Simultaneous Determination of Hexoestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Estrone and 17-Beta-estradiol in Feed by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four kinds of estrogens(hexoestrol, diethylstilbestrol, estrone, and 17-beta-estradiol) in feed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). After the sample was extracted by ethyl ether and cleaned-up on HLB phase extraction column, four kinds of estrogens were derived and quantified in gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The results showed that the linear detectable ranged from 2.5 ng·mL^(-1) to 250 ng·mL^(-1) for hexoestrol and from 5 ng·mL^(-1) to 500 ng·mL^(-1) for three other estrogens with the correlation coefficients(R^2) were no less than 0.990. The recoveries were in the range of 76.34%-96.33% and the relative standard deviation was no more than 22.7%. The limits of quantitation(LOQ) for all analytics were between 10 ug·kg^(-1) and 20 ug·kg^(-1).The method was accurate and sensitive and could meet the actual requirements for the analyses of feed samples.

Electrochemical Determination of Diethylstilbestrol in Feeds at Polyethylenimine-nanogold Modified Electrode

In this paper, a new method for the modification of glass carbon electrode (GCE) by polyethylenimine (PEI) and nano-gold (Au-colloid) was established to explore sensitive techniques for voltammetric determination of diethylstilbestrol. Compared with bare GCE, the peak current at the potential of 0.45 V is increased notably at PEI and PEI-nanogold modified electrode both by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This kind of electrode allows the detection of low concentration of diethylstilbestrol in the range of 0.03～12 mg/L by DPV measurement. Other optimizations for experimental conditions were also discussed in detail.

Spectrophotometric detection of diethylstilbestrol on the basis of the plasmon resonance absorption of silver nanoparticles

In this study,a spectrophotometric detection method for diethylstilbestrol(DES)was proposed by reducing silver nitrate(AgNO3)to obtain silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)in the medium of ammonia and sodium hydroxide.It was found that the resulting AgNPs have plasmon resonance absorption(PRA)characteristic at 415 nm,and the PRA is proportional to the increase of DES concentration in the range of 4.0×10-8-1.0×10-5M with the detection limit(3σ)of 1.2×10-7M.Most of the coexisting substances at high concentrations did not affect the detection of real samples,such as tablets.The recovery was in the range of 96.01%-107.41% and the RSD was lower than 4.7%.This method can be successfully applied to control preparation quality of DES.

Effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol on gubernacular development in fetal male mice

Aim: To study the effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the role of actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on testicular gubernaculum development in fetal male Kunming mice. Methods:Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups and injected with DES subcutaneously from gestational day 9(E9) to day 17 (El7) at doses of 0,25,50,100,200μg·kg^-1d^-1 in 0.2 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). On El7 they were sacrificed and fetuses quickly removed for fixation. Male fetuses were sliced on serial coronal plane. Histological changes were observed under the light microscope (LM) and ultrastructural changes with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM&TEM). The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was quantitated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The mortality of the fetuses was higher in the DES-treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P＜0.05). Under LM the gubernacula were seen to be poorly developed with smaller bulbs. On SEM the bulbs lose the clear demarcation between the mesenchymal inner core and the muscular outer layer and looked like a small cone instead of the normal cylindrical appearance. On TEM there were some smaller disordered myofibrils and sparse cytoplasmic organelles in the gubernacular muscular cells of the treated groups. The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was significantly weaker in the treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P＜0.05). Conclusion: DES induces underdevelopment of the gubernacula in a dose-dependent manner in fetal male mice and down regulates the actin and PCNA expression.(Asian J Androl 2004 Dec; 6:325-329)

μ-and m-calpain expression and activity changes following diethylstilbestrol injection in the rat anterior pituitary

Little is known about changes in calpain activity in the pituitary gland.In the present study,μ-and m-calpain activity changes were detected in the rat anterior pituitary following intraperitoneal injection of diethylstilbestrol.Double-immunofluorescence labeling confirmed colocalization of μ-and m-calpain in prolactin-secreting cells(lactotrophs).Western blot analysis revealed significantly increased expression of both calpains,which accompanied upregulated cytosol and membrane zymographic activities at 12 weeks following diethylstilbestrol injection,compared with rats injected with sunflower oil.Moreover,following estrogen injection,pituitary gland pathological damage gradually worsened with increasing time.Results demonstrated that estrogen regulated calpain expression and activity,and both calpains participated in the pathophysiological processes of the pituitary gland.Ubiquitous calpain expression could serve as an effective target for anti-estrogen drugs.

