A study on comprehensive recycling of waste diamond tools

This article puts forward a new method of recycling materials in diamond tools comprehensively and efficiently by means of analyzing and summarizing various methods of recycling waste diamond tools.After the waste diamond tools were decomposed in a mixed acid,metals contained in it went into solution in their ionic forms,while diamond and tungsten carbide particles formed into residues to be reclaimed.The amounts of metal ions in the leaching solution were adjusted according to the contents of metals in the diamond tools;then,the leaching solution was co-precipitated using oxalic acid as precipitation agent,and ammonia water was added to adjust the pH value of the oxalic acid.Under the right conditions,the comprehensive precipitation rate of metals reached above 98%.Finally,ultrafine pre-alloy powder was obtained by hydrogen reduction of oxalate.

Research progress of nickel based filler for development of diamond tools

Owing to diamond excellent physical and chemical properties,so synthetic diamond abrasives are extensively used in manufacturing diamond tools are utilized in machining hard and brittle materials.The brazing technology is exploited with strong bonding force between the diamond and substrate,which can realize metallurgical and chemical bonding between the filler metals and diamond abrasives.In this paper,the research reports on nickel-based fillers for brazing diamond grains at home and abroad in recent years are reviewed systematically,with emphasis on the influence of alloying elements and active elements on the properties of nickel-based fillers.The advantages and disadvantages of Cr,B,Si,P,Mn,Fe,Cu,W,C in nickel-based fillers and the negative effects of impurity elements were summarized.The shortcomings in the research and application of nickel-based fillers were pointed out,which provided theoretical guidance for further systematic research and development of related technologies.

A critical review on the chemical wear and wear suppression of diamond tools in diamond cutting of ferrous metals

Diamond tools play a critical role in ultra-precision machining due to their excellent physical and mechanical material properties,such as that cutting edge can be sharpened to nanoscale accuracy.However,abrasive chemical reactions between diamond and non-diamond-machinable metal elements,including Fe,Cr,Ti,Ni,etc,can cause excessive tool wear in diamond cutting of such metals and most of their alloys.This paper reviews the latest achievements in the chemical wear and wear suppression methods for diamond tools in cutting of ferrous metals.The focus will be on the wear mechanism of diamond tools,and the typical wear reduction methods for diamond cutting of ferrous metals,including ultrasonic vibration cutting,cryogenic cutting,surface nitridation and plasma assisted cutting,etc.Relevant commercially available devices are introduced as well.Furthermore,future research trends in diamond tool wear suppression are discussed and examined.

An Indentation Method for Nanoprecision Measurement of Diamond Tool Edge Radius

In ductile mode cutting of brittle materials using di amond tools, such as ductile cutting of silicon and quartz for wafer fabrication , one of the key conditions for achieving ductile chip formation is to get the r ight ratio of tool cutting edge radius to the undeformed chip thickness. It has been shown that the undeformed chip thickness has to be in the order of nanomete rs and that the tool cutting edge radius has to be smaller than the undeformed c hip thickness. Therefore, nanoprecision measurement of diamond cutting tools has become a key issue for ductile mode cutting of brittle materials. In this paper , a non-destructive nanoprecision measurement method for diamond tool cutting e dge radius is presented. The basis of the method is that the exact profile of th e tool cutting edge can be perfectly copied by indenting the tool cutting edge o n the surface of a rigid-perfect plastic material, and that the copy of the pro file can be measured at nanoprecision level. Ideally, the first aspect of th e method is to make a perfect copy of the tool cutting edge profile by indentati on on the surface of a rigid-perfect plastic material which has no elastic spri ng back, so that a true copy of the tool cutting edge is maintained for subseque nt measurement. Since no rigid-perfect plastic material can be found in realit y, actual materials of rigid-elastic-plastic nature have to be used for the in dentation in the measurement method, and the material elastic error compensation coefficients have to be determined to cancel out the effect of elastic spring b ack. For the minimization of error compensation, criteria for the selection of t he optimal materials for the indentation measurement are found to be: 1) high ri gidity and high density, 2) large Young’s elastic modulus, and 3) low yield strength. One of such materials identified is copper. The second aspect of the method is to measure the radius of the indented profile on the surface of the ma terial. This can be achieved by using an atomic force microscope (AFM), and in t his paper the results for measurement of diamond tool edge radii of nanometer sc ales by indentation on a copper material are presented. The elastic error compen sation coefficient for the copper material is determined through the indentation of a tungsten carbide tool edge on the copper surface. By comparing the actual tool edge radius measured using SEM on the sectional view of the tungsten carbid e tool with the one measured from the copied profile of the tool edge on the cop per surface, the coefficient is obtained. Analysis is given for the accuracy of the proposed method, showing that as far as the elastic compensation coefficient is consistent with the material used for the indentation measurement, the only source of errors with the measurement will come from the device for measuring th e indented profile on the surface of the solid, in this case it will come from t he AFM which measures on the sub-nanometer scales.

