as weight on bit(WOB)and revolutions per minute(RPM).Also,artificial neural networks(ANN)model for predicting the rate of penetration(ROP)was developed using datasets acquired during the drilling operation.The relationships among mechanical operating parameters(WOB and RPM)and ROP in ID bit drilling were analyzed using estimated quadratic polynomial model and trained ANN model.The results show that ROP has an exponential relationship with WOB,whereas ROP has linear relationship with RPM.Finally,the optimal regime of mechanical drilling parameters to achieve high ROP was confirmed using proposed model in combination with rock breaking principal.

Design of a new bionic diamond bit and its experimental study

Bionics was applied in the design of the impregnated diamond bit. Based on previous resehrch and the 63# bit matrix formula, a new non-smooth bionic impregnated diamond bit with a single circular ring was designed and manufactured, and also tested indoor. The results were satisfactory. During its shape contacted surface system, non-smooth shape display some structure merits such as decreasing resistance. It was obvious that the drilling efficiency of the bionics bit is much higher than that of ordinary＇s one, and so does the working life of bionic bit.

Research on Diamond Enhanced Tungsten Carbide Composite Button

At the present, the cutters used in button bits and rock bits are mainly cobalt tungsten carbide in our country. Because of its low abrasive resistance, the bit service life and drilling efficiency was very low when the hard and extremely hard formations were being drilled. Owing to its high abrasive resistance, the diamond composite material is widely used in drilling operations. However, its toughness against impact is too low to be used in percussion drilling, only can it be used in rotary drilling. In order to solve the problems encountered by DTH hammer in hard rock drilling, make bit life longer, increase rate of penetration and decrease drilling cost, a new type diamond enhanced tungsten carbide composite button with high abrasive resistance and high toughness against impact, which may be used in percussion drilling, has been developed. The key problems to make the button are to improve the thermal stability of diamond, to increase the welding strength between diamond and cemented tungsten carbide, and to lower the sintering temperature of tungsten carbide. All these problems have been solved effectively by pretreatment of diamond, low temperature activation hot-press sintering and high sintering pressure. (1) To plate tungsten on the surface of diamond. Diamond suffers easily from erosion in the environment of high temperature containing oxygen and iron family elements. There is very high energy between the interface of diamond and bonding metal and so the metallurgical bond can’t form at the interface between diamond and bond metal. This will lower greatly the bending strength and the toughness against impact of diamond enhanced tungsten carbide composite button. In order to improve thermal stability of diamond and increase the bonding strength of the interface between diamond and bond metal, to plate tungsten on the surface of diamond by vacuum vapor deposit is adopted. (2) To lower the sintering temperature by adding nickel, phosphorus and boron etc into conventional mixed powder. In general, the sintering temperature of cemented tungsten carbide is more than 1 350 ℃ in which diamond will suffer from serious heat erosion, so the sintering temperature must be lowered. To add nickel, phosphorus and boron etc into cobalt-base bond whose melting point is more than 1 350 ℃ will lower the sintering temperature to about 1 050 ℃. To add phosphorus can lower the temperature of liquid phase occurring and promote the densification of matrix alloy in advance because the co-crystallization temperature of Ni-P and Co-P is 880 ℃ and 1 020 ℃ respectively. The proper adding amount of nickel, phosphorus and boron etc is a key problem. To substitute nickel for partial cobalt can improve the toughness against impact of diamond enhanced tungsten carbide composite button and lower the sintering temperature. To add boron is helpful for sintering and improving the toughness against impact of diamond enhanced tungsten carbide composite button. (3) To increase the sintering press. Under the same sintering temperature, to improve the sintering press can improve the density and strength of sintering products. In this study to increase the sintering press 35 MPa in the usual conditions to 50～60 MPa in sintering diamond enhanced tungsten carbide button by adopting ceramic material as pressing rod has improved the sintering quality effectively. The properties of the button have been measured under lab conditions. The testing results show that its hardness is more than HRA86 and that its abrasiveness resistance is 100 times more than conventional cemented tungsten carbide, and its toughness against impact is more than 100J. All these data theoretically show that the button has very good mechanical properties that can meet the need of percussion drilling, and can solve the problems encountered with button bit of conventional cemented tungsten carbide.

