Application of Hydrothermal Diamond Anvil Cell to Homogenization Experiments of Silicate Melt Inclusions

The homogenization of silicate melt inclusions （SMIs）,small droplets of silicate melt trapped in magmatic minerals,is an important component of petrogenetic and magmatic research.Conventional homogenization experiments on SMIs use microscope-mounted heating stages capable of producing high temperatures at 1 atm and cold-seal high-pressure vessels.Heating stages are generally used for SMIs with low internal pressures and allow in situ observations of the homogenization processes.In contrast,cold-seal high-pressure vessels are generally used to heat SMIs that have high internal pressures,although the homogenized SMIs can only be observed after quenching in this approach.Here we outline an alternative approach that uses a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell （HDAC） apparatus to homogenize SMIs.This is the only current method wherein phase changes in high-internal-pressure SMIs can be observed in situ during homogenization experiments,which represents an advantage over other conventional methods.Using an HDAC apparatus prevents high-internal-pressure SMIs from decrepitating during heating by elevating their external pressure,in addition to allowing in situ observations of SMIs.The type-V HDAC that is currently being used has a shorter distance between the sample chamber and the observation window than earlier types,potentially enabling continuous observation of the processes involved in heating and SMI homogenization through an objective lens with a long working distance.Homogenization experiments using HDAC require that a number of steps,including HDAC preparation,sample preparation,sample loading,preheating,and formal heating,be carefully followed.Homogenization experiments on SMIs within granite samples from the Jiajika pegmatite deposit （Sichuan,China） are best performed using an HDAC-based approach,because the elevated proper external pressure of these SMIs,combined with a short heating duration,helps to suppress material leakage and any reactions within the SMIs,in addition to allowing in situ observations during homogenization experiments.Furthermore,using the HDAC approach has other benefits：heating rates can be precisely controlled,wafer oxidization can be prevented,and samples can be subjected to in situ microbeam analysis.In summary,homogenization using HDAC provides more reliable results than those obtained using conventional heating equipment.Future developments will include improvements to the quenching method and temperature controls for the HDAC apparatus,thereby improving the utility of this approach for SMI homogenization experiments.

An X-Ray Diffraction Study of an Inclusion in Diamond from the Luobusha Chromite Deposit in Tibet,China

Diamond was found in podiform chromitites of ophiolite and harzburgite from Luobusha, Tibet. There are silicate inclusions in some diamond grains from this area. In the present work, the CCD (charge coupled detector) technology of X-ray powder diffraction was applied to the study of the inclusion in diamond from the ophiolite of Tibet. Diffraction patterns are obtained even though the inclusion is only 20 μm in crystal size. The results show that the inclusion in diamond consists of talc and clinochrysotile. Therefore, it is clear that the diamond from the ophiolite of Luobusha, Tibet, is natural diamond rather than a synthetic one.

Origin of the Yueguang gold deposit in Xinhua, Hunan Province, South China: insights from fl uid inclusion and hydrogen–oxygen stable isotope analysis

The Yueguang gold deposit is located in Fengjia,Xinhua County,Hunan Province,South China.It represents a recently discovered small-scale gold deposit situated in the southwestern region of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt,west of the Baimashan granitic batholith.In order to discern the characteristics of the ore-formingfluids,the underlying mineralization processes,and establish a foundation for the origin of the Yueguang gold depositfluid inclusion micro-thermometry,as well as quartz hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis,have been carried out on samples obtained from various stages of mineralization.The hydrothermal miner-alization stages within the Yueguang gold deposit can be categorized into three stages:(i)the barren,pre-ore quartz-pyrite stage(Stage Ⅰ),the quartz-pyrite-gold stage(Stage Ⅱ),and the post-ore quartz-carbonate stage(Stage Ⅲ),with the second stage being the main mineralization stage.Thefluid inclusions identified in samples from the main min-eralization stage can predominantly be described with the NaCl–H_(2)O and CO_(2)–NaCl–H_(2)O systems.These inclusions display homogenization temperatures ranging from 158.8 to 334.9℃,and thefluid salinity ranges from 0.3%to 4.0%(wt.%NaCl equiv.).Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis of individual inclusions further reveals the presence of gas-phases such as CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2).Isotopic analysis indicatesδ^(18)Ofluid values ranging from 3.95 to 6.7‰ and δDH_(2)O values ranging from-71.9 to-55.7‰.These results indi-cate that the ore-formingfluid of the Yueguang gold deposit belongs to metamorphic hydrothermalfluids of middle-low temperature and low salinity.In the process of ore formation,gold is transported in the form of Au(HS)2-complexes,with gold deposition being driven byfluid immiscibility.Therefore,the Yueguang gold deposit is categorized as an orogenic gold deposit dominated by metamorphic hydrother-malfluid.It may become a new target for gold exploration in the Baimashan region,central Hunan Province.

