Effects of different combustion modes on the thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engine under low-medium loads

Research on dual-fuel(DF)engines has become increasingly important as engine manufacturers seek to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.There are significant advantages of using diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engines as DF engines.However,different combustion modes exist due to variations in the formation of the mixture.This research used a simulation model and numerical simulations to explore the combustion characteristics of high-pressure direct injection(HPDI),partially premixed compression ignition(PPCI),and double pilot injection premixed compression ignition(DPPCI)combustion modes under a low-medium load.The results revealed that the DPPCI combustion mode provides higher gross indicated thermal efficiency and more acceptable total hydrocarbon(THC)emission levels than the other modes.Due to its relatively good performance,an experimental study was conducted on the DPPCI mode engine to evaluate the impact of the diesel dual-injection strategy on the combustion process.In the DPPCI mode,a delay in the second pilot ignition injection time increased THC emissions(a maximum value of 4.27g/(kW·h)),decreased the emission of nitrogen oxides(a maximum value of 7.64 g/(kW·h)),increased and then subsequently decreased the gross indicated thermal efficiency values,which reached 50.4%under low-medium loads.

Research on Spray, Combustion and Emission Characteristics for DI Diesel Engine

To improve the combustion chamber shape that can decrease the directed injection （DI） diesel emission, the theories of DI diesel spray, combustion and pollutant formation model are analysed and implemented based on the CFD code FIRE. Results show that the chamber with contracting orifice can get stronger squish swirl intensity. The results of the verification studies show a good accordance with the measurements and reveal that the individual processes of spray, evolution, combustion and pollutant formation are well captured in FIRE. Finally, based on the analyzing and comparing of the calculation results of different chambers, a combustion chamber of contracting orifice geometry with lower emission is proposed.

Research on the Impact of CeO2 -based Solid Solution Metal Oxide on Combustion Performance of Diesel Engine and Emissions

This paper mainly studies on the performance of high-speed diesel engines and emission reduction when the engine uses heavy oil mixed with nanometer-sized additives Ce0.9 Cu0.1 O2 and Ce0.9 Zr0.1 O2.During the test,Indiset 620 combustion analyzer made by AVL,was used to make a real-time survey on the cylinder pressure,the fuel ignition moment,and establish a relation between the change trend of temperature in cylinder and the crank angle.For the engine burning heavy oil and heavy oil mixed with additives,combustion analysis software Indicom and Concerto were used to analyze its combustion process and emission conditions.Experimental investigation shows that nano-sized complex oxide can improve the performance of diesel engine fueled with heavy oil,and reduce the emission of pollutants like NOx and CO,comparing it with the pure heavy oil.According to the consequences of this experiment,the additives improve the overall performance in the use of heavy oil.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Rate-Shaped Main Injection on Combustion and Emission in an OPOC Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

The effects of various split injection strategies on the opposed-piston opposed-cylinder(OPOC)diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics have been studied numerically using AVL-Fire CFD tools.The five rate-shaped main injections were used in split injection strategies.The results show that ignition delay from a rectangular injection rate is the shortest.Maximum pressure of the trapezoid injection rate is the largest.And the NOx emission of the rectangular injection rate is the largest.Meanwhile,the soot emission of the trapezoid injection rate is the least among the five injection rates.

Complete Modeling for Systems of a Marine Diesel Engine

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks： cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation （FDI） as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimize the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine＇s output of changing values for faults parameters such as： faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors （and many others）.

Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of Chinese Small Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methanol/Biodiesel/DTBP

Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.

Study on Effects of Oxydal on Diesel Engine Combustion

Based on the analysis of the high temperature decomposition of oxydal(H2O2)and the combustion of diesel engine,the effects of H2O2 on the improvement of diesel combustion were studied.An oxydal spray system was designed to inject H2O2/water mixture into the manifold.The experiment was carried out on a 1135 diesel engine bench.The results show that H2O2 injection can make the curve of heat release rate move forward and decrease its peak value.The specific fuel consumption is decreased a little,while both NOx and PM emission are obviously reduced.

Combustion Characteristics and Emission of a Two-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine with Two-Stage Injection

In order to study the effect of two-stage injection on two-stroke diesel engines, a well characterized research engine equipped with electronically controlled common rail system and scavenging system was constructed. Through analysis of combustion and emissions, two-stage injection shows its advantages. Compared with the standard injection, it produces less emissions, while compared with single early injection, it expands engine operation range. Further experiments were carried out to study the influence of several injection control parameters on two-stage injection. The fuel in the first injection is used for forming homogeneous mixture. The fuel in the second injection keeps combustion, and it is the main source of smoke emissions. NO_x is formed in both combustion process caused by these two injections, and there is an optimum fuel allocation ration to produce minimum NO_x. The cylinder pressure decreases, and the combustion is depressed with the increasing of scavenging pressure. By optimizing the injection control parameters of two-stage injection, NO_x and smoke can be reduced beyond 30% simultaneously.

