LOLIMOT模型在CNG发动机NO_(x)排放预测试验中的应用

为解决在选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)的控制策略开发中局部线性模型树(local linear model tree,LOLIMOT)排放模型预测精度不足的问题,提出一种通过优化空间边界,将原模型的超矩形输入空间约束在物理意义范围内的改进LOLIMOT模型。通过某天然气发动机的辨识试验,从分布特征和计算原理角度,分析了该方法对预测结果的影响。结果表明:与原算法相比,改进算法的线性相关度R2提升了1.9%,验证了改进策略的有效性。改进LOLIMOT算法具备较高的收敛速度和稳定性,在排放模型领域具备一定的应用优势。

A reduced combustion mechanism of ammonia/diesel optimized with multi-objective genetic algorithm

For the deep understanding on combustion of ammonia/diesel,this study develops a reduced mechanism of ammonia/diesel with 227 species and 937 reactions.The sub-mechanism on ammonia/interactions of N-based and C-based species(N—C)/NOx is optimized using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II(NSGA-II)with 200 generations.The optimized mechanism(named as 937b)is validated against combustion characteristics of ammonia/methane(which is used to examine the accuracy of N—C interactions)and ammonia/diesel blends.The ignition delay times(IDTs),the laminar flame speeds and most of key intermediate species during the combustion of ammonia/methane blends can be accurately simulated by 937b under a wide range of conditions.As for ammonia/diesel blends with various diesel energy fractions,reasonable predictions on the IDTs under pressures from 1.0 MPa to5.0 MPa as well as the laminar flame speeds are also achieved by 937b.In particular,with regard to the IDT simulations of ammonia/diesel blends,937b makes progress in both aspects of overall accuracy and computational efficiency,compared to a detailed ammonia/diesel mechanism.Further kinetic analysis reveals that the reaction pathway of ammonia during the combustion of ammonia/diesel blend mainly differs in the tendencies of oxygen additions to NH_2 and NH with different equivalence ratios.

CNG储气瓶开裂失效分析

【目的】本文对CNG储气瓶的开裂故障进行了失效分析。文章给出了用户在使用CNG储气瓶时避免出现失效情况的一些建议。另外,对CNG储气瓶厚度进行的超声波测试和水压试验数据,可以用于以后的CNG储气瓶失效数值分析。【方法】用试验调查的方法来确定裂纹产生和气瓶开裂的原因;采用液体渗透的方法来检查CNG储气瓶壳体上的表面破损缺陷和裂纹的位置;采用视觉检查来确定壳体内表面的状况,采用光学显微镜检查裂纹,电子显微镜在适当的放大倍数下,能够检查并描述裂纹表面的精细微观结构,裂纹表面的细微结构显示了断裂起始点的缺陷。最后用光谱分析仪确定了材料的化学成分。另外,还进行了力学性能测试。【结果】CNG储气瓶在水压试验期间发生故障,在低于试验压力的情况下,CNG储气瓶壳体上显示有两条裂纹,并出现了试验液体泄漏的现象。【结论】根据所进行的测试结果,得到结论:压力容器底部的过度腐蚀导致凹坑的形成,成为泄漏裂纹的起始点。

Multi-lump Kinetic Parameter Estimation and Simulation of Trickle-bed Reactor for Ultra-deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel

A three-lumping Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was established based on the structures and reactivities of sulfur compounds.This model described the ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization(UDHDS)performance of diesel,reducing sulfur content from 10000μg/g to less than 10μg/g,with experimental and predicted data showing a discrepancy of less than 10%.The diesel UDHDS reaction was simulated by combining the mass transfer,reaction kinetics model,and physical properties of diesel.The results showed how the concentrations of H2S,hydrogen,and sulfur in the gas,liquid,and solid phases varied along the reactor length.Moreover,the study discussed the effects of each process parameter and impurity concentrations(H2S,basic nitrogen and,non-basic nitrogen)on diesel UDHDS.

