Injection Strategy in Natural Gas–Diesel Dual-Fuel Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion under Low Load Conditions

Dual-fuel premixed charge compression ignition (DF-PCCI) combustion has been proven to be a viable alternative to conventional diesel combustion in heavy-duty compression ignition engines due to its low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. When natural gas (NG) is applied to a DF-PCCI engine, its low reactivity reduces the maximum pressure rise rate under high loads. However, the NG–diesel DF-PCCI engine suffers from low combustion efficiency under low loads. In this study, an injection strategy of fuel supply (NG and diesel) in a DF-PCCI engine was investigated in order to reduce both the fuel consumption and hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under low load conditions. A variation in the NG substitution and diesel start of energizing (SOE) was found to effectively control the formation of the fuel–air mixture. A double injection strategy of diesel was implemented to adjust the local reactivity of the mixture. Retardation of the diesel pilot SOE and a low fraction of the diesel pilot injection quantity were favorable for reducing the combustion loss. The introduction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) improved the fuel economy and reduced the NOx and PM emissions below Euro VI regulations by retarding the combustion phasing. The combination of an NG substitution of 40%, the double injection strategy of diesel, and a moderate EGR rate effectively improved the combustion efficiency and indicated efficiency, and reduced the HC and CO emissions under low load conditions.

Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate Blends

Diesel engines are the major contributors of various types of air polluting gases like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, etc. Improvement of fuel properties is essential for suppression of Diesel pollutant emissions along with the optimization of design factors and after treatment equipment. Studies conducted in the past have shown that a significant reduction were obtained in the emissions using oxygenates. This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection Diesel engine fueled with 2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate (EEA) blends. Different fuel blends which contain 5%, 10% and 15% of EEA were prepared and the effect of these blends on performance and emissions were studied on a single cylinder direct injection Diesel engine. The blends were tested under different load conditions and the result showed that EEA blended fuels improves the performance of the engine and reduce the emission level significantly.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Mixed Additives on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion

The experimental investigation of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) process is carried out on a 4-cylinder diesel engine. One of the cylinders is modified for HCCI combustion with mixed additives. The influence of mixed additives on the HCCI combustion process is investigated. The experimental results indicate that the mixed additives are better than the single additives for HCCI fuel, causing ignition and heat release to be advanced and the peak of heat release rate to increase under the condition of different engine speeds and steady HCCI combustion. Moreover, with the increase in engine speed, the influence of mixed additives on HCCI combustion is more obvious. In addition, the mixed additives are beneficial to improve HCCI engine misfire at a high engine speed and make the engine operate stable.

不同海拔下甲醇替代率和主喷正时对RCCI发动机性能的影响

为探究不同海拔条件下甲醇/柴油反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition, RCCI)发动机的运行特性,该研究基于甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机试验台架,试验研究1 800 r/min、100%负荷和3 200 r/min、100%负荷下不同甲醇替代率、柴油喷射正时对发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:不同海拔条件下随着甲醇替代率的增加,缸压和瞬时放热率峰值逐渐升高,燃烧始点和燃烧中心前移,当量有效燃油消耗率(equivalent brake specific fuel consumption, ESFC)降低,有效热效率升高,NO_x和碳烟排放大幅降低,THC(total hydrocarbons)和CO排放增加。1 800 r/min、100%负荷工况下,甲醇替代率由0增至20%,0、1 000、2 000 m海拔下最大缸压平均增加1.72 MPa,瞬时放热率峰值平均升高25.08 J/(°),ESFC平均降低4.67%,有效热效率平均升高4.90%,NO_x和碳烟排放分别平均降低16.63%和50%,THC和CO排放量分别平均增加142.03、388.18 mg/kg。3 200 r/min下甲醇替代率由0增至7%,不同海拔高度下ESFC平均降低1.76%,有效热效率平均升高1.79%,NO_x和碳烟排放量分别平均降低8.17%和20.70%。海拔高度由0升至2 000 m,1 800 r/min、20%甲醇替代率与3 200 r/min、7%甲醇替代率下,瞬时放热率峰值分别降低4.80和8.08 J/(°),燃烧中心分别推迟1.44°和1.43°,有效热效率分别降低0.82%和0.68%,ESFC分别升高2.10%和1.99%,NO_(x)排放量分别减少10.61%和7.35%,碳烟排放分别增加26.54%和32.12%,THC排放分别升高29.88%和15.45%,CO排放量分别增加22.42%和18.15%。固定甲醇替代率后,随着柴油主喷正时提前,不同海拔条件下缸压和放热率峰值逐渐升高,燃烧中心向上止点靠近,ESFC逐渐降低,有效热效率升高,碳烟排放减少,NO_(x)、THC和CO排放增加。1 800 r/min、15%甲醇替代率下,主喷正时从-1.5°提前至-7.5°,不同海拔高度下ESFC平均降低8.27%,有效热效率平均升高9.08%,碳烟排放平均减少90.94%。为提升高海拔条件下甲醇/柴油RCCI发动机的热效率和燃油经济性,可以适当增大柴油主喷正时。研究结果可为不同海拔环境下甲醇/柴油RCCI发动机燃烧与污染物排放控制优化提供参考。