Diagnosis of Valve-Slap of Diesel Engine with EEMD-EMD-AGST Approach

A hybrid of ensemble empirical mode decomposition and empirical mode decomposition (EEMD-EMD) is introduced to diagnose the valve-slap vibration signal,which is relative to the dominant combustion knock vibration signal given out by a diesel engine around the top dead center (TDC).The time-frequency representations of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) decomposed by EEMD-EMD are obtained by adaptive generalized S transform (AGST).A type 493 diesel engine was used for the experiment,and the result indicates that the valve-slap of the diesel engine is serious,and the vibration frequencies are higher than the combustion knock.With EEMD-EMD-AGST approach,the valve-slap can be identified by the vibration analysis of the diesel engine.

Improving Designs of CA6DF2 Series Diesel Combustion System

The technical improvements are made based on the former CA6110 diesel engine to meet the requirements of Euro Ⅱ emission standards. The performance and emission for CA6DF1 and CA6DF2 are all met the demand of design by improving the fuel, combustion and supercharging systems. The injection system adopts high-pressure pump-pipe-injector injection system. To enhance the injection pressure, the methods of augmenting plunger diameter, decreasing the nozzle hole diameter and reducing the inner diameter of the high-pressure fuel pipe are adopted. The design of combustion chamber and the match of inner fuel distributions with air motion are based on a great deal of experimental database and some simple computer-aided methods, which ensure the optimization of performance and provide the guide for experimental development.

Miller Cycle with Early Intake Valve Closing in Marine Medium-Speed Diesel Engines

In this study,a one-dimensional simulation was performed to evaluate the performance of in-cylinder combustion to control NO_(x) emissions on a four-stroke,six-cylinder marine medium-speed diesel engine.Reducing the combustion temperature is an important in-cylinder measure to decrease NO_(x) emissions of marine diesel engines.The Miller cycle is an effective method used to reduce the maximum combustion temperature in a cylinder and accordingly decrease NO_(x) emissions.Therefore,the authors of this study designed seven different early intake valve closing(EIVC)Miller cycles for the original engine,and analyzed the cycle effects on combustions and emissions in high-load conditions.The results indicate that the temperature in the cylinder was significantly reduced,whereas fuel consumption was almost unchanged.When the IVC was properly advanced,the ignition delay period increased and the premixed combustion accelerated,but the in-cylinder average pressure,temperature and NO_(x) emissions in the cylinder were lower than the original engine.However,closing the intake valve too early led to high fuel consumption.In addition,the NO_(x) emissions,in-cylinder temperature,and heat release rate remarkably increased.Therefore,the optimal timing of the EIVC varied with different loads.The higher the load was,the earlier the best advance angle appeared.Therefore,the Miller cycle is an effective method for in-engine NO_(x) purification and does not entail significant cost.

Characteristics of Diesel/N-Butanol Blend on a Common Rail Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation

20%n-butanol is blended in diesel by volume(noted as D80B20)and experiment has been carried out to study the effect on the combustion and emission characteristics based on a common rail diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)system.The results reveal thatD80B20 has longer ignition delay,shorter combustion duration and higher maximumin-cylinder temperature than pure diesel(noted as D100).Further,the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles decrease significantly while NO_(X) emissions increase a little with the addition of n-butanol.When the exhaust gas is induced into cylinder,NO_(X) emissions significantly decrease and ultrafine particles emissions increase.The number geometric mean diameters and volume geometricmean diameters of ultrafine particles increase withEGR ratio.Compared toD100 without EGR,D80B20 with 20%EGR ratio can reduce both NO_(X) and ultrafine particles emissions at 0.14MPa BMEP and 0.56MPa BMEP.

MULINBUMP-HCCI复合燃烧放热特征及其对排放和热效率的影响

提出了基于多脉冲喷射和BUMP燃烧室的MULINBUMP HCCI复合燃烧技术。发动机试验和CFD数值模拟研究表明,多脉冲喷射参数,特别是多脉冲喷射定时可以控制预混合气的形成,从而控制燃烧放热率。具有分布式放热率的工作过程的热效率与直喷式柴油机相当,但同时改善了NOx和碳烟排放。在不采用废气再循环的条件下,NOx排放在较低负荷时只有11×10-6,高负荷时也不超过250×10-6。碳烟排放始终小于0 5BSU。

HCCI甲醇发动机的燃烧与排放特性

在Ricardo Hydra单缸四冲程发动机上利用内部废气再循环策略实现了甲醇燃料的HCCI燃烧.通过调整HCCI发动机的过量空气系数和转速,研究了HCCI甲醇发动机的燃烧和排放特性.结果表明,甲醇燃料的HCCI燃烧不同于普通汽油,其着火更早、燃烧更快,但在低转速时,平均指示压力相对较低.甲醇燃料可以在更稀的混合气条件下实现HCCI燃烧.在相同的转速和过量空气系数下,甲醇燃料的NOx和HC排放低于汽油.