Evaluation of the Oxidation Reactivity and Behavior of Exhaust Soot Particles from Diesel Engines with Different Emission Levels

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidation reactivity and behavior of exhaust particulate matter(PM)from diesel engines.PM samples from two diesel engines(1K,CY4102)with different emission levels were collected by a thermophoretic system and a quartz filter.The oxidation reactivity,oxidation behaviors,and physicochemical properties of the PM samples were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR),and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that there was a great difference in the oxidation reactivity of soot particles emitted by the two different diesel engines.A qualitative analysis of the factors influencing oxidation reactivity showed that the nanostructure,degree of graphitization,and relative concentration of aliphatic C—H functional groups were the most important factors,whereas no significant correlation was found between the primary particle size and activation energy of the diesel soot.Based on the oxidation behavior analysis,the diesel soot particles exhibited both internal and surface oxidation modes during the oxidation process.Surface oxidation was dominant during the initial stage,and as oxidation progressed,the mode gradually changed to internal oxidation.Internal oxidation mode of soot particles from the 1K engine was significantly higher than that of CY4102.

提高压缩天然气(CNG)质量检测结果准确性的主要措施

从提升员工技能、加强设备管理、强化标准物质的监管、确认检测方法、满足环境要求、规范取样、规范操作、强化质量监督、严格质量保证9个方面提出了提高压缩天然气(CNG)质量检测结果准确性的措施,为保证压缩天然气(CNG)质量检测结果的准确性提供了保障。

A Study of the Effect of the Miller Cycle on the Combustion of a Supercharged Marine Diesel Engine

The Miller cycle is a program that effectively reduces NOx emissions from marine diesel engines by lowering the maximum combustion temperature in the cylinder,thereby reducing NOx emissions.To effectively investigate the impact of Miller cycle optimum combustion performance and emission capability under high load conditions,this study will perform a one-dimensional simulation of the performance of a marine diesel engine,as well as a threedimensional simulation of the combustion in the cylinder.A 6-cylinder four-stroke single-stage supercharged diesel engine is taken as the research object.The chassis dynamometer and other related equipment are used to build the test system,carry out the diesel engine bench test,and collect experimental data.The simulation results are compared with the test results,and the error is less than 5%.In this study,the authors will use simulation software to simulate several Miller cycle scenarios designed for early inlet valve closure and analyze the impact of the Miller cycle on combustion and emissions at 100%load conditions.By comparing the flow field distribution of the engine at 1500 r/min condition,it was found that proper EIVC can prolong the ignition latency period and homogeneous fuel-air mixture combustion acceleration,but it can reduce pressure and temperature within the piston chamber and NOx emission.However,the Miller cycle reduces end-of-compression temperatures,which increases combustion duration and exhaust temperatures,making it difficult to improve fuel economy at the optimum fuel consumption point,and closing the intake valves prematurely leads to excessive fuel expenditure.Furthermore,temperature and heat release rate within the piston chamber,NOx,and SOOT generation were significantly enhanced.

Project⁃based Pollutant Emission Control of Diesel Construction Equipment

This paper examines project⁃based policies and regulations implemented globally to control and mitigate emissions from diesel⁃powered construction equipment.This study systematically reviews and analyzes various managerial,regulatory,and technical measures adopted across countries and regions,mostly of advanced economy.Key strategies of control include setting emission thresholds,idling restrictions,perform remote online monitoring,operational time limits,setting low emission zones,and enforced registration systems.The review highlights the rationale,implementation details,and experiences gained from these localized approaches,reduces localized emission sources,improve urban air quality and environmental management efficiency.

