Effect of temperature on dielectric property and microwave heating behavior of low grade Panzhihua ilmenite ore

The permittivity of low grade Panzhuhua ilmenite ore at 2.45 GHz in the temperatures from 20 ℃ up to 100 ℃ was measured using the technology of open-ended coaxial sensor combined with theoretical computation. The results show that both the real （ε′） and imaginary （ε′） part of complex permittivity （ε′-jε′） of the ilmenite significantly increase with temperature. The loss tangent （tanδ） is a quadratic function of temperature, and the penetration depth of ilmenite decreases with temperature increase from 20 ℃to 100 ℃ The increase of the sample temperature under microwave radiation displays a nonlinear relationship between the temperature （T） and microwave heating time （t）. The positive feedback interaction between complex permittivity and sample temperature amplifies the interaction between ilmenite and the microwave radiation. The optimum dimensions for uniform heat deposition vary from 10 cm to 5 cm （about two power penetration depths） in a sample being irradiated from both sides in a 2.45 GHz microwave field when temperature increases from room temperature to 100 ℃

Study on Microwave Dielectric Property of Carbon Black and Short Carbon Fibers

Carbon black and carbon fibers of different lengths were introduced in different matrices at different ratios to explore their microwave dielectric properties under 8.2 GHz-12.4 GHz. It is found that the actual dielectric constants of the samples containing carbon black are in a two-order function of the contents of carbon black （ε＇, ε＂=Av2＋Bv＋C） and the complex dielectric constants show an obvious frequency response. Of the added fibers of different lengths, the 4 mm-long one could well disperse in the matrices having not only good frequency response, but also larger real parts, imaginary parts and loss values. The imaginary parts and the loss values （tanδ）of the samples with 4 mm-long carbon fibers added increase linearly with the contents of fiber increasing. So it is practicable to adjust the dielectric parameters of the material in a wide range by changing the added amount of carbon black, and the carbon fiber or altering the lengths of the carbon fiber added.

Investigation on dependence of BiFeO_3 dielectric property on oxygen content

The influence of oxygen content on the dielectric property of BiFeO3 ceramics is studied by experiment and firstprinciples calculation. The experimental result demonstrates that the dielectric constant of BiFeO3 is strongly dependent on introduced oxygen and oxygen vacancies. By comparison with BiFeO3, the introduced oxygen and oxygen vacancies can lead to a reduction in dielectric constant of BiFeO5 at a lower frequency. The first-principles calculation also shows a similar result when photon energy is in a range of 2.0-4.1 eV. A likely explanation is that this oxygen content dependence may be ascribed to the distortion of Fe-O octahedron structure due to oxygen vacancies or excess oxygen ions in the crystal structure of BiFeO3.

Effects of HfO_2 buffer layers on the dielectric property and leakage current of Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)TiO_3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 （BST） thin films with and without HfO 2 buffer layer were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Dependences of HfO 2 thickness on the dielectric property and leakage current of BST thin films were focused. The dielectric constant of BST thin films increased and then decreased with the increase of HfO 2 thickness, while the dielectric relaxation was gradually improved. The loss tangent and leakage current under positive bias decreased with the HfO 2 thickness increasing. The leakage current analysis based on the Schottky emission indicated an improvement of the BST/Pt interface with HfO 2 buffer layer. The loss tangent, tunability and figure of merit of optimized HfO 2 buffered BST thin film achieved 0.009 8, 21.91% （E max = 200 kV/cm）, 22.40 at 10 6 Hz, respectively.

Synthesis, Structure and Dielectric Property of Ba_(1- x)Sr_xZr_yTi_(1- y)O_3

A sieres of Ba 1- x Sr x Zr y Ti 1- y O 3(0≤ x ≤0.4, 0< y <0.3) solid solutions was synthesized by soft chemical method below 100 ℃. The XRD and cell parameters component figures of the series of the solid solutions powder demonstrate that the compounds are mutually miscible in the solid solutions. Furthermore, the observation through a TEM showed that the product has a shape of uniform, substantially spherical particles with an average particle size of 60 nm in diameter. The result of prepared ceramics shows that after being adulterated with Sr 2+ and Zr 4+ in pure BaTiO 3 phase, the dielectric constant was increased eight times at room temperature, while the dielectric loss was decreased three times.