不同EGR方法对柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响的探讨

研究了内部EGR和外部EGR模式对柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的影响.随着内部EGR率的增大,HCCI燃烧的着火始点提前,在相对较小的负荷下,-40℃A气门重叠期的着火始点比-20℃A气门重叠期的着火始点提前5～7℃A,内部EGR的加热作用大于其对混合气的稀释作用;内部EGR增大有利于均质混合气的形成,使柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的烟度排放减小,但使低NOx排放的负荷范围减小;外部EGR起到了推迟着火始点的作用,是一种有效的扩展运行范围负荷上限的方法.

DME／柴油混合燃料HCCI燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上采用轴针式喷嘴进气道燃油喷射方式，开展了二甲醚（DME）／柴油混合燃料预混均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧及其排放特性的试验研究，探讨了喷油嘴启喷压力、进气温度以及进气掺混不同比例CO2对混合气制备率和发动机性能的影响。结果表明：低沸点液相DME在进气道喷射过程中所具有的闪急沸腾效应，可有效强化柴油／DME混合燃料的雾化与蒸发，减少燃油撞击壁面而出现的进气歧管壁湿现象，从而改善柴油HCCI发动机均质混合气的形成与燃烧，拓宽发动机的运行工况范围。进气掺混0～30％的CO2能使HCCI发动机的正常工作范围从0．32MPa提高到0．5MPa，实现高负荷工况下同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放，但CO和未燃HC排放有所增加。

在汽油机上实施HCCI的技术策略

均质混合气压燃(HCCI)燃烧方式,是一种克服常规柴油机和汽油机缺点、集常规汽油机和柴油机优点于一体的新概念燃烧。本文分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性,介绍了HCCI发动机实用化所面临的问题,提出了双工作模式的折衷方案:在中低负荷工况实施HC CI,而在大负荷工况和冷起动工况恢复常规发动机工作方式。推荐可变压缩比(VCR)方案、可变废气再循环率(EGR)方案、可变排气门关闭时刻方案,以及废气再循环滚流分层充气方案等。为尽快在汽油机上实施HCCI燃烧方式指出了技术方向。

喷射参数对柴油HCCI复合燃烧过程燃烧效率及散热损失影响的研究

在复合燃烧模式下研究了喷射参数对燃烧效率、散热损失和热效率的影响。试验结果表明,改变多脉冲喷射定时可控制预混燃烧放热幅度,影响NOx与HC和CO排放的折中关系。多脉冲喷射定时提前,NOx排放减少,但HC和CO增加,导致燃烧效率降低。在平均指示压力0 78MPa下,当采用复合燃烧模式,随主喷射后推,主喷射定时为3°CAATDC时,可获得最高燃烧效率,同时NOx排放仅为280×10-6,烟度为0 4BSU,相对此主喷定时,提前或拖后喷射都会使HC和CO排放增加,从而造成燃烧效率降低。

基于循环的缸内直喷乙醇HCCI燃烧的瞬态空燃比特性研究

考虑到HCCI燃烧模式对于循环间变动很敏感,基于瞬态CO_2/CO和HC排放测试仪,利用缸内直喷HCCI发动机台架,对乙醇HCCI燃烧循环间的排放及瞬态空燃比进行检测,并采用数学统计的方法分析连续循环的瞬态空燃比变化特性。研究结果表明:喷油量的变化对瞬态空燃比的波动影响最大,发动机转速和进气温度的影响依次降低;瞬态空燃比与缸内燃烧压力峰值显著相关,当瞬态空燃比上升时,缸压峰值降低,反之亦然。

调制喷油模式对柴油HCCI燃烧性能和排放的影响

基于多脉冲喷射模式调制的电控开发系统和对柴油HCCI燃烧过程的认识,设计了一系列的典型调制多脉冲喷油模式,包括交错式(SM)、驼峰式(HM)、均衡式(EM)和递增式(PIM)．分别进行了4次多脉冲、5次多脉冲和6次多脉冲调制喷油模式的HCCI发动机试验研究．试验结果表明,柴油HCCI燃烧对调制喷油模式极其敏感,基于调制喷油模式的柴油HCCI燃烧均能达到超低的NOx排放(小于0．82 g／(kW·h))和较低的碳烟排放(小于0．5 BSU)．调制喷油模式的优化,可以使柴油HCCI发动机获得更高的功率输出,拓展其运行的工况范围．