Thermobarometry of Inclusions: Implications to the Structure of Lithospheric Mantle and Evolution in Time and Diamond Formation

Thermobarometric calculations for mineral diamond inclusions and associations(DIA)provide a systematic comparison of PTXFO2 conditions for different cratons worldwide,using a database of 4440 mineral EPMA analyses(Ashchepkov et al.,2021).

Entrapment of Inclusions in Diamond Crystals Grown from Fe-Ni-C System

Diamond single crystals grown from Fe-Ni-C system at high temperature-high pressure (HPHT) usually contain inclusions related to the metallic catalyst. During the diamond growth, the metallic inclusions are trapped by the growth front or are formed through reaction between the contaminants trapped in the diamond. In the present paper, the metallic inclusions related to the catalyst were systematically examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition and crystal structure of the metallic inclusions were for the first time determined by selected area electron diffraction pattern (SADP) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). It is shown that the inclusions are mainly composed of orthorhombic FeSi2, fcc (FeNi)23C6, and orthorhombic Fe3C, hexagonal Ni3C.

Inclusions in large diamond single crystals at different temperatures of synthesis

The inclusions in large diamond single crystals have effects on its ultimate performance, which restricts its industrial applications to a great extent. Therefore, it is necessary to study the inclusions systematically. In this paper, large diamond single crystals with different content values of inclusions are synthesized along the(100) surface by the temperature gradient method(TGM) under 5.6 GPa at different temperatures. With the synthetic temperature changing from 1200?C to 1270?C,the shapes of diamonds change from plate to low tower, to high tower, even to steeple. From the microscopic photographs of the diamond samples, it can be observed that with the shapes of the samples changing at different temperatures, the content values of inclusions in diamonds become zero, a little, much and most, correspondingly. Consequently, with the temperature growing from low to high, the content values of inclusions in crystals increase. The origin of inclusions is explained by the difference in growth rate between diamond crystal and its surface. The content values of inclusions in diamond samples are quantitatively calculated by testing the densities of diamond samples. And the composition and inclusion content are analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and x-ray diffraction(XRD). From contrasting scanning electron microscopy(SEM) photographs, it can be found that the more the inclusions in diamond, the more imperfect the diamond surface is.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL INCLUSIONS OF DIAMONDS FROM HUNAN

Recently mineral inclusions and diamonds containing these inclusions are divided into three suites: the peridotite, the eclogite and the late crystallizing megacryst suites by ways of the mineralogical and chemical composition, and the isotopic characteristic of inclusions of diamonds. Since the 1960s some odd investigations about the mineral inclusions of diamonds were carried out in China. This is the first re-

Large single crystal diamond grown in FeNiMnCo-S-C system under high pressure and high temperature conditions

Large diamonds have successfully been synthesized from FeNiMnCo-S-C system at temperatures of 1255-1393 ℃and pressures of 5.3-5.5 GPa.Because of the presence of sulfur additive,the morphology and color of the large diamond crystals change obviously.The content and shape of inclusions change with increasing sulfur additive.It is found that the pressure and temperature conditions required for the synthesis decrease to some extent with the increase of S additive,which results in left down of the V-shape region.The Raman spectra show that the introduction of additive sulfur reduces the quality of the large diamond crystals.The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） spectra show the presence of S in the diamonds.Furthermore,the electrical properties of the large diamond crystals are tested by a four-point probe and the Hall effect method.When sulfur in the cell of diamond is up to 4.0 wt.%,the resistance of the diamond is 9.628×105 Ω·cm.It is shown that the large single crystal samples are n type semiconductors.This work is helpful for the further research and application of sulfur-doped semiconductor large diamond.