Broad Microwave Dielectric Property of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Composites

Microwave dielectric measurements over the broad bandwith of 10 MHz to 20 GHz were conducted on composites comprising bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNT） embedded in an epoxy matrix, in comparison to the nano-graphite and MWNT. It is found that both relative real and imaginary permittivity of the nanocomposites are strong functions of the SWNT concentration, showing large, wide dielectric and electrical response. Distinct resonance around 1.5 GHz is observed at high SWNT concentrations, accompa- nied by the downshift of the resonance frequency with increasing concentration. Largely, the SWNT-epoxy composites share the behavior of the MWNT owing to structural similarity, much more effective than the nano-graphite. The remarkable, broadband dielectric and electrical properties of the nanotubes acquired in the work originate from their unique seamless graphene architectures, modeled by two major contributions, dielectric relaxation/resonance and electronic conduction, which is substantiated by the agreement between theoretical analysis and experimental results. The carbon nanotube composites are prospective for microwave applications and offer experimental evidence for fundamental studies in low-dimensional systems.

Electrical conductivity and dielectric property of fly ash geopolymer pastes

The electrical conductivity and dielectric property of fly ash geopolymer pastes in a frequency range of 100 Hz-10 MHz were studied.The effects of the liquid alkali solution to ash ratios（L/A） were analyzed.The mineralogical compositions and microstructures of fly ash geopolymer materials were also investigated using X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.The 10 mol sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution at a sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio of 1.0 were used in making geopolymer pastes.The pastes were cured at 40℃.It is found that the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant are dependent on the frequency range and L/A ratios.The conductivity increases but the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency.

Preparation, Characterization and Dielectric Property of Sr_5LaTi_3Nb_7O_(30) Ceramic

Sr-5LaTi-3Nb-7O- 30 ceramic was prepared by the conventional high temperature solid-state reaction route. The sintered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric measurements.The results show Sr-5LaTi-3Nb-7O- 30 belongs to paraelectric phase of filled tetragonal TB structure at room temperature, and undergoes a diffuse phase transition in the temperature range of -54-34 ℃.And Sr-5LaTi-3Nb-7O- 30 ceramic shows a high dielectric constant of 479 with a low dielectric loss of 0.005 at 1MHz. In comparison with Ba-based ceramics with TB structure, the temperature coefficients of the dielectric constant (τ-ε) is significantly reduced.

Tailoring charge affinity,dielectric property,and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti_(2)NbO_(7)nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance

Transparent,flexible,and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development.However,low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed.Tunable electronic band diagram(EBD)through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output,requiring fundamental,in depth understanding.Herein,we employed the high quality,single crystal-like Ti_(2)NbO_(7)nanosheets(NSs)with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose(BC)-based TENG.Several techniques including X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis)absorption,energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy(SRXTM)were applied to characterize the long-range structure,microstructure,optical properties,elemental composition,and three-dimensional(3D)distribution of components in the composites.The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.%Ti_(2)NbO_(7)NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose,contained well-dispersed nanosheets,reduced optical band gap(4.20 vs.5.75 eV for BC),and increased surface roughness.The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content.Adding negatively-charged Ti_(2)NbO_(7)NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al.It is found that adding 5 vol.%NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs(~36 V and~8.8μA),which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC,even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series.Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti_(2)NbO_(7)NSs.

Boron nitride silicone rubber composite foam with low dielectric and high thermal conductivity

Silicone rubber(SR)is widely used in the field of electronic packaging because of its low dielectric properties.In this work,the porosity of the SR was improved,and the dielectric constant of the SR foam was reduced by adding expanded microspheres(EM).Then,the thermal conductivity of the system was improved by combining the modified boron nitride(f-BN).The results showed that after the f-BN was added,the dielectric constant and dielectric loss were much lower than those of pure SR.Micron-sized modified boron nitride(f-mBN)improved the dielectric and thermal conductivity of the SR foam better than that of nano-sized modified boron nitride(f-nBN),but f-nBN improved the volume resistivity,tensile strength,and thermal stability of the SR better than f-mBN.When the mass ratio of f-mBN and fnBN is 2:1,the thermal conductivity of the SR foam reaches the maximum value of 0.808 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),which is 6.5 times that before the addition.The heat release rate and fire growth index are the lowest,and the improvement in flame retardancy is mainly attributed to the high thermal stability and physical barrier of f-BN.