Quality evaluation and control of impregnated dia-mond bit

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孕镶金刚石钻头磨损研究现状与发展趋势

孕镶金刚石钻头广泛应用于各种硬岩钻进,尤其是深部硬岩钻探钻井的工程实践活动中,其碎岩机制表现为金属胎体包裹的金刚石出刃后压入、刻划和破碎岩石。金刚石钻头的磨损形式反映了孔底钻头-岩石的相互作用过程,以及磨粒(包括岩屑、胎体碎屑和金刚石碎屑等)在孔底的存在状态,它决定了金刚石钻头的钻进效率和使用寿命。目前关于孕镶金刚石钻头磨损理论、方法的研究大部分属于定性判断,且常局限于区域特殊情况,无法形成统一或可借鉴的实用指导体系。以地质钻探领域的孕镶金刚石钻头磨损相关研究文献为主,讨论了孕镶金刚石钻头磨损的研究现状。首先结合地质钻探工业实践和行业规程归纳了钻头的非正常磨损类型,然后从磨损图像、钻进信号2个方面介绍了钻头磨损评价方法,从钻头整体、金刚石和金属胎体3个方面梳理了钻头钻进过程磨损机理与影响因素,另外列举了主流的钻头磨损性能调控方法,介绍了磨损分析方程的研究进展,并探讨了机器学习方法如何辅助钻头磨损研究。孕镶金刚石钻头在深部硬岩钻探中有极大的潜力,而其磨损性能是决定其最终使用效果的关键。为此,对人工智能方法辅助数据分析、微观尺度计算模拟、增材制造和材料处理改性等研究方向进行了分析展望,探索先进的金刚石钻头的磨损监测分析和调控方法,以期满足地质深部钻探和地外星系钻探等远程监控钻进的需求。

降低井底岩石抗钻能力的钻速提高方法研究及钻头设计

为解决深部地层岩石硬度大、研磨性强、地应力高及可钻性差导致的钻头破岩效率低、钻井速度慢的问题,在分析现有提速技术的基础上,提出了释放地层应力、降低井底岩石抗钻能力的钻井提速新思路,基于该思路设计了井底应力诱导卸荷钻头、聚能攻击卸荷井底应力钻头、差压式钻头、中心差压式钻头、诱导卸荷与磨料射流联合作用钻头、阶梯式钻头和自激轴冲与诱导卸荷耦合破岩钻头等7种新式钻头。通过室内试验、现场试验,验证了其中2种钻头的提速效果:中心差压式钻头在室内试验中提速30.01%,现场试验最高提速318.11%;诱导卸荷与磨料射流联合作用钻头在室内试验中钻进石灰岩和红砂岩时分别提速59.0%和336.0%。该方法的提出及钻头的研制,为解决深部难钻地层的提速问题提供了新途径。

凸棱非平面聚晶金刚石齿的破岩机理及在含砾地层中的应用

为提高聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头在含砾、软硬交错等不均质地层中的抗冲击性能,开展了凸棱非平面PDC齿的研究。通过仿真和室内实验对比分析了凸棱非平面齿与常规平面齿的破岩机理。与平面齿相比,凸棱非平面齿与岩石的接触应力分布更均匀,切削破岩过程中的载荷波动幅度明显更小,切削稳定性更高。凸棱齿特殊的非平面结构改变了切削齿与岩石的互作用方式,在不均质地层得到成功应用。