Prevention of Osteopenia and Dyslipidemia in Rats after Ovariectomy with Combined Aspirin and Low-dose Diethylstilbestrol

Objective To study whether effect of aspirin plus low-dose diethylstilbestrol is more effective and safer than high diethylstilbestrol dose alone on prevention of ovariectomy-induced osteopenia and dyslipidemia.Methods Thirty-eight 4-month-old female SD rats were divided into baseline(BAS)group(n=6),sham operation group(n=8)and ovariectomy(OVX)group(n=24).The OVX group was further divided into vehicle treatment group(n=8),diethylstilbestrol(30 μg/kg·d)treatment group(OVX+D30 group,n=8),and aspirin(9 mg/kg·d)plus diethylstilbestrol(10 μg/kg·d)treatment group(OVX+A-D10 group,n=8).Their left tibiae were collected for the bone histomorphometric analysis in undecalcified sections.Left femurs were collected for the bone mineral density measurement.Results The body weight and serum cholesterol were increased,while uterine weight and cancellous bone mass were decreased in OVX rats compared with the SHAM group.Cancellous bone mass was significantly increased,while body weight and bone resorption parameters were decreased in both A-D10 and D30 treatment group compared with OVX group.The rats treated with A-D10 showed significantly increased in bone formation parameters and decreased in serum triglyceride compared with the D30-treated rats.Conclusion Aspirin plus low-dose diethylstilbestrol can effectively prevent osteopenia by reducing bone resorption,and is thus a better treatment modality for preventing dyslipidemia than high-dose diethylstilbestrol alone.

Effect of diethylstilbestrol on polyamine metabolism in hamster epididymis

Aim: To investigate the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES), one of the most potent endocrine disruptors, on the metabolism of polyamines in hamster epididymis. Methods: Male golden hamsters of 7-week-old were kept under a light and dark cycle of 14 h and 10 h for 1 week to stimulate maximally the gonadal function. DES was injected subcutaneously at doses of 0.01mg·kg^-1·day^-1,0.1mg·kg^-1·day^-1 and 1mg·kg^-1·day^-1 for one week. Results:DES treatment caused a significant decrease in the weight of epididymis. The activity of epididymal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) increased 1 day after DES treatment, kept at a high level for 4 days and then decreased to nearly normal level at day 7. The activity of spermidine/spermine N^1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) also increased transiently after DES treatment. The contents of putrescine, spermidine, spermine and N^1-acetylspermidine were increased 1 day 4 days after DES treatment and restored to normal at day 7. All these changes showed a marked difference between the caput and the cauda. Conclusion: The polyamine biosynthesis in the hamster epididymis can be affected by DES,a xenoestrogen. DES may probably affect polyamine metabolism in the epididymis by regulating the rate-limiting enzymes involved in the polyamine biosynthesis.

Quantitative proteomic determination of diethylstilbestrol action on prostate cancer

已烯雌酚(DES ) 在前列腺癌症上有直接细胞的机制抑制。它的行动从雌激素受体是独立的并且在首要的神经质的治疗以后被保存。我们试图识别在前列腺癌症上涉及 DES 的直接细胞的抑制效果的蛋白质。我们使用了 clonogenic 试金在 22RV1 房间上建立 DES 的中部的致命的集中。22RV1 房间暴露于标准、充实 DES 的媒介。在抽取以后，蛋白质表示层次被二维的微分在里面胶化电气泳动(2D-DIGE ) 和为相对、绝对的 quantification (iTRAQ ) 把标签标记的同位素获得。兴趣的蛋白质被量的 RT-PCR 并且西方的弄污分析。差别调整了蛋白质(P&#x0003c； 0.01 ) 基于机灵知识库对一个全球分子的网络被讯问。2D-DIGE 分析为 14 蛋白质揭示了导致 DES 的表示变化(&#x0003e； 1.3 褶层；P&#x0003c； 0.05 ) 。iTRAQ 分析允许 895 蛋白质的鉴定。在这些蛋白质之中， 65 由于 DES 暴露有修改表情(即， 23 overexpressed 和 42 underexpressed ) 。大多数这些蛋白质在 apoptosis 和氧化还原作用过程被含有并且有预言的 mitochondrial 表情。另外，机灵小径分析把 OAT 和 HSBP1 基因放在一个高度重要的网络的中心。RT-PCR 证实了燕麦(P=0.006 ) 和 HSPB1 (P=0.046 ) 的 overexpression。