Solid-state impedance spectroscopy studies of dielectric properties and relaxation processes in Na_(2)O–V_(2)O_(5)–Nb_(2)O_(5)–P_(2)O_(5) glass

Solid-state impedance spectroscopy(SS-IS)was used to investigate the influence of structural modifications resulting from the addition of Nb2O5 on the dielectric properties and relaxation processes in the quaternary mixed glass former(MGF)system 35Na_(2)O–10V_(2)O_(5)–(55-x)P_(2)O_(5)–xNb_(2)O_(5)(x=0–40,mol%).The dielectric parameters,including the dielectric strength and dielectric loss,are determined from the frequency and temperature-dependent complex permittivity data,revealing a significant dependence on the Nb2O5 content.The transition from a predominantly phosphate glass network(x<10,region I)to a mixed niobate–phosphate glass net-work(10≤x≤20,region II)leads to an increase in the dielectric parameters,which correlates with the observed trend in the direct-cur-rent(DC)conductivity.In the predominantly niobate network(x≥25,region III),the highly polarizable nature of Nb5+ions leads to a fur-ther increase in the dielectric permittivity and dielectric strength.This is particularly evident in Nb-40 glass-ceramic,which contains Na_(13)Nb_(35)O_(94) crystalline phase with a tungsten bronze structure and exhibits the highest dielectric permittivity of 61.81 and the lowest loss factor of 0.032 at 303 K and 10 kHz.The relaxation studies,analyzed through modulus formalism and complex impedance data,show that DC conductivity and relaxation processes are governed by the same mechanism,attributed to ionic conductivity.In contrast to glasses with a single peak in frequency dependence of imaginary part of electrical modulus,M″(ω),Nb-40 glass-ceramic exhibits two distinct contributions with similar relaxation times.The high-frequency peak indicates bulk ionic conductivity,while the additional low-fre-quency peak is associated with the grain boundary effect,confirmed by the electrical equivalent circuit(EEC)modelling.The scaling characteristics of permittivity and conductivity spectra,along with the electrical modulus,validate time-temperature superposition and demonstrate a strong correlation with composition and modification of the glass structure upon Nb_(2)O_(5) incorporation.

Influences of divalent ion substitution on the magnetic and dielectric properties of W-type barium ferrite

Saturation magnetization,magneto-crystalline anisotropy field,and dielectric properties are closely related to microwave devices applied at different frequencies.For regulating the magnetic and dielectric properties of W-type barium ferrites,single-phase BaMe_(2)Fe_(16)O_(27)(Me=Fe,Mn,Zn,Ni,Co) with different Me ions were synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state method.The saturation magnetization(Ms) range from 47.77 emu/g to 95.34 emu/g and the magnetic anisotropy field(H_a) range from 10700.60 Oe(1 Oe=79.5775 A·m^(-1)) to 13739.57 Oe,depending on the type of cation substitution in the hexagonal lattice.The dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss decrease with increasing frequency of the AC electric field in the low-frequency region,while they almost remain constant in the high-frequency region.The charac teristics of easy regulation and preparation make it a potential candidate for use in microwave device applications.

Fatigue Resistance of RCA Modified Asphalt Based on Dielectric Properties

In order to study the anti-fatigue performance of RCA modified asphalt (RMA),the performance of RMA and 90#matrix asphalt with different modifier content were measured by asphalt penetration,ductility,softening point,Brookfield viscosity,rheological index,infrared spectrum and dielectric constant test.This paper discusses the changes of asphalt basic indexes,fatigue properties and asphalt components based on dielectric properties under different modifier contents,and analyzes the grey correlation degree between components and asphalt pavement performance indexes.The results show that the optimum content of RCA modifier is 16.7%of the asphalt quality according to the penetration,ductility,softening point,Brockfield viscosity,viscosity temperature curve and fatigue life.In the phase angle-strain curve,there is disorder in the latter part of the curve.According to the strain (ε_(d)) corresponding to the disorder point,a new fatigue failure criterion is proposed and proved.Based on the new asphalt fatigue failure criterion,the fatigue prediction model of asphalt mixture is improved,and the fatigue life predicted by the improved fatigue model is compared with the fatigue life obtained by four-point bending fatigue test.The results show that the proposed new asphalt fatigue failure criterion is reasonable,and the fatigue life predicted by the improved asphalt mixture fatigue prediction model is accurate.The research method of classifying asphalt components based on dielectric properties is simple and effective,and the components have a high correlation with the road performance of base asphalt and modified asphalt.