Efficient simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust gas at low temperatures over Cu–CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) coupling with dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Diesel particulate matter(DPM)and hydrocarbons(HCs)emitted from diesel engines have a negative affect on air quality and human health.Catalysts for oxidative removal of DPM and HCs are currently used universally but their low removal efficiency at low temperatures is a problem.In this study,Cu-doped CeO_(2) loaded on Al_(2)O_(3) coupled with plasma was used to enhance low-temperature oxidation of DPM and HCs.Removals of DPM and HCs at 200℃ using the catalyst were as high as 90%with plasma but below 30%without plasma.Operando plasma diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry was conducted to reveal the functional mechanism of the oxygen species in the DPM oxidation process.It was found that Cu-CeO_(2) can promote the formation of adsorbed oxygen(M^(+)-O_(2)^(-))and terminal oxygen(M=O),which can react with DPM to form carbonates that are easily converted to gaseous CO_(2).Our results provide a practical plasma catalysis technology to obtain simultaneous removals of DPM and HCs at low temperatures.M+O-2Diesel particulate matter(DPM)and hydrocarbons(HCs)emitted from diesel engines have a negative affect on air quality and human health.Catalysts for oxidative removal of DPM and HCs are currently used universally but their low removal efficiency at low temperatures is a problem.In this study,Cu-doped CeO_(2) loaded on Al_(2)O_(3) coupled with plasma was used to enhance low-temperature oxidation of DPM and HCs.Removals of DPM and HCs at 200°C using the catalyst were as high as 90%with plasma but below 30%without plasma.Operando plasma diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry was conducted to reveal the functional mechanism of the oxygen species in the DPM oxidation process.It was found that Cu–CeO_(2) can promote the formation of adsorbed oxygen(–)and terminal oxygen(M=O),which can react with DPM to form carbonates that are easily converted to gaseous CO_(2).Our results provide a practical plasma catalysis technology to obtain simultaneous removals of DPM and HCs at low temperatures.

CNG重型车排气含水量对CO_(2)测量的影响

为研究不同干湿基修正方法对压缩天然气(compressed natural gas,CNG)重型车冷起动阶段CO_(2)排放测量结果的影响,在底盘测功机上对某国六CNG车辆进行不同试验循环下冷起动测试,分别采用国六标准中推荐的干湿基修正法和排气中水的体积分数湿基修正法计算车辆冷起动阶段的CO_(2)排放。结果表明:车辆冷起动阶段,采用国六标准推荐的干湿基修正法计算的CO_(2)排放结果偏差较大;充分热机后,2种方法的计算结果趋于一致;采用国六推荐方法修正时,相比直接湿基测量结果,冷起动热机阶段的排放中CO_(2)体积分数偏低约14%。对于排气中水的体积分数较大的燃用CNG、甲醇、汽油等燃料的车辆的冷起动阶段CO_(2)排放计算,采用排气中水的体积分数计算CO_(2)湿基修正因子,结果更准确。

Optimization of Diesel and Crude Oil Degradation in a Ghanaian Soil Using Organic Wastes as Amendment

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons poses numerous environmental, health and agricultural problems. The degradation of these pollutants can occur naturally but very slowly. It is therefore generally necessary to stimulate this degradation by different means. Thus, this study aimed to improve the bio-degradation of diesel and crude oil in a Ghanaian soil by biostimulation. For this, the sampled soil was characterized by standard methods and contaminated with diesel and crude oil at a proportion of 1% (w/w). Then, contaminated soil samples were supplemented with biochar-compost, poultry manure or cow dung at the proportion of 10% (w/w). Periodically, fractions of these samples were taken to evaluate the density of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and the residual quantities of diesel or crude oil. The characteristics of the soil used show the need for supplementation for better degradation of hydrocarbons. The results of the study show that supplementing the soil with organic substrates increases HUB loads in soils contaminated by diesel and crude oil. They also show that the residual quantities of diesel and crude oil are generally significantly lower in supplemented soils (p = 0.048 and p < 0.0001 respectively). In addition, the study shows that degradation was generally greater in soils contaminated by diesel compared to those contaminated by crude oil, especially at the end of the study.

