Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of Chinese Small Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methanol/Biodiesel/DTBP

Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.

Investigation to meet China Ⅱ emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time,the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option.In this study,a marine diesel engine,which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode,was investigated.After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated,and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst),the engine could meet the requirements of China II legislation.The overall MSP (methanol substitute percent) reached 54.1%.The value of each pollutant emission was much lower than that in China II emission legislation,and there was almost no methanol and formaldehyde emissions.When methanol was injected into the inlet manifold,the intake air temperature decreased a lot,as well as the exhaust gas temperature,which were beneficial to increase engine thermal efficiency and improve engine room environment.Compared with the engine running in pure diesel mode,when the engine ran in diesel/methanol dual fuel mode,the combustion phase was advanced,and the combustion duration became shorter.Therefore,the engine thermal efficiency increased,and fuel consumption decreased significantly.

Assessment of performance,combustion and emissions characteristics of methanol-diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine:A review

The energy security concern and rapidly diminishing fossil fuel resources demand the development of renewable and economically attractive fuel for reciprocating engines.Methanol is a promising renewable alternative fuel.Numerous studies have been carried out to explore the various aspects of the utilization of methanol in compression ignition(CI)engine.This review paper presents a detailed analysis of the effect of methanol on performance,combustion,and emission(NOx,CO,HC,and soot)characteristics of conventional CI-engine along with dual-fuel combustion mode.This study focuses on methanol utilization in dual-fuel mode,which is an advanced engine combustion mode.First,methanol production and solubility issues of methanol in diesel are briefly discussed.This study discusses the soot and nano-particle emission from the methanol fueled CI-engine,which is one of the main concerns in the current emission legislation.It was found that the utilization of methanol in CI-engine has the potential to improve the performance and simultaneously with a significant reduction in NOx,CO,soot,and nano-particle emissions in comparison to neat diesel operation.However,unburnt HC emission reduces for methanol-diesel blended fuel operation whereas HC emissions are higher for methanoldiesel dual-fuel operation.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on blends of honne oil/diesel fuel/kerosene/DMC

Honne oil(tamanu)(H),a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia.It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel.Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is scarce.The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance,exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection(DI)diesel engine,typically used in agricultural sector,over the entire load range,when fuelled with neat diesel(ND)and blends of diesel fuel(D)/DMC/H/kerosene(K).DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND.Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20(20%H+80%D),HK(20%H+40%K+40%D)and HKD5(20%H+40%K+35D+5%DMC)to HKD15 in steps of 5%DMC keeping H and K percentages constant.The emissions(CO,HC and smoke density(SD))of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest,with SD dropping significantly.The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND.The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND.There is a good trade off between NOx and SD.Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion phase increases as DMC content increase.

Combustion and emissions of RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine

The combustion characteristics and emission behaviors of RP-3 jet fuel were studied and compared to commercial diesel fuel in a single-cylinder compression ignition(CI)engine.Engine operational parameters,including engine load(0.6,0.7,and 0.8 MPa indicating the mean effective pressure(IMEP)),the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)rate(0%,10%,20%,and 30%),and the fuel injection timing(–20,–15,–10,and–5°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(ATDC))were adjusted to evaluate the engine performances of RP-3 jet fuel under changed operation conditions.In comparison to diesel fuel,RP-3 jet fuel shows a retarded heat release and lagged combustion phase,which is more obvious under heavy EGR rate conditions.In addition,the higher premixed combustion fraction of RP-3 jet fuel leads to a higher first-stage heat release peak than diesel fuel under all testing conditions.As a result,RP-3 jet fuel features a longer ignition delay(ID)time,a shorter combustion duration(CD),and an earlier CA50 than diesel fuel.The experimental results manifest that RP-3 jet fuel has a slightly lower indicated thermal efficiency(ITE)compared to diesel fuel,but the ITE difference becomes less noticeable under large EGR rate conditions.Compared with diesel fuel,the nitrogen oxides(NOx)emissions of RP-3 jet fuel are higher while its soot emissions are lower.The NOx emissions of RP-3 can be effectively reduced with the increased EGR rate and delayed injection timing.

A Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Intake Swirl and Mixture Stratification on Combustion Characteristics in a Natural-Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion strategy has a great potential to reduce emissions for marine engines while the high fuel consumption is the major problem.Pre-chamber system is commonly employed as the ignition system on large-bore dual-fuel marine engines especially under lean-burn condition,due to its advanced ignition stability and engine efficiency.However,the ignition and combustion mechanism in such dual-fuel pre-chamber engine is still unclear and the effects of in-cylinder swirl flow and mixture stratification on combustion require further investigation specifically.This paper numerically studied the detailed ignition mechanism and combustion process in a marine engine equipped with a pre-chamber ignition system,and revealed the flame development process in main chamber.Moreover,the effects of mixture stratification and swirl ratio on the combustion rate and further engine thermal efficiency are investigated under decoupled condition.The results mainly show that the jet flame develops along the pre-chamber orifice centerline at the initial stage and premixed combustion play an important role,while after that,heat release zone only exist at flame surface,and premixed flame propagation controls the combustion process.In addition,with higher swirl ratio the combustion rate increases significantly due to the wider ignition area.Mixture stratification degree plays a role in accelerating the combustion,either too high or too low stratification degree reduce the combustion rate,while a moderate stratification increases the combustion rate.And appropriate stratification degree by verifying the gas injection parameters can reduce fuel consumption in 0.3%.