Paraelectric Doping Simultaneously Improves the Field Frequency Adaptability and Dielectric Properties of Ferroelectric Materials:A Phase-Field Study

Recent years,the polarization response of ferroelectrics has been entirely studied.However,it is found that the polarization may disappear gradually with the continually applied of electric field.In this paper,taking K0.48Na0.52NbO3(KNN)as an example,it was demonstrated that the residual polarization began to decrease when the electric field frequency increased to a certain extent using a phase-field methods.The results showed that the content of out-of-plane domains increased first and then decreased with the increase of applied electric field frequency,the maximum polarization disappeared at high frequencies,and the hysteresis loop became elliptical.In order to further study the abnormal changes of hysteresis loops of ferroelectrics under high electric field frequency,we analyzed the hysteresis loop and dielectric response of solid solution 0.1SrTiO_(3)-0.9K_(0.48)Na_(0.52)NbO_(3).It was found that the doped hysteresis loop maintained its shape at higher frequency and the dielectric constant increased.This kind of doping has a higher field frequency adaptability,which has a key guiding role in improving the dielectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and expanding the frequency application range of ferroelectric nano memory。

A Method to Adjust Dielectric Property of SiC Powder in the GHz Range

The SiC powders by AI or N doping have been synthesized by combustion synthesis, using AI powder and NH4Cl powder as the dopants and polytetrafluoroethylene as the chemical activator. Characterization by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer demonstrates the formation of Al doped SiC, N doped SiC and the AI and N co-doped SiC solid solution powders, respectively. The electric permittivities of prepared powders have been determined in the frequency range of 8.2-12.4 GHz. It indicates that the electric permittivities of the prepared SiC powders have been improved by the pure AI or N doping and decrease by the AI and N co-doping. The paper presents a method to adjust dielectric property of SiC powders in the GHz range.

A Bilayer High-Temperature Dielectric Film with Superior Breakdown Strength and Energy Storage Density

The further electrification of various fields in production and daily life makes it a topic worthy of exploration to improve the performance of capacitors for a long time,including thin-film capacitors.The discharge energy density of thin-film capacitors that serves as one of the important types directly depends on electric field strength and the dielectric constant of the insulation material.However,it has long been a great challenge to improve the breakdown strength and dielectric constant simultaneously.Considering that boron nitride nanosheets(BNNS)possess superior insulation and thermal conductivity owing to wide band gap and 2-dimensional structure,a bilayer polymer film is prepared via coating BNNS by solution casting on surface of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)films.By revealing the bandgap and insulating behavior with UV absorption spectrum,leakage current,and finite element calculation,it is manifested that nanocoating contributes to enhance the bandgap of polymer films,thereby suppressing the charge injection by redirecting their transport from electrodes.Worthy to note that an ultrahigh breakdown field strength(~736 MV m^(−1)),an excellent discharge energy density(~8.77 J cm^(−3))and a prominent charge-discharge efficiency(~96.51%)are achieved concurrently,which is ascribed to the contribution of BNNS ultrathin layer.In addition,the modified PET films also have superior comprehensive performance at high temperatures(~120°C).The materials and methods here selected are easily accessible and facile,which are suitable for large-scale roll-to-roll process production,and are of certain significance to explore the methods about film modification suitable for commercial promotion.

Construction of all-organic low dielectric polyimide hybrids via synergistic effect between covalent organic framework and cross-linking structure