美国能源部地热钻井技术研发最新部署及干热岩开发示范创新实践

与其他主要的可再生能源相比,地热能是唯一能够提供基本负载电力的能源。干热岩是指不含原生水或含少量水的高温深部岩体,可通过水力刺激改造形成增强型地热系统储层,从而提取数量可观的地热能。干热岩型地热资源的开发面临两方面主要技术挑战,一是花岗岩和玄武岩等极坚硬岩石对机械钻速的限制,二是钻井所处地层温度超过随钻测量和旋转导向等工具电子设备的运行温度上限。近年来,美国能源部资助的FORGE计划犹他州项目为测试新的钻头技术和优化钻井作业流程提供了机会,以逐步提升机械钻速并降低钻井成本。本文综述了美国能源部地热技术办公室近年发展规划中对地热钻井技术研发的部署,重点分析了犹他州项目在钻井实践过程中对基于物理限制因素重新设计的工作流程的应用,总结了美国能源部围绕地热钻井技术开展的多次规划编制以及部署实施的相关项目涉及的主要领域,以及犹他州项目在探索和实践钻井作业流程优化方面取得的认识。

孕镶金刚石钻头磨损机理研究

孕镶金刚石钻头通过钻头胎体的持续磨损实现金刚石的自锐和高效破岩。因此,研究金刚石钻头磨损的影响因素及其影响程度和影响机理,对孕镶金刚石钻头的设计和使用非常重要。本次研究探讨了岩石物理力学性质、钻头胎体性能和钻进工艺参数等因素对孕镶金刚石钻头磨损过程和磨损机理的影响。分析表明,对钻头磨损最为显著的影响因素是岩石中的硬质颗粒导致的磨粒磨损,其次是钻头胎体与岩粉之间的粘着磨损,以及冲洗液中岩粉颗粒导致的冲蚀磨损。在此基础上,以不同硬度的钻头胎体摩擦磨损试验结果为例,探讨了钻头胎体性能及其内部硬质点对钻头磨损的影响机理。该研究成果可为科学设计与合理使用孕镶金刚石钻头提供依据。

水平定向钻进坚硬地层孕镶金刚石钻头的研究与应用

针对水平定向钻进坚硬地层效率低的问题,通过利用FeCoCu预合金胎体的硬脆性以及硬质颗粒碳化硅弱化胎体的特点,提高钻头的自锐性。采用分层结构设计,将高、低耐磨性胎体层沿钻头径向方向交替排布,其中高、低耐磨性胎体层厚度分别为2.5~3.5 mm和1.0~1.5 mm,可实现高、低耐磨性胎体层同步磨损,提高钻进效率。将FeCoCu预合金胎体和分层式胎体结构相结合,研制的孕镶金刚石钻头成功应用于水平定向钻进勘察工程坚硬钾长花岗岩地层,平均机械钻速0.8~1.5 m/h,钻头使用寿命为30~40 m。与普通同心圆尖齿钻头相比,机械钻速提高约1倍,寿命提高30%以上。

大型金刚石薄壁钻头行波振动分析及优化

针对大型金刚石薄壁钻头在钻切中出现的振动和噪声问题,用Ansys Workbench有限元软件对无开孔、开孔、开孔且夹层和安装定位轮的薄壁钻头进行模态分析,进一步用行波振动理论计算薄壁钻头共振裕度δ,分析避开行波共振的效果,研究开孔、夹层对行波振动的影响。结果表明:钻切转速为187.32 r/min时,无开孔薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为0,出现后行波共振;在无开孔薄壁钻头出现后行波共振固有模态变形大的区域开8组圆孔(每组3个)和8个S形孔,薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为5.18%,避开行波共振效果良好;开孔且夹层的薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为6.11%,避开行波共振效果最好。为提高孔的加工精度,在薄壁钻头周围安装定位轮,分析定位轮数对行波振动的影响,发现安装6个和12个定位轮的薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ分别为4.59%和4.79%,避开行波共振效果好。比较2~12个定位轮薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ,而且考虑安装方便,最后确定最佳安装定位轮数为6个。