Expression of Sex-Related Genes in Chicken Embryos During Male-to-Female Sex Reversal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol

Sex emerges out of a delicate dance between a variety of promale, anti-male, and possibly profemale genes. To investigate the role that sex-related genes play in sex determination and gonadal differentiation of fowl, we constructed a male-to- female sex-reversal model of chick induced by diethylstilbestrol (DES) at onset of incubation (E0). The results of semi- quantitative PCR showed that the expression of Sf1, the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 gene, was put forward from E7d to E5d and up-regulated during E5-7d; the Dmrt1, the double sex and the Mab-3 related to transcription factor 1 gene, was down-regulated during E3-7d. Meanwhile, anti-Müllerian hormone gene (Amh) expressed at a similar level in the genetic females and sex-reversal females before E7d, while no expression products of the three female-specific genes Wpkci, Fet1 and Foxl2 were detected in male-to-female embryos. These findings suggest that the expression of some certain sex-related genes, induced by the exogenous estrogen during period of sex determination and gonadal differentiation, results in the male-to-female sex reversal. Moreover, high activity of Sf1 gene during E5-7d might be related to the profemale process, while low activity of Dmrt1 gene during E3-5d might be anti-male. The expression activity of Amh gene might only contribute to the promale process after E7d, however, it is possibly not an anti-female gene in chick embryos.

Diethylstilbestrol in Fish Tissue Determined Through Subcritical Fluid Extraction and with GC-MS

As the key point in sex hormone analysis, sample pre-treatment technology has attracted scientists' attention all over the world, and the development trend of sample preparation forwarded to faster and more efficient technologies. Taking economic and environmental concerns into account, subcritical fluid extraction as a faster and more efficient method has stood out as a sample pre-treatment technology. This new extraction technology can overcome the shortcomings of supercritical fluid and achieve higher extraction efficiency at relatively low pressures and temperatures. In this experiment, a simple, sensitive and efficient method has been developed for the determination of diethylstilbestrol(DES) in fish tissue using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a) extraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). After extraction, freezing-lipid filtration was utilized to remove fatty co-extract. Further purification steps were performed with C_(18) and NH_2 solid phase extraction(SPE). Finally, the analyte was derived by heptafluorobutyric anhydride(HFBA), followed by GC-MS analysis. Response surface methodology(RSM) was employed to optimizing the extraction condition, and the optimized was as follows: extraction pressure, 4.3 MPa; extraction temperature, 26℃; amount of co-solvent volume, 4.7 m L. Under this condition, at a spiked level of 1, 5, 10 μg kg^(-1), the mean recovery of DES was more than 90% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 10%. Finally, the developed method has been successfully used to analyzing the real samples.

Re-establishment of Spermatogenesis by Diethylstilbestrol after 2,5-Hexanedione-induced Irreversible Testicular Atrophy in Rats

To investigate the effects of diethylstilbestrol(DES) in reestablishing spermatogenesis and the mechanism by which estrogen works on spermatogenesis,rats were exposed to 1% 2,5-HD for 5 week.Then 0.1 mL of DES was given(s.c.) at a rate of 0.3 μg/kg,30 μg/kg,3 mg/kg every other day for 2 weeks respectively(DES group) while the other rats received ethyldeate only.Plasma testosterone(T) and LH were measured on the 8th week after the treatment.The rats were killed at the 18th week.The left testis was histopathologically examined.In all the rats in the DES groups,spermatogenesis was re-established and the rats in the 30 μg/kg group showed the best results.Serum T was suppressed markedly in rats of 30 μg/kg and 3 mg/kg groups while T was only mildly inhibited in 0.3 μg/kg group,without significant difference found in serum LH.It is concluded that the nearly complete testicular atrophy could be reversed by DES treatment in rats.Estrogen plays an important part in spermatogenesis,and the role of estrogen in spermatogenesis is more than suppressing the hypothalamo-pituitary-testis axis.