Polyimide(PI)is a promising electronic packaging material,but it remains challenging to obtain an all-organic PI hybrid film with decreased dielectric constant and loss without modifying the monomer.Herein,a series of allorganic PI hybrid films were successfully prepared by introducing the covalent organic framework(COF),which could induce the formation of the cross-linking structure in the PI matrix.Due to the synergistic effects of the COF fillers and the cross-linking structure,the PI/COF hybrid film containing 2 wt%COF exhibited the lowest dielectric constant of 2.72 and the lowest dielectric loss(tanδ)of 0.0077 at 1 MHz.It is attributed to the intrinsic low dielectric constant of COF and a large number of mesopores within the PI.Besides,the cross-linking network of PI prevents the molecular chains from stacking and improves the fraction of free volume(FFV).The molecular dynamics simulation results are well consistent with the dielectric properties data.Furthermore,the PI/COF hybrid film with 5 wt%COF showed a significant enhancement in breakdown strength,which increased to 412.8 kV/mm as compared with pure PI.In addition,the PI/COF hybrid film achieve to reduce the dielectric constant and thermal expansion coefficient(CTE).It also exhibited excellent thermal,hydrophobicity,and mechanical performance.The all-organic PI/COF hybrid films have great commercial potential as next-generation electronic packaging materials.

Feasibility of measuring moisture content of green sand by a low frequency multiprobe detector based on dielectric characteristics

Green sand is a mixture of silica sand,bentonite,water and coal powder,and other additives.Moisture content is an important index to characterize the properties of green sand.Based on the dielectric characteristics of green sand and transmission line theory,a method for rapidly measuring the moisture content of green sand by means of a low frequency multiprobe detector was proposed.A system was constructed,where six detectors with different arrangements and probes were designed.The experimental results showed that the voltage difference of transmission line increases with the increasing frequency before 29 MHz while decreases after 35 MHz.A voltage difference platform occurs in the range of 29-35 MHz,which is suitable for measuring the moisture content due to its insensitivity to frequency.The electric field intensity gradually decreases with the increase of the probe depth,and the intensity of central probe is always greater than that of the edge probe.When the distance of the probe away from the sand sample surface is 80 mm,the electric field intensity of the edge probe is found to be very weak.The optimal excitation frequency for measuring the moisture content of green sand is 29-33 MHz.The optimal detector is the one with one center probe and three edge probes,and their lengths are 80 mm and 60 mm,respectively.The distance between the center and edge probes is 25 mm,and the diameter of probes is 5 mm.Taking the voltage difference of transmission line,bentonite content,coal powder content and compactability as parameters of the input layer,and the moisture content as a parameter of the output layer,a three-layer BP artificial neural network model for predicting the moisture content of green sand was constructed according to the experimental results at 33 MHz.The prediction error of the model is not higher than 3.3% when the moisture content of green sand is within the range of 3wt.%-7wt.%.

Wideband frequency-dependent dielectric properties of rat tissues exposed to low-intensity focused ultrasound in the microwave frequency range

Tissue dielectric properties can vary upon the incident of an acoustic wave.The goal of this study is to quantify this change due to the acoustoelectric effect(AE),and to obtain the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of tissues exposed to low-intensity focused ultrasound(LIFU).The dielectric properties of the blood,brain,chest muscle,heart,kidney,leg muscle,liver,lung,pancreas,and spleen of rats were measured by an open-ended coaxial probe method.The acoustic intensity of LIFU focus was 2.97 MPa(67.6 W/cm^(2)),3.95 MPa(120 W/cm^(2)),and 5.17 MPa(204 W/cm^(2)),respectively,and the measurement frequency band was 0.1–7.08 GHz.The measurement results show that with the LIFU modulation,the conductivity and dielectric constant decreased in the high-frequency band,and on the contrary,they increased in the lowfrequency band,and the larger the acoustic intensity was,the more obvious the phenomenon was.This work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which ultrasound acts on the dielectric properties of biological tissues.It is expected that the findings from this study will provide a basis that the response of tissue to LIFU modulation can be monitored by noninvasive techniques such as microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging(MTI)and microwave imaging,present a new idea for improving the endogenous contrast between different biological tissues in MTI and acoustoelectric imaging,and possibly lead to the development of a new imaging method based on the relaxation time of tissue after LIFU modulation.

La Doping Effect on the Dielectric Property of Barium Strontium Titanate Glass-Ceramics

Ferroelectric barium strontium titanate （BST） glass-ceramics doped with different content of La2O3 were prepared via the melt-quenching technique followed by controlled crystallization. The microstructures of crystallized samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Dielectric properties were also investigated. The aliovalent substitution of Ba by La induced dispersion of semiconducting BaxSr1-xTi03 crystallites sealed in a glassy silicate matrix, which increased the εr and loss tangent values of the BST glass- ceramic. The experimental results indicate that aliovalent substitution is an effective method to process glass-ceramics with better dielectric properties.