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究混合气浓度及燃料掺混对二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料HCCI(homogeneous charge compression ignition)燃烧特性的影响,对不同过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比下的醇醚混合燃料HCCI燃烧过程进行了模拟计算,分析了缸内温度、压力、压力升高率、放热率和燃料消耗路径随过量空气系数和二甲醚掺混比的变化关系。结果表明,随过量空气系数增大,缸内压力、温度、放热率和压力升高率峰值减小,相位推迟,过量空气系数太大时,CO的进一步氧化反应会受到阻碍,使缸内产生大量的CO残留;随二甲醚掺混比的增大,缸内压力、温度峰值增大,相位提前,压力升高率和放热率峰值减小;二甲醚HCCI燃烧放热率曲线存在3个峰值,第1个峰值出现上止点前曲轴转角30°,为二甲醚低温氧化放热,对应缸内温度为804 K,第2个峰值出现在上止点前曲轴转角15°,对应缸内温度为1193 K,为甲醛等中间产物氧化生成CO时放热,第3个峰值为CO氧化,生成CO_(2)时放热,第2和第3个放热率峰值为二甲醚的高温氧化放热阶段,与甲醇掺混燃烧时,二甲醚的低温氧化反应对混合气的燃烧起到了促进作用。

Real-time Control Oriented HCCI Engine Cycle-to-cycle Dynamic Modelling

For homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） combustion, the auto-ignition process is very sensitive to in-cylinder conditions, including in-cylinder temperature, in-cylinder components and concentrations. Therefore, accurate control is required for reliable and efficient HCCI combustion. This paper outlines a simplified gasoline-fueled HCCI engine model implemented in Simulink environment. The model is able to run in real-time and with fixed simulation steps with the aim of cycle-to-cycle control and hardware- in-the-loop simulation. With the aim of controlling the desired amount of the trapped exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） from the previous cycle, the phase of the intake and exhaust valves and the respective profiles are designed to vary in this model. The model is able to anticipate the auto-ignition timing and the in-cylinder pressure and temperature. The validation has been conducted using a comparison of the experimental results on Ricardo Hydro engine published in a research by Tianjin University and a JAGUAR V6 HCCI test engine at the University of Birmingham. The comparison shows the typical HCCI combustion and a fair agreement between the simulation and experimental results.

Effect of equalising ignition delay on combustion and soot emission characteristics of model fuel blends

This paper examines the effect of equalizing ignition delay in a compression ignition engine.Two sets of tests were conducted,i.e.a set of constant injection timing tests with start of fuel injection at 10°crank angle degree(CAD)before top dead center(BTDC)and a set of constant ignition timing tests while also keeping the 10℃AD BTDC injection and adding ignition improver(2-ethylhexylnitrate-,2-EHN)to the fuel mixtures.Soot particles were characterized using DMS-500 instrument in terms of mass,size,and number.The experimental results showed that adding 2-EHN to the model fuel blends reduced the soot surface area,soot mass concentration and soot mean size.Replacing 20 vol%of a C 7-heptane with 20 vol%methyl-decanoate(an oxygenated C 11 molecule)did not affect the ignition delay or rate of fuel air premixing,the peak in-cylinder pressure or heat release rates.Toluene addition(0−22.5 vol%)to heptane increased the mean size of the soot particles generated by only 3%while also resulted in a slight increase in the peak cylinder pressure and peak heat release rates.Blending toluene and methyl-decanoate into heptane without adding 2-EHN increased the premix phase fraction by at least 13%.However,by adding 2-EHN(4×10^(−4)−1.5×10^(−3)),the premixed phase fraction decreased by at least 11%.