某轻型国VI CNG客车动力优化匹配

天然气汽车虽然具有良好的排放性和经济性,但也存在动力不足的缺陷,影响整车市场推广和应用。为了能解决压缩天然气(CNG)客车动力性不足的问题,在不改变原发动机结构的基础上,首先,通过调整发动机喷气压力和点火提前角,尽可能减少发动机功率和扭矩损失;然后,将该发动机搭载在轻客某车型上,通过合理设计布置燃气系统;最后,利用整车模拟软件AVLCruise,建立动力性仿真模型,匹配最优的变速箱和后桥速比组合。经过实际道路测试验证,CNG整车动力可达到同类汽油机车型的90%以上,能够满足用户实际使用需求。

基于PSO-LSSVR的CNG气瓶损伤监测方法

针对车载气瓶损伤诊断问题,对气瓶诊断方法进行研究,提出基于最小二乘支持向量回归(LSSVR)以及粒子群优化算法(PSO)的气瓶损伤诊断方法,通过PSO进行LSSVR参数寻优,得到优化的LSSVR模型。采用随机振动的有限元计算方法,模拟多组损伤气瓶在运输中的情况,并收集气瓶振动时损伤位置的垂直加速度以及等效应力作为模型输入,得到气瓶损伤的诊断结果。以诊断值与实际值的均方根误差作为评判,采用PSO进行模型参数优化,将诊断误差稳定在1%以内,得出较为合适的优化模型。将该模型与未优化的LSSVR算法进行对比,可得出,该模型在低损伤以及高损伤位置识别精度较高。为进一步体现该模型优势,将其与BP神经网络以及支持向量回归(SVR)算法进行比较,结果显示,该模型在识别精度以及稳定性上都较高。

Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Oxygenated Diesel in DI Engines: A Critical Review

The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofuels. This technology has been utilized in reciprocating engines for decades. This paper reviews the viability of using an n-butanol blend as a short-term replacement for diesel by analyzing its physical and chemical properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines under various conditions, including variable load, speed, acceleration, and both stationary and transient cycles. N-Butanol exhibits higher viscosity, better lubricity, higher heating value, improved blend stability, enhanced cold-flow properties, and higher density. These factors influence spray formation, injection timing, atomization, and combustion characteristics. Its higher oxygen content improves the diffusion combustion stage and efficiency. Adding 5% and 10% n-butanol to diesel increases pressure and apparent heat release rate, slightly reduces temperature, and improves thermal efficiency, with mixed effects on CO and THC emissions and a notable decrease in particulate matter emissions. Fuel consumption increases, while the impact on NOx emissions varies. A 10% butanol blend is considered optimal for enhancing performance and reducing particulate emissions without significantly affecting NOx emissions. Blending up to 40% butanol with diesel does not require engine modifications or ECU recalibrations in engines calibrated for pure diesel. Due to its advantageous properties and performance, n-butanol is recommended as a superior alcohol-diesel blend than ethanol for short-term diesel replacement.

CNG加气站压缩机故障分析与诊断

为进一步探究压缩机故障分析与诊断工作要点内容,以某天然气公司CNG加气站中压缩机为研究对象,针对其在运行过程中发生频率较高的压缩机气阀、气缸过热、气缸异响和自控仪表运行4类典型故障,通过“故障现象描述→故障原因分析→故障排查与解决”的流程,对故障分析诊断工作予以详细阐述。

利用现有CNG汽车加气站推进充电业务的探讨

为科学地推动CNG汽车加气站经营转型发展,本文对江苏省扬州市现有CNG汽车加气站近几年来经营状况和转型方向进行了分析,提出利用现有CNG汽车加气站并行推进新能源汽车充电业务现实可行性。分析新能源汽车充电站建设类型及对应的优缺点、分析CNG汽车加气站转型考虑因素,认为在当前新能源汽车迅猛发展和CNG汽车日渐萎缩的趋势下,CNG汽车加气站优先考虑推进充电业务。