CeO_(2)纳米生物燃油在高压共轨柴油机的燃烧与排放特性

通过物理与化学相结合的方法,以柴油或柴油-生物柴油-乙醇含氧生物燃油为基液,配制CeO_(2)纳米燃油。采用4B28V16型高压共轨柴油机开展不同燃油的经济性、燃烧性能和排放性能的试验研究。结果表明,CeO_(2)-柴油的燃烧与排放特性均比柴油得到改善,且随着CeO_(2)纳米粒子浓度的增加,改善作用更明显;Ce_(50)纳米燃油的燃油经济性、燃烧性能及CO、NO_(x)和碳烟排放性能优于Ce_(20)纳米燃油。其中Ce_(50)^(200)的比油耗较柴油降低8.2%,有效热效率比柴油升高5.5%,HC、CO、NO_(x)和碳烟排放比柴油分别减少10.1%、21.2%、4.1%和20.8%。与CeO_(2)-柴油相比,CeO_(2)-生物燃油的燃烧与排放特性得到进一步改善,HC、CO和碳烟排放进一步减少,Ce_(20)^(100) B5E5的HC、CO和碳烟排放比柴油分别减少24.1%、18.2%和19.9%;CeO_(2)-生物燃油的NO_(x)排放低于柴油,CeO_(2)纳米粒子有效弥补了含氧燃油经济性较低的缺陷。尽管CeO_(2)纳米粒子略提高了燃油成本,但无论用于柴油或含氧生物燃油,都是一种值得研究并推广应用的燃油添加剂。

喷油正时对氨/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律和部分排放的影响

以船用单缸柴油机为研究对象,采用氨气预混、柴油直喷的燃烧模式,通过试验方式探讨喷油正时对氨/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响。结果表明,与纯柴油模式相比,喷入氨气后,发动机缸压峰值P_(max)降低,着火时刻推迟,燃烧持续期增加,最大压力升高率R_(max)减少,CO_(2)和NO_(x)的排放下降,未燃氨和N_(2)O的排放显著增加。在双燃料模式下,随着柴油喷射时刻的提前,缸内燃烧情况改善,P_(max)和R_(max)增大,未燃氨和N_(2)O排放下降,NO_(x)排放上升,碳烟排放先减后增,CO_(2)排放无显著变化;随着负荷的增加,P_(max)和R_(max)增大,但氨气喷射量的增加降低了缸内空气充量,使得着火时刻推迟,燃烧持续期增加,CO_(2)、碳烟和NOx的排放增加,未燃氨和N_(2)O的排放降低。如果优先考虑燃烧平稳性,25%和75%负荷率下的喷油正时最佳值为-5°CA;若以降低温室气体排放为首要目标,25%负荷率下的喷油正时最佳值为-15°CA,75%负荷率下的喷油正时最佳值为-10°CA;若以降低NOx排放为首要目标,25%和75%负荷率下的喷油正时均为-5°CA。

甲醇气道喷射柴油引燃模式在船用发动机上的应用

在一台6缸船用发动机上研究甲醇进气道喷射柴油直喷引燃模式在不同替代率下的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,在25%~100%负荷双燃料模式均可稳定运行,限制替代率提升的主要因素为爆震和过高的压力升高率。研究工况范围内的最高替代率为60%,发生在75%负荷。随着替代率的提升,燃烧呈现出明显的双峰放热特征,燃烧相位整体前移,但燃烧持续期整体呈延长的趋势,仅在替代率升高到一定程度后有所缩短。

大缸径柴油机燃烧系统优化模拟

为提高某缸径200 mm船用发电柴油机的燃油经济性,本文设计了活塞燃烧室和燃油喷射系统的升级方案并进行了模拟优化。升级方案提高了压缩比和燃油喷射压力,采用大径深比浅ω燃烧室配合158°喷油夹角喷油嘴。对不同方案下发动机的缸内工作过程进行了计算流体力学模拟,计算了高压指示功和放热率相位,分析了缸内温度、反应过量空气系数和速度分布及演化。模拟结果表明:升级方案能够提高发动机热效率。增加喷孔数并减小孔径,可以在保持NOx排放基本不变的条件下提高高压指示功4.5%,降低碳烟排放约60%。采用“平顶”浅ω燃烧室与158°喷油夹角喷雾配合,油气混合气快速进入余隙并形成逆时针的漩涡流动,能够加速油气混合和燃烧过程,提高热效率。