Electroplating of diamond tools under economic and environmental care aspects

0 Introduction Economy and the protection of the environment are important topics.We are competent to talk about these topics.Due to the expanding areas of application for highprecision and electroplated diamond tools with reproducible quality and long life,of course the aspects of economy and environmental protection gain increasing significance.In this lecture we will explain and show that economical aspects and environmental aspects in diamond electro-plating do not contradict,but rather complement each other.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL FOR ULTRAPRECISION TURNING ALUMINIUM ALLOY WITH A SINGLE CRYSTAL DIAMOND TOOL

A surface roughness model utilizing regression analysis method is developed for predicting roughness of ultraprecision machined surface with a single crystal diamond tool. The effects of the main variables,such as cutting speed,feed,and depth of cut on surface roughness are also analyzed in diamond turning aluminum alloy. In order to predict and control the surface roughness before ultraprecision machining,constrained variable metric method is used to select the optimum cutting conditions during process planning. A lot of experimental results show that the model can predict the surface roughness effectively under a certain cutting conditions .

Effects of rare earth element lanthanum on the microstructure of copper matrix diamond tool materials

Effects of rare earth element La on the microstructure of Cu matrix diamond tools were researched under the conditions of various materials componentsand the process parameters in order to improve materials properties. SEM, XPS and X-ray were used to investigate the fracture section, microstructure and the element valence in materials. The results shown that the combination of rare earth element La and transition element Ti is advantageous to the bonding state between diamond particles and matrix, so it can improve the materials properties. Suitable sintering temperature is 790℃.

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation on Interfacial Carbon Diffusion of Diamond Tool and Ferrous Metals

We numerically simulated and experimentally studied the interfacialcarbon diffusion between diamond tooland workpiece materials.A diffusion modelwith respect to carbon atoms of diamond toolpenetrating into chips and machined surface was established.The numericalsimulation results of the diffusion process revealthat the distribution laws of carbon atoms concentration have a close relationship with the diffusion distance,the diffusion time,and the originalcarbon concentration of the work material.In addition,diamond face cutting tests of die steels with different carbon content are conducted at different depth of cuts and feed rates to verify the previous simulation results.The micro-morphology of the chips is detected by scanning electron microscopy.Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was proposed to investigate the change in carbon content of the chips surface.The experimentalresults of this work are of benefit to a better understanding on the diffusion wear mechanism in single crystaldiamond cutting of ferrous metals.Moreover,the experimentalresults show that the diffusion wear of diamond could be reduced markedly by applying ultrasonic vibration to the cutting toolcompared with conventionalturning.

Properties of diamond tool binders with fine carbonyl Ni powder additions

Fine Ni powder is often added to Co and bronze-based metal binder powders for diamond tool segments.Ni is a lower cost substitute for extra-fine Co powder and increases the toughness of Co-Fe diamond binders at the expense of lower hardness and bend strength.In bronze-based diamond binder segments,Ni increases hardness and yield strength.Several grades of Ni powder are used commercially with both Co and bronze-based diamond binders.This paper compares properties of diamond binders containing carbonyl Ni powders including standard Inco(?) T255,T123 PM and T 110 PM.Binder materials were made by ball milling or dry mixing of the fine carbonyl Ni and Fe powders with either XF Co or air atomized bronze(90/10 Cu/Sn) powders.Co-based powder blends were hot pressed at 20～35 MPa and 700℃to 900℃.Bronze-based powder blends were cold pressed and sintered at 840℃.Apparent density,apparent hardness and bend strength(TRS) were compared for different binder compositions and processing conditions.