Synthesis of industrial diamonds using FeNi alloy powder as catalyst

Synthesis of diamond single crystals in Fe80Ni20 C system was carried out in a cubic anvil high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus. This paper reports that the surface morphology and inclusion distribution of the grown diamonds had been observed. It finds that the inclusions in cubic and octahedral diamonds radiated along certain crystal orientation, while the inclusion distribution in cubo-octahedral diamond seemed independent of crystal orientation. By using scanning electron microscope, the surface morphology of the three shapes of diamonds was observed. The results of Mossbauer spectrum indicated that there were iron-inclusions FeaC and Fe-Ni alloy in the diamonds. According to the Fe-C phase diagram, FeaC should have formed during the quenching process. Nickel might have an inhibitory effect on the formation of Fe3C.

FIRST DISCOVERY OF HIGH-POTASSIUM AND HIGH-CHLORINE INCLUSIONS IN DIAMOND

Inclusion investigation of diamond involves some important problems concerning the genesis of diamond and the evolution of the mantle. Previously, inclusion minerals found in diamonds were divided into two suites: the periolotite suite and the eclogite suite. In recent years people have discovered successivdy the MARID （Mice-Amphibole-Rutil-Ilmanite-Diopside） suite and the megacryst suite. Recently, Navon et al. and Ozima et al. have reported fiquid inclusions rich in K, CO2 and H2O.

Study of Fluid Inclusions in Diamonds

The study of inclusions wrapped in diamonds concerns some important problemssuch as the formation of diamond and the characteristics and evolution of mantlelithosphere. Former workers divided solid diamond inclusions into two groups:theperidotitic type(P-type) and the eclogite type (E-type). Recently, MARID megacrystgroups, complex assemblage inclusions, salt, high potassic and chloric inclusionsare successively found in diamonds. Navon et al. (1988) and Menzies (1988)

The FirstDiscovery of High-copper and High-chlorine Inclusions in Diamond

We have found high-copper and high-chlorine inclusions in many species of diamond, following the discovery of silvine inclusions and salt inclusions in diamonds. The diamonds bearing high-copper and high-chlorine inclusions occurred in Liaoning, Shandong and Hunan provinces. They are mainly of type-Ia and a few samples are of type-Ⅱ and transitional type. The diamonds take the form of octahedral and

Discovery of Salt Inclusions in Diamond

We have found salt crystal inclusions in many diamonds after the discovery of highpotassium and high-chlorine inclusions in diamonds. Diamonds reported in this note occurred in Shengli No. 1 Rock Pipe in Shandong Province. The samples were selected from the product of Mine 701. The diamond takes a perfect rhombic dodecahedral crystal shape with a light brown color. Ultraviolet absorption spectrum data show that the diamond be-

Composition of Hydrocarbons in Diamonds, Garnet, and Olivine from Diamondiferous Peridotites from the Udachnaya Pipe in Yakutia, Russia

Volatile components in diamonds, associated garnet (pyrope), and olivine from two extremely rare xenoliths of diamondiferous peridotites recovered from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe in Yakutia, Russia, were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) using a Focus DSQ II Series Single Quadrupole GC–MS (Thermo Scientific, USA). These xenoliths are pyrope lherzolite and pyrope dunite based upon compositions of coexisting minerals. Unlike the pyrope lherzolite, which contained pyrope with moderate calcium (Ca)-component content (about 15 mol%), the dunite contained subcalcic chromium (Cr)-pyrope with low Ca-component content (less than 10 mol%). All investigated minerals contained dominating hydrocarbons and their derivatives represented by aliphatic (paraffins, olefins), cyclic (naphthenes, arenes), oxygenated (alcohols, ethers), and heterocyclic (dioxanes, furans) hydrocarbons;nitrogenated, chlorinated, and sulfonated compounds;carbon dioxide (CO2);and water (H2O). The relative concentration (rel%) of total hydrocarbon was 79.7 rel% for diamonds, 69.1 rel% for garnet, and 92.6 rel% for olivine, with a general amount of components ranging from 161 to 206. New data on volatiles in diamonds, associated garnet, and olivine suggest the presence of a wide spectrum of hydrocarbons along with nitrogen (N2), CO2, and H2O in some upper mantle areas.