不同海拔下氢气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性研究

基于大气模拟综合测试系统,模拟0 m、1 000 m和2 000 m海拔的大气压,对不同海拔下氢气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性进行研究。研究结果表明:不同海拔下,随着氢气替代率增加,预混合燃烧增强,缸内燃烧速度加快,缸压峰值升高,其对应相位提前;碳烟和CO排放先下降后上升,NO_(x)排放增加,CO_(2)排放减少。随着海拔上升,过量空气系数减小,有效热效率降低。转速为1 600 r/min时,随着海拔高度升高,预混合燃烧减弱,发动机缸压峰值下降,其对应相位推迟;CO排放最低时,与0 m海拔比较,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,碳烟排放分别增加44.44%和127.78%,CO排放增加8.95%和16.86%,CO_(2)排放增加4.34%和16.86%,碳烟和CO_(2)排放增幅随海拔增加而上升。转速为3 000 r/min时,随着海拔高度上升,缸压峰值略有升高,缸压峰值对应相位提前,预混合燃烧增强;碳烟、NO_(x)、CO和CO_(2)排放升高,排放增幅随海拔升高而增大。与海拔0 m比较,当碳烟排放最低时,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,碳烟排放分别升高18.67%和56.04%,NO_(x)排放分别上升14.78%和38.40%,CO_(2)排放分别升高7.29%和15.80%;CO排放最低时,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,CO排放分别上升24.53%和62.87%。

极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响

针对柴油机存在低温冷起动困难甚至无法起动的问题,基于起动/发电机集成一体化技术柴油机,在高原低温发动机冷起动试验舱,研究-50号柴油A0(氧质量分数为0%)、A1(氧质量分数为2.05%)和A2(氧质量分数为4.40%)燃料在-43℃下对柴油机冷起动过程的影响和燃烧特性分析.结果表明:相比A0纯柴油,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动时间分别缩短了36.64%和42.71%;起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%;怠速运行前60 s内转速波动率分别降低25.3%和43.8%.燃用燃料氧质量分数越高,起动燃烧首循环的缸内压力、燃烧放热率、缸内燃烧温度和缸内压力升高率峰值越高,且燃烧重心前移,燃烧持续期越短;起动转速上升过程循环数越少,平均最大缸内压力越大,起动过程燃烧稳定性越好.

基于高斯过程回归的进气压力对船用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧发动机替代率拓宽研究

为使柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(diesel/methanol compound combustion,DMCC)船用发动机满足日益严苛的排放法规,同时获得更高的经济效益,通过调节发动机进气压力,拓宽不同负荷下甲醇替代率,进而实现排放和燃油消耗率的同步下降。利用高斯过程回归模型,结合试验数据和仿真模型,分析了在不同负荷下进气压力对甲醇替代率边界的影响。并绘制了甲醇替代率边界MAP图,进一步分析了拓宽比例。随后建立了发动机有效燃油消耗率和NO_(x)排放的预测模型。将所建模型与非支配排序基因算法-Ⅱ(nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)相结合,对有效燃油消耗率(brake specific fuel consumption,BSFC)和NO_(x)排放进行优化,获得最优Pareto前沿解集并选取最佳控制参数组合。最后将最优控制参数组合标定至电子控制单元(electronic control unit,ECU)中进行试验验证。结果表明:调节进气压力可使甲醇最大替代率平均拓宽12.7%。相较纯柴油模式,优化后BSFC平均下降5.6%,NO_(x)排放平均下降16.4%。

柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

在不改变Z6170发动机结构和参数的基础上,搭建一套基于尾气余热在线重整制氢的甲醇和重整气进气歧管喷射系统,并开展了柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的燃烧特性研究。试验结果表明,柴油/甲醇双燃料模式下,随着替代率增加,燃烧持续期(CA10-90)逐渐减少,着火延迟期逐渐增长,燃烧重心(CA50)表现出先提前后滞后的特性。柴油/醇氢双燃料模式下,在同替代率时相比于甲醇模式,着火延迟期缩短,燃烧持续期反而延长。研究结果为柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的性能进一步优化提供了试验支持。