Wear characteristics of Ⅴ shape diamond tool for micro prism pattern with Al alloys

The ultra-precision machining process using a single crystal diamond tool has been mainly used for machining molds of optical components.Since the micro patterns of various shapes having excellent surface roughness can be machined by using ultra-precision machine tools,the micro pattern on a large light guide plate (LGP) is mainly machined using a diamond tool.The tool wear occurs due to long machining distances and time while machining a large-area LGP mold.The deformation and dimensional error of micro pattern are caused by tool wear,as a result,the light efficiency of LGP declines.The characteristics of tool wear should be analyzed in order to precisely machine large-area LGP mold from all sorts of materials.The experiments were performed in order to compare wear characteristics of a V90° diamond tool using Al3003,5052,6061 and 7075.The prism pattern of depth 10 μm was machined in order to analyze characteristics of tool wear according to machining distances (0.5,1 and 1.5 km).The effects of tool wear on pattern shape were analyzed by applying overlapped cutting depths (Rough machining is (10+8+7) μm and Finish machining is (5+3+2+1) μm) by continuously machining a prism pattern of W shape of 25 μm in depth.

High temperature brazing of diamond tools

A new brazing technique of diamond was developed. Using this new technique optimum chemical and metallurgical bonding between the diamond grits and the carbon steel can be achieved without any thermal damages to diamond grits. The results of microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that a carbide layer exists between the diamond and the matrix, which consists of Cr3C2, Cr7C3 and Cr23C6. Performance tests show that the brazed diamond core-drill has excellent machining performance. In comparison with traditional electroplated diamond core-drill, the brazed diamond core-drill manufactured using the new developed technique has much higher machining efficiency and much longer operating life.

New Nanocrystalline Matrix Materials for Sintered Diamond Tools

The work presents the possibility of substitution of expensive, wear resistant Co-WC powders, that have been traditionally used in the production of sintered diamond tools, with cheap iron-base counterparts manufactured by ball milling. It has been shown that ball-milled Fe-Ni-Cu-Sn-C powders can be consolidated to a virtually pore-free condition by hot pressing at 900 ℃. The as-consolidated material has nanocrystalline structure and is characterised by a combination of high hardness, mechanical strength and excellent resistance to abrasion. Its properties can be widely modified by changing the milling conditions.

CURING PROCESS OF PHOTOPOLYMER RESIN BOND DIAMOND TOOLS

Analytical simulation and corresponding proof-test are adopted to study the principle of the curing process of photopolymer resin diamond tools. The influence of the diamond as abrasives in photopolymer resin owing to the absorptivity of the diamond for the UV light on the photopolymer resin curing process is discussed. Based on the above, a kind of diamond tool—dicing blade is selected to analyze the curing process of photopolymer bond diamond tools. An analytical model of curing process is developed and a correlation curve between the depth of polymerization of the photopolymer resin diamond tools and the exposure time to represent the curing process of photopolymer bond dicing blade. A test is done to proof-test the validity of the analytical model and the correlation curve. The simulated data fit the experimental results, which demonstrates the analytical models and numerical algorithm are of high reliability. The analytical simulation method could possibly be used to optimize the curing cycle and improve the quality of the photopolymers resin bond diamond tools.

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace,national defense,energy and precision physical experiments.However,the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools.In this paper,an elliptical vibration cutting(EVC)with active cutting edge shift(ACES)based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultraprecision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool.Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge,the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed.Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted.The evolutions of the surface roughness,surface topography,and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed.The reasonable parameters of ultraprecision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined.It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography.The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge,so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed.A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter φ240 mm,height 122 mm,and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method,and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2μm and Ra less than 50 nm,respectively.

Tool Wear and Its Effect on Surface Roughness in Diamond Cutting of Glass Soda-lime

For the technology of diamond cutting of optical glass, the high tool wear rate is a main reason for hindering the practical application of this technology. Many researches on diamond tool wear in glass cutting rest on wear phenomenon describing simply without analyzing the genesis of wear phenomenon and interpreting the formation process of tool wear in mechanics. For in depth understanding of the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, experiments of diamond turning with cutting distance increasing gradually are carried out on soda-lime glass. The wear morphology of rake face and flank face, the corresponding surface features of workpiece and the surface roughness, and the material compositions of flank wear area are detected. Experimental results indicate that the flank wear is predominant in diamond cutting glass and the flank wear land is characterized by micro-grooves, some smooth crater on the rake face is also seen. The surface roughness begins to increase rapidly, when the cutting mode changes from ductile to brittle for the aggravation of tool wear with the cutting distance over 150 m. The main mechanisms of inducing tool wear in diamond cutting of glass are diffusion, mechanical friction, thermo-chemical action and abrasive wear. The proposed research makes analysis and research from wear mechanism on the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, and provides theoretical basis for minimizing the tool wear in diamond cutting brittle materials, such as optical glass.