湘东北万古金矿田江东金矿床成因——流体包裹体和H-O同位素制约

万古地区金矿床成矿流体的性质、来源和演化以及矿床成因类型尚存在争议。本次选择万古地区的江东金矿床,系统开展了不同阶段石英的SEM-CL分析、流体包裹体显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析以及H-O同位素测试。流体包裹体测试结果表明,成矿流体由中温、中—低盐度的H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)体系逐渐演化为中—低温、中—低盐度的H_(2)O-NaCl体系。H-O同位素测试结果表明:岩浆流体是主要的成矿流体来源,可能来源于燕山期的岩浆活动。金在成矿流体中主要以Au(HS)^(-)_(2)形式运移,流体不混溶作用和水—岩反应可能是金沉淀的主要机制。综合江东金矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征和H-O同位素研究结果,认为其属于与岩浆活动有关的岩浆热液型金矿床。

基于TOPSIS熵权法的湖南省茶产业综合竞争力评价及对比研究

分析了湖南省茶产业的发展现状,基于钻石模型理论从六大要素构建湖南省茶产业竞争力评价指标体系,并运用熵权TOPSIS模型对湖南省茶产业竞争力进行评价与对比,利用聚类分析法对全国16个省市的茶产业竞争力进行实证分析,并有针对性地提出提升湖南省茶产业竞争力的对策及建议。

EPR STUDY OF ATOM PAIRS OF IMPURITY NITROGEN IN NATURAL DIAMOND

Nitrogen is a major impurity in diamond. Its content and existing form always arrest widespread attention. L.A. Shulman and G. A. Podziarey established existence of the nitrogen atom pair (s=1)in synthetic polycrystalline diamonds. An EPR spectrum of the pairs consists of two satellite lines a, situated at distance L = 16±0.5 G from central line of isolated nitrogen spectrum (H 11[100]) (Fig. 1(a)). Re-

我国科研人员发现2种新矿物——“氟碳钙钕矿”“菊兴铜矿”

8月16日,记者从中国地质调查局获悉,由我国科研人员发现、命名并申报的新矿物“氟碳钙钕矿”和“菊兴铜矿”分别获得国际矿物学协会—新矿物命名及分类委员会批准通过。氟碳钙钕矿发现于内蒙古白云鄂博矿。内蒙古白云鄂博矿是世界最大的稀土矿床,也是我国矿物资源的宝库,迄今已发现210余种矿物,在我国新矿物发现地中占据首要位置。此次发现的氟碳钙钕矿是在该矿床发现的第21种新矿物。

工艺参数对高温高压合成Ⅱa型培育钻石的影响

针对国内采用六面顶压机利用高温高压法合成Ⅱa型培育钻石存在成核晶种粒数少、优晶占比小、生长缺陷多等问题,对合成前期和合成结束后的工艺参数曲线进行了优化。通过调控合成腔体内部的压力和温度,使其在合成腔体中的生长环境稳定,从而提高晶种形核生长数和优晶率。结果表明,最优工艺方案为:培育钻石生长阶段的前20h,在低温高压环境下缓慢升温并采取一段时间的保温措施,然后恒功率升温至设定温度,在高温高压下生长3d;在合成结束的2h内,采取分阶段带加热功率低速卸压,能够有效控制裂纹、金属包裹体等缺陷的产生,提高合成晶体品质。最终晶种形核生长数为25颗,优晶占比为92%。

湖南省县域数字普惠金融对粮食生产碳排放的影响

基于2016—2020年北京大学数字普惠金融指数,采用系统GMM模型,实证检验数字普惠金融对县域粮食生产碳排放的影响。研究发现,数字普惠金融可以有效降低粮食生产碳排放强度,运用面板分位数回归进行估计,分析结果通过稳健性检验、异质性检验发现,数字普惠金融覆盖广度、使用深度、数字化程度均对粮食生产碳排放具有负向影响,其中覆盖广度的影响最为显著。