EGR技术对生物柴油混合燃料发动机性能的影响研究

为缓解柴油掺烧生物柴油导致的NO_(x)排放过高问题,将4190ZLC船用中速柴油机作为试验台架,通过AVL_FIRE软件建立燃烧室模型,并验证该模型准确性。设置生物柴油掺混比0~40%等4组变量,EGR率0~12.5%等4组变量,进行柴油机燃烧、性能和排放分析。结果表明,掺烧适量生物柴油能够降低柴油机缸内温度,降低Soot排放,但同时会导致NO_(x)排放明显升高;EGR的引入能够实现低温燃烧,显著降低NO_(x)排放,但EGR率过高会增加Soot排放。生物柴油掺混比B40、EGR率12.5%组合NO排放比原机降低47.7%,Soot排放质量分数比原机降低98.13%。本文结果将为柴油掺混生物柴油燃烧并结合EGR技术提供一定的研究方向。

小型柴油机燃烧室与喷油器的优化匹配计算分析

燃烧室和喷油器的设计影响柴油机的燃烧效率、动力输出、燃油经济性和排放性能。通过仿真技术,对当前样机的燃烧室和喷油器开展缸内流动和燃烧分析,提出提高标定点功率的燃烧室和喷油器优化匹配方案。结果表明:在保持进排气系统、凸轮轴以及喷油量不变的条件下,通过燃烧室设计的优化以及与喷油器的匹配分析,优化方案实现了有效功率的提升。

柴油机缸内超临界环境甲醇/正庚烷液滴蒸发过程

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了甲醇/正庚烷混合燃料液滴在不同温度(400、700、1000 K)、不同压力(2、5、7 MPa)下不同甲醇掺混质量分数(0、10%、20%、30%)的蒸发过程。结果表明:正庚烷液滴的蒸发直径随时间的变化相对平滑,甲醇/正庚烷混合燃料液滴中甲醇的蒸发对超临界环境条件更加敏感,混合燃料液滴蒸发过程波动更加剧烈。基于蒸发速率、液滴分子数和界面厚度3个指标,提出了液滴蒸发阶段的3种划分方法,并讨论了3种划分方法在不同环境条件及燃料成分下的适用范围;提出界面厚度变化率作为判断临界状态转变的指标,当界面厚度变化率大于0.04 nm/ps时,认为液滴发生亚临界向超临界的转变;基于界面厚度变化率突变时刻,建立了甲醇/正庚烷液滴临界相变预测模型,计算结果表明,甲醇掺混质量分数达到或超过44%时观察不到界面厚度变化率突变的现象,即液滴亚临界向超临界转变的时间可以忽略。

甲醇燃料在船舶内燃机动力中的运用

随着能源危机的日益加深和环保意识的提高,寻找替代传统燃料的可持续能源成为全球关注的焦点。甲醇燃料作为一种清洁、可再生的能源,具有燃烧效率高、排放少等优点,被广泛应用于船舶内燃机动力系统中。本文通过对甲醇燃料的特点和在船舶内燃机中的应用进行研究,分析了甲醇燃料在船舶行业的前景和挑战。

煤基燃料燃烧颗粒物对颗粒捕集器沉积过程的影响

探讨了柴油机燃用代用燃料后,排气颗粒物结构特征的变化规律。依据柴油机台架试验,使用0%、5%、15%甲醇掺混比的F-T(Fischer–Tropsch)合成柴油,在标定工况下采集颗粒。用同步辐射小角散射分析方法测量颗粒物摩擦力、粒径等参数。基于实验数据,在EDEM软件中建立颗粒模型,模拟了颗粒碰撞沉积过程。结果表明:随甲醇掺混比的增加,甲醇、F-T柴油燃烧颗粒间摩擦力增加0.6 N,平均粒径增加2.44 nm。沉积过程中,颗粒捕集器(DPF)单元体非迎风面的沉积量急剧增加;颗粒沉积效率随沉积时间的增加而增加;随摩擦力增大、粒径增大,颗粒层厚度及颗粒链长度也随之增加。甲醇掺混比的改变使得颗粒整体向更多、更细的方向变化,燃料类型及掺混比的改变显著影响了颗粒在DPF载体上的沉积状态。

基于甲醇燃料的航空燃料电池内燃机混合动力系统性能分析

为了实现航空碳减排的时代需求,亟需在航空燃料体系和航空动力系统方向实现技术革新。本文提出了基于甲醇燃料的航空燃料电池内燃机混合动力系统方案,甲醇通过机载在线催化重整制氢为燃料电池供氢,燃料电池和内燃机发出的电能带动电动螺旋桨进行工作。进行了模块化建模方法和混合动力系统性能仿真分析研究,结果表明:混合动力系统的发电效率达到了55%,相比甲醇内燃机有了15%绝对值的效率提升,有助于降低燃料消耗。进行了混合动力系统性能参数影响规律分析,结果表明:混合动力系统的效率随着压比的增大而提高,随着燃料利用率的提高而呈现先升高后降低的效果。进行了混合动力系统的?分析,结果显示:混合动力系统中?效率最高的部件是燃料电池,?损最大的部件是重整器。质量分析结果表明:混合动力系统的功率密度达到0.488 kW/kg。