Gasoline-diesel dual fuel intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI)combustion:Conceptual model and comparison with other advanced combustion modes

The internal combustion engines can remain the advantage over competitor technologies for automotive driven,especially the engine efficiency,exceeded 50%while maintaining ultra-low emissions.In this paper,a novel combustion mode characterized by dual high-pressure common-rail direct injection systems,denoted as intelligent charge compression ignition(ICCI)combustion,is proposed to realize high efficiency and clean combustion in wide engine operating ranges.Specifically,commercial gasoline and diesel,which are considered to be complementary in physical and chemical properties,are directly injected into the cylinder by the two independent injection systems,respectively.Through this unique design,the in-cylinder air-fuel mixtures can be flexibly adjusted by regulating injection timing and duration of different fuels,consequently obtaining suitable combustion phase and heat release rate.The ICCI mode can widely run from indicated mean effective pressure 2 bar to 16 bar with an utterly controllable cylinder pressure rising rate,around 50%indicated thermal efficiency and low NOxemissions.A series of experiments were carried out to compare the combustion and emissions of ICCI with other combustion modes(including conventional diesel combustion,reactivity-controlled compression ignition,partially premixed combustion,and gasoline compression ignition).The results show that at the medium engine loads,ICCI mode can reach much high indicated thermal efficiency,especially up to 52%along with extremely low NOxemissions.Prospectively,ICCI mode can realize real-time adjustments of in-cylinder mixture stratification and instantaneous combustion mode switch in one cycle at any operating conditions,and has an excellent commercial application prospect for energy conservation and environmental improvement.

Performances and emissions of a petroleum coke oil slurry engine

In order to solve the failure of fuel system when using petroleum coke oil slurry (PCOS) in a R180 diesel engine directly,a petroleum coke oil slurry fuel system (PCOSFS) was developed and installed in R180 engine,which was called PCOS engine.In order to analyze performances and emissions of the PCOS engine,a comparative experiment between PCOS engine fueled with PCOS and R180 engine fueled with diesel oil was carried out.The results show that the PCOS engine can run smoothly,the maximum output power decreases by about 6.2% and 19.0% and the maximum brake thermal efficiency reduces by around 5.85% and 4.13% as compared to R180 engine under the conditions of 1 200 and 1 600 r/min.The HC emissions of PCOS engine are lower than those of R180 engine at 1 200 r/min,and are close to those of R180 engine at 1 600 r/min.The CO emissions are similar to R180 engine at 1 200 and 1 600 r/min.The smoke intensity is close to R180 engine at 1 200 r/min,and is higher than R180 engine at 1 600 r/min.The particles emitted from PCOS engine array sparsely,but particles emitted from R180 engine array closely,cohering together.

Estimation of Residual Exhaust Gas of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Gasoline Engine Operating Under Negative Valve Overlap Strategy

To meet the requirements of the homogeneous charge compression ignition gasoline engine’s rapid cylinder exhaust gas rate and accurate control of combustion phasing,a residual exhaust gas rate model was proposed.A heat dissipation model for gas flow in the exhaust passage and exhaust pipe was established,and the exhaust gas was established.Flow through the exhaust valve was considered as an adiabatic expansion process,the exhaust temperature was used to estimate the temperature in the cylinder at the time that the valve was closed,and the cylinder exhaust gas rate was calculated.To meet the requirements of transient operating conditions,a first-order inertial link was used to correct the thermocouple temperature measurement.Addressing this delay problem and modification of the exhaust wall temperature according to different conditions effectively improved the accuracy of the model.The relative error between the calculated results of this model and the simulation results determined using GT-POWER software was within 3.5%.

喷油策略对甲醇/PODEn双燃料压燃燃烧特性的影响

为提高直喷柴油发动机的缸内燃烧效率,降低污染物的排放,研究了不同喷油策略下的甲醇/PODEn混合燃料燃烧、排放特性。基于计算流体动力学(CFD)和仿真分析软件Converge,对某款预混压燃燃烧(PCCI)的直喷柴油发动机进行三维建模;在发动机转速为1200 r/min,在进气压力100kPa、进气温度340.6 K的低负荷初始工况下,进行了仿真计算。结果表明:采用单次喷油时,提前喷油能够大幅提升缸压峰值和比放热峰值,使燃油利用率增加,且主要污染物显著减少;但过早喷油,反应速率加快,污染排放增多。采用2次喷油时,随着预喷时刻的提前,预喷、主喷的正时间隔变长,缸压曲线变化不大;比放热曲线出现2个峰值,峰值略微降低,且喷射时刻(曲轴转角,CA)提前;与各自的质量排放峰值比较,碳烟(Soot)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)的质量排放,分别降低了6.89%、5.41%、23.31%;优化后的预喷、主喷的CA为-27°、-22°。

纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃燃烧特性

基于一台双缸柴油机,结合自行设计开发的纯氧进气系统进行试验,研究了不同进气氧体积分数对正庚烷均质压燃燃烧过程及稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,随着混合气中氧体积分数降低,二氧化碳体积分数增加,缸内平均比热容不断增大,使得缸内最高燃烧温度降低,其对应的峰值相位推迟,燃烧始点推迟,放热率峰值下降,热效率降低;同时发现随着二氧化碳体积分数的增加,缸内温度会随之降低,使得燃烧循环不稳定性增强。以上现象均表明较高的二氧化碳体积分数能够有效抑制纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃。此外,试验发现了纯氧氛围下正庚烷均质压燃负温度系数区间持续时间大幅缩短现象。

转速拓展下喷油策略对柴油机低负荷预混燃烧的影响

利用试验结合数值模拟的手段研究重型柴油机低负荷转速拓展下,多次喷油策略对预混充量压燃(PCCI)燃烧的影响,得出重型柴油机低负荷喷雾燃烧的普适优化方向:喷油定时应与燃烧室形状配合,使油、气、室三者结合,最大程度地利用燃烧室的形状优势;转速升高后采用多次喷油策略能够克服喷油持续期延长带来的喷油速率降低、油气混合程度降低等缺陷.优化喷油策略后,低转速单次喷油工况下NO x排放量降低38%,碳烟排放量降低1个数量级,指示热效率提高8.66%;中转速单次喷油工况下,在指示热效率保持不变的情况下NO x排放量降低59.3%,碳烟排放量降低70%;高转速单次喷油工况下,指示热效率和NO x排放量略有升高,碳烟排放量显著降低.此外,研究发现,随着转速的提升,多次喷油策略对指示热效率与排放量的影响逐渐增强,多次喷油策略的优化效果相对低转速时更加明显.

柴油/天然气双燃料发动机油气耦合分层燃烧

针对柴油/天然气反应活性控制压缩点火发动机低负荷热效率低、未燃CH_(4)和CO排放高等问题,本文提出了一种发动机双进气道双阀燃气独立喷射方法,通过三维CFD仿真,对比研究了双阀燃气喷射比例对缸内油气耦合分层、燃烧以及排放特性的影响规律。结果表明:双阀燃气喷射比例对缸内混合气形成和燃烧过程有重要影响,通过微量柴油分段喷射和调整双阀燃气喷射比例,缸内能够形成高低反应活性燃料的耦合分层,缸压和放热率峰值增加,峰值相位提前,燃烧持续期缩短,未燃CH_(4)和CO排放总体呈现下降趋势。当双阀中直管燃气喷射比例为80%时,不仅能够提高发动机热效率,并且可以在NO排放不增加的情况下实现CH_(4)和CO排放的同时降低。

正丁醇/生物柴油高预混压燃燃烧及排放特性的试验

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,研究了正丁醇/生物柴油高预混压燃的燃烧和排放特性.缸内直喷生物柴油,进气道喷正丁醇,合理选择喷油时刻和正丁醇比例,实现了高预混燃烧.试验中生物柴油的喷油轨压固定为100,MPa,循环油量为60,mg(当量生物柴油循环油量),研究了正丁醇热值比例、生物柴油喷油时刻和EGR率对燃烧和排放特性的影响.结果表明,正丁醇比例、EGR率和喷油时刻通过缸内混合气活性和混合气活性分布影响正丁醇/生物柴油双燃料高预混燃烧的燃烧和排放特性,燃烧呈现多种燃烧模式组合的复合燃烧现象,适当调整正丁醇比例、EGR率和生物柴油喷油时刻可以获得较高的热效率和极低的NOx和碳烟排放.正丁醇比例为80%～85%时,较早的生物柴油喷射时刻可以获得较高的热效率(47%以上)和低的NOx和碳烟原始排放.

甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程分析

为了防止某些工况下爆震的发生,该文在不改变4B26增压柴油机结构的前提下,采用进气甲醇电控喷射,实现甲醇/柴油双燃料燃烧,分析了进气预混掺烧甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机的燃烧过程。试验结果表明,低负荷时随着甲醇掺烧比例的增大,最大爆发压力、缸内平均温度和放热率峰值略有降低,燃烧始点推迟,燃烧持续期变化不明显;高负荷时,随着甲醇掺烧比例的增大,滞燃期缩短,燃烧终点提前,定容放热比例增大,最大爆发压力和放热率峰值明显增加,缸内平均温度略有升高;与燃烧柴油相比,在最大扭矩转速、80%负荷时,掺烧50%甲醇的最大爆发压力增加了12.1%,放热率峰值增加了37.7%。研究结果确定了不同负荷的甲醇掺烧比例变化范围,为甲醇喷射控制策略的优化提供了依据。