Cutting force and its frequency spectrum characteristics in high speed milling of titanium alloy with a polycrystalline diamond tool

In this paper, a series of experiments were performed by high speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) by use of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools. The characteristics of high speed machining (HSM) dynamic milling forces were investi- gated. The effects of the parameters of the process, i.e., cutting speed, feed per tooth, and depth of axial cut, on cutting forces were studied. The cutting force signals under different cutting speed conditions and different cutting tool wear stages were analyzed by frequency spectrum analysis. The trend and frequency domain aspects of the dynamic forces were evaluated and discussed. The results indicate that a characteristic frequency in cutting force power spectrum does in fact exist. The amplitudes increase with the increase of cutting speed and tool wear level, which could be applied to the monitoring of the cutting process.

Simulation and experiment analysis on thermal deformation of tool system in single-point diamond turning of aluminum alloy

The aim of this work is to simulate thermal deformation of tool system and investigate the influence of cutting parameters on it in single-point diamond turning(SPDT) of aluminum alloy. The experiments with various cutting parameters were conducted. Cutting temperature was measured by FLIR A315 infrared thermal imager. Tool wear was measured by scanning electron microscope(SEM). The numerical model of heat flux considering tool wear generated in cutting zone was established. Then two-step finite element method(FEM) simulations matching the experimental conditions were carried out to simulate the thermal deformation. In addition, the tests of deformation of tool system were performed to verify previous simulation results. And then the influence of cutting parameters on thermal deformation was investigated. The results show that the temperature and thermal deformation from simulations agree well with the results from experiments in the same conditions. The maximum thermal deformation of tool reaches to 7 μm. The average flank wear width and cutting speed are the dominant factors affecting thermal deformation, and the effective way to decrease the thermal deformation of tool is to control the tool wear and the cutting speed.

STUDY ON COATING MECHANISM OF DIAMOND FILM ON CUTTING TOOL AND ITS APPLICATION

The deposition mechanism of diamond film on cutting tools and the state of the interface between film and substrate are studied theoretically and experimentally. Methods for controlling diamond crystalline state and improving adhesion of diamond films to substrates are proposed to improve the quality of diamond-coated tools. Experiments are performed by cutting Al-Si18% alloy and SiCp/Al composite with diamond coated tool. The results indicate that the life of coated tools is 90 times higher than that of non-coated tools. Wear mechanism of diamond-coated tools is also studied.

TOOL FORCE MODEL FOR DIAMOND TURNING

A new tool force model to be presented is based upon process geometry and the characteristics of the force system,in which the forces acting on the tool rake face,the cutting edge rounding and the clearance face have been considered,and the size effect is accountable for the new model.It is desired that the model can be well applicable to conventional diamond turning and the model may be employed as a tool in the design of diamond tools.This approach is quite different from traditional investigations primarily based on empirical studies.As the depth of cut becomes the same order as the rounded cutting edge radius,sliding along the clearance face due to elastic recovery of workpiece material and plowing due to the rounded cutting edge may become important in micro-machining,the forces acting on the cutting edge rounding and the clearance face can not be neglected.For this reason,it is very important to understand the influence of some parameters on tool forces and develop a model of the relationship between them.

A new method for deburring of servo valve core edge based on ultraprecision cutting with the designed monocrystalline diamond tool

Deburring of high-precision components to their micrometer features without any damage is very important but of great difficulty as the burr-to-functionality size ratio increases. To this end, this paper proposes a new deburring method in which the micro burr should be directly removed based on ultraprecision cutting with the designed monocrystalline diamond tool. To determine the feasibility of the proposed method, this paper applies it for deburring of the precision working edge of the servo valve core. Firstly, the monocrystalline diamond tool is carefully designed by covering a variety of topics like rake angle,clearance angle, edge radius. Then, the finite element(FE) simulation was conducted to characterize the deburring performance during the removal of the micro burr produced by the single abrasive grinding. Finally, an innovative self-designed deburring system was introduced and the deburring process was evaluated in terms of cutting forces, temperatures, tool wear mechanisms and deburring quality of the working edges by experiments. The FE simulation results indicate the suitability of the proposed deburring method. Meanwhile, the experimental findings agree well with simulation results and show that ultraprecision cutting with the specialized monocrystalline diamond tool could be successfully used for deburring of servo valve core edge without any damage. This work can provide technical guidance for similar engineering applications, and thus brings an increase to the machining efficiency for the manufacture of precision components.