LNG/CNG加气站的危险特性及防火防爆管理措施研究

随着能源和环境压力的不断加大,天然气汽车在交通领域节能减排和优化能源结构中发挥着重要作用。天然气具有环保性、经济性、安全性等,被公认为是最为现实和技术上较成熟的车用汽油和柴油的代用燃料,在我国四川、新疆、内蒙古、宁夏等省份LNG和CNG合建站得到了大力推广和应用。天然气本身具有易燃易爆的危险属性,火灾爆炸事故的发生会造成严重的财产损失和人员伤亡。本文通过对加气站出现过的事故案例进行研究,分析了加气站主要的危险因素,提出防火防爆的安全防范措施和建议。

Comparative Study of Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Syngas Powered 3.5 kW Compression Ignition Engine with and without Load

Despite diesel engines being highly efficient, with low fuel consumption and reduced carbon dioxide emissions, they emit relatively high levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) due to high exhaust gas temperatures. Engine emissions show the quality and completeness of combustion. This paper aims to present the results of a study comparing exhaust emissions from a diesel and syngas powered engine. Syngas was produced from co-firing coal and biomass in a gasifier then cleaned, cooled and applied as an alternative fuel in an engine operated from 0 - 100% load. Exhaust-emissions were monitored at this load conditions. The exhaust-temperature was measured using thermocouples and the emission gases were analyzed using Testo 350. The emissions were lower and decreased as the engine load increased, except for sulphur dioxide and NOx. The study shows that levels of carbon monoxide, were higher in a range of 46.5 - 80.2%, while carbon dioxide was 3.3 - 18% higher compared to those from diesel. Hydrocarbon emissions were 480 and 1250 ppm for diesel and syngas respectively. The study reveals that the engine operates optimally at higher loads since hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon are low due to complete combustion at higher temperatures. Exhaust gas temperature was higher in the syngas fuel and increased as the engine load increased in the range of 455.83 - 480.03˚C which influenced the formation of NOx. NOx from diesel was found to be higher, ranging from 32.5 - 40.5%, compared to those from syngas with an engine load of 75%. The study observed that relative to diesel, the emissions of sulfur dioxide at 50% engine load were lower in a range of 23.7 - 57.1%. Emissions of hydrocarbons depended on the degree of substitution of diesel and engine load. The study therefore shows that, relative to diesel, emissions decreased when syngas was used with upgraded syngas from Prosporis juliflora presenting as the best alternative followed by Hyphanae compressa, and lastly rice husk. For optimal performance of the syngas fuelled engine, the study reports that the engine should be operated at engine loads above 50% with strategies on NOx emissions considered.

Study of the Viscosity and Specific Gravity of the Ternary Used Frying Oil (UFO)-Bioethanol-Diesel System

Fossil fuels cover around 80% of global energy consumption. However, the problems linked to their use justify the choice of using biofuel. In order to reduce as much as possible, diesel rate, an increase in the number of additives may be considered. Thus, in this work, the study of the used frying oil (UFO), bioethanol and diesel ternary system was undertaken. It emerges from this study that the addition of bioethanol reduces the viscosity and the density of the ternary system and permits a 90% substitution rate for diesel between the UFO and bioethanol. Finally, the percentage of oil becomes 40% after adding alcohol compared to the binary diesel crude vegetable oil mixture where this rate is 30%.

柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放性能的试验研究

在设计开发的CA6113BN 01柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的基础上,通过改变燃烧系统参数、柴油供油系统参数和天然气供气系统参数等,研究了这些参数变化时对柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的燃烧室形状对双燃料发动机性能、排放的影响较小。NOx、HC排放量随提前角的变化趋势和柴油机相似,提前角增大,NOx排放量增加,HC排放量也增加,提前角对CO排放影响较小。喷油器的开启压力提高可以有效地改善双燃料发动机的排放。