燃烧相位与EGR协同控制对宽馏程燃料预混压燃燃烧和排放的影响

将汽油、柴油按一定比例进行混合制得不同着火性及挥发性的宽馏程燃料,试验研究了宽馏程燃料预混压燃燃烧及排放特性,分析了燃烧相位、废气再循环(EGR)及汽油掺入比例对预混压燃发动机燃烧及排放的影响规律,确定了核心燃烧边界条件对燃烧、排放的影响程度及范围.结果表明:汽油掺入比例对燃烧及排放均有显著影响,随汽油掺入比例增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期相应缩短,有利于增大预混合燃烧量,降低排气烟度,并改善燃烧定容性.但在小负荷工况下,汽油掺入比例过大会导致CO、HC排放物增加,燃烧效率降低,进而引起热效率下降.通过采用汽油掺混体积比为40%的混合燃料,并合理控制燃烧相位,可在一定范围内保证较高的燃烧效率及燃油经济性.利用燃烧相位与EGR的协同控制策略,可在不降低热效率的情况下,进一步改善压燃式发动机排放特性,同时降低NOx及微粒排放.

伞喷喷嘴内空化现象的数值模拟

使用混合多相模型和全空化模型通过数值模拟研究了伞喷喷嘴内的空化流动过程.结果发现,伞喷喷嘴内的空化发展显著影响了喷嘴出口处的燃油液膜厚度和喷射速度,进而直接改变喷射锥角和液滴的平均索特直径.基于喷嘴内燃油蒸气的分布,空化可以划分为无空化、入口空化、出口发展空化和完全空化.完全空化中燃油蒸气延伸至喷嘴出口,可以显著增加喷射速度和减小液膜厚度,进而有效提高喷嘴的雾化性能.通过同时变化背压和喷射压力,构造了伞喷喷嘴内的空化分布图.结果显示,完全空化仅发生在背压较低的一个狭小范围内.因此,为实现伞喷喷嘴的完全空化,柴油PCCI发动机的喷射时刻需要远在上止点之前,以便产生更均匀燃油混合气.

喷射参数对柴油机预混燃烧和排放的影响

采用试验和数值模拟方法研究了中、小负荷下,喷油模式和喷油定时对柴油机预混燃烧和排放的影响.结果表明:小负荷(平均指示压力约为0.45,MPa)、单次喷油模式及喷油定时为35°,CA BTDC时,油束的撞壁位置将形成的混合气分为燃烧室上方和活塞凹坑两部分,可充分利用整个气缸内的空气形成均质混合气,此时的NOx排放最低.平均指示压力(IMEP)约为0.7,MPa时,采用单次喷油模式,喷油量增多,喷油持续期延长,混合时间缩短,碳烟、CO和UHC排放急剧升高;在混合时间和混合空间的共同作用下,喷油定时为35°,CA BTDC时获得最佳折中排放.IMEP约为0.7,MPa时,与单次喷油模式相比,采用多次喷油模式,将喷油量分为4个脉冲喷入缸内,增加了每个脉冲的混合时间,并且改善了燃氧混合空间,形成更均质的混合气,大幅降低了碳烟、CO和UHC排放;喷射定时为80、65、50和35°,,CA BTDC时获得最佳排放.

EGR与喷油定时对柴油机预混燃烧颗粒排放的影响

采用试验方法研究了小负荷单次早喷射模式下EGR率和喷油定时对柴油机预混燃烧过程和颗粒排放的影响.结果表明:当喷油定时处于45°~35°,CA BTDC、EGR率不超过60%,时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度受EGR影响而增加的趋势较为缓慢,此时平均粒径大小在50~60,nm;当EGR率超过60%,达到70%,时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度急剧增加,此时数浓度的最大值所对应的平均粒径却减小到30~40,nm.当喷油定时处于30°~26°,CA BTDC时,积聚态颗粒物数浓度受EGR影响并不明显.随着喷油定时的推迟,核态颗粒物数浓度逐渐升高.当ηEGR≤60%,,总颗粒物数浓度受EGR率变化影响不大,但随喷油定时的推迟呈现逐渐升高的趋势,与核态颗粒物变化趋势一致;当ηEGR>60%,,总颗粒物数浓度随EGR率升高急剧增加,这是积聚态和核态颗粒物共同作用的结果.