广谱性金刚石钻头国内外研究现状及发展趋势分析

随地球浅层资源消耗殆尽,资源勘探开发不断向深部进军,所遇地层条件愈加复杂,坚硬致密地层、强研磨性地层等复杂地层条件成为深部钻探的重大阻碍。金刚石钻头广泛应用于地质资源开发,因此对金刚石钻头综合性能要求也随之提高,然而现有的金刚石钻头只能适用于某一地层,需要经常更换,因此,研发地层适用性好、钻进效率高、钻头寿命长的广谱性金刚石钻头是克服深部钻探任务的重要内容。近年来,金刚石钻头发展迅速,在结构、品类与性能等方面都得到了较大提升,同时也存在一定提升空间。本文介绍了近年来广谱性金刚石钻头的研究现状与取得的重要进展,包括钻头结构及胎体性能方面的提升及应用,随后针对现有的广谱性金刚石钻头研究成果,提出了金刚石钻头的研究难题以及未来发展方向。通过本文对广谱性金刚石钻头的发展趋势总结,揭示了金刚石钻头制作技术和应用领域的新型研究方向,对我国油气勘探及矿产资源开发领域广谱性金刚石钻头研究有一定借鉴意义。

钻探施工中孕镶金刚石钻头的适应性选择

孕镶金刚石钻头是进行地质岩心钻探必不可少的利器之一。本文总结全球3大知名公司金刚石钻头的特性及其与不同地层的对应选择关系,认为他们在钻头对地层的适应性及钻头分类方式方面较国内有一定的优势。在此基础上,针对国内目前存在的钻头胎体分类繁杂、选择困难、对地层的适应性较差的问题,本研究从钻头胎体类型、地层岩性和施工案例等3个方面,提出钻井施工中切实有效的钻头与地层对应选择方案,并研发出4种胎体配方能够满足从软岩层、中硬岩层—硬岩层、极硬岩层钻进需求,采用“字母+数字方式”对衍生的K系列、S系列钻头胎体进行标注,并在工程实践中取得良好应用效果。

绳索取心钻头在钾盐勘探的应用及优化技术——以JG-2井为例

JG-2井是中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所为进一步查明思茅盆地勐野井组钾盐资源而布置于景谷凹陷盆地的地质调查井,设计井深1800 m。全孔取心分别采用金刚石和PDC绳索取心工艺技术,施工中出现岩盐、泥岩、砂岩及泥砾岩互层频繁、反复交替,致使岩石可钻性及研磨性变化快,钻头机械钻速快-慢不均、泥包及岩心磨损严重等问题,对钻头选型带来较大的困难、影响了钻进效率。本文针对上述问题,分析总结了钻遇地层岩性特征和使用钻头类型、结构后,优选了八刀翼PDC绳索取心钻头类型、同时优化了孕镶金刚石钻头结构与钻进参数,改善泥浆流变及清洁性能,较好地解决了上述问题,提高了钻头时效及取心质量。最后终孔深度1829.44 m,终孔直径133 mm,钻获了直径≥78 mm的优质岩盐矿心,岩矿心平均采取率达到97.51%,为类似地质条件钾盐调查勘探提供一定的借鉴依据。

坚硬打滑地层钻进技术研究

打滑地层的岩石坚硬致密、研磨性弱,因其造岩矿物颗粒细、结构致密和石英含量高或硅化程度高,具有硬度大的特点,岩石可钻性为9~12级,岩石压入硬度可达5000~7000 MPa。由于在打滑地层中金刚石钻头胎体难以磨耗,金刚石不易出刃,钻进效率低,回次进尺少,是金刚石钻进工艺的一大技术难题。本文基于地层打滑的原因分析,开展了金刚石钻头的结构参数优化和钻进方法参数优化研究,探索了坚硬打滑地层钻进取心技术,并在霍邱李楼矿区四个孔的主矿层钻进中进行应用。应用效果表明,平均时效由0.35 m/h增至0.45 m/h,平均回次进尺由0.65 m增至0.88 m,分别提高29%和35%,取得了较好的应用效果。