Long-term application of diethylstilbestrol upregulates expressions of μ-and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe of female Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: During formation of prolactin neoplasia, how cells and its structure in adenohypophysis affect prolactin cells should be further studied. Intermediate lobe can be regarded as a driving region to release prolactin (PRL) and may promote formation of prolactin neoplasia in pituitary anterior lobe. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the expressions of μ and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe of female Wistar rats. DESIGN: Observational contrast animal study. SETTING: Beijing Neurosurgical Institute. MATERIALS: A total of 21 female Wistar rats, 3 weeks old weighing 70–80 g were housed with free access to tap water and standard pellet food. They were kept in a CL-grade condition, at (24±1)℃ and a humidity of (55±5)%, and with a 12 hours day-night cycle. Caprine anti-μ- and m-calpains antibodies were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA; rabbit-anti-PRL antibodies by Dako, Denmark; rabbit-anti-ACTH antibody by Boster Company, Wuhan. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in Pathophysiological Department and Animal Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute from August 2006 to January 2007. ① Rats were randomly divided into groups with 7 in each group, including vehicle control group, in which rats were injected intraperitoneally with sun-flower seed oil (1 mL/kg, twice a week) for 16 weeks; DES group, where animals were administered with DES (5 mg/kg, twice a week) for 16 weeks; DES + vehicle control group, in which DES was administered for 12 weeks at the same dose with those in DES group, and then was discontinued and replaced by sun-flower seed oil (1 mL/kg, twice a week) for the following 4 weeks. ② At 16 weeks later, pituitary tissue was dealt with HE staining and PRL immunohistochemical examination to observe evoke of tumor; meanwhile, immunohistochemical examination was used to observe expression of PRL of pituitary anterior lobe, expressions of μ- and m-calpains of pituitary intermediate lobe and distribution of adrenocorticotropin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Expression of PRL of pituitary anterior lobe, expressions of μ- and m-calpains of pituitary intermediate lobe and distribution of adrenocorticotropin. ② Morphological observation of pituitary tissue. RESULTS: All 21 rats were involved in the final analysis. ① Results of immunohistochemical examination: Morphological changes of neoplasia in DES group were strongly positive to PRL, and this suggested that formation of prolactin adenoma was observed in pituitary tissue. As compared with vehicle control group, expression of adrenoeorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was increased in both DES group and DES + vehicle control group. In addition, expressions of μ- and m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe were higher in DES group than that in vehicle control group. Otherwise, expressions of m-calpains in pituitary intermediate lobe was decreased in DES + vehicle control group, but expression of μ-calpains was still increased. ② Morphological observation of pituitary tissue: Gland tubes were orderly arranged in rats in vehicle control group. Anterior pituitary gland in rats of DES group demonstrated an apparent disappearance of gland tubes and a relatively large-scaled vasculature formation, namely the vascular lake lined by tightly arranged endothelial cells. Local integrated tumor cell arrangements were also detected. In addition, the border between the IL and the anterior lobe was locally blurred. The definite tumor-like changes in pituitary tissueswere confirmed in 6 of 7 female Wistar rats in DES group, and one spontaneous occurrence of tumor formation was found in vehicle control group. In DES + vehicle control group, DES withdrawal led to the subtile emergence of gland tube cavity, although tumor-like cells still existed in 4 of 7 rats, suggesting occurrence of the tumor regression due to the withdrawal of DES. CONCLUSION: A long-term application of DES can enhance the expressions of ubiquitours neutral cysteine protease in pituitary intermediate lobe and this suggests that both of them play a key role in release of hormone and formation of prolactin neoplasia through directly promoting PRL expression and release of neighboring pituitary intermediate lobe.

DES磁性分子印迹材料的制备及其吸附分离性能

利用溶剂热法制备纳米Fe 3 O 4,并将其分散在正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解液中,在表面沉积一层SiO_(2).用甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)对SiO_(2)-Fe 3 O 4表面改性,得到MPS-SiO_(2)-Fe 3 O 4.将甲基丙烯酸(MAA)与己烯雌酚(DES)以摩尔比4∶1加入乙腈溶剂中,进行12 h自组装,再加入MPS-SiO_(2)-Fe 3 O 4、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)和偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN),进行超声分散30 min,65℃条件下机械搅拌,反应24 h,制得DES磁性分子印迹聚合物(MMIP).采用透射电镜、振动样品磁强计和吸附试验等方法进行表征分析.结果表明:MMIP的饱和磁化强度为268 kA/m,无磁滞现象,矫顽力为0,表现出超顺磁性,在磁铁作用下17 s就可与溶液分离;室温下,MMIP对DES的静态最大吸附量为7.1 mg/g,动态吸附时MMIP在60 min时可以达到静态最大吸附量的90%以上;MMIP对DES的印迹因子为3.70,因而对DES有较大的识别能力;MMIP可重复使用6次以上,具有良好的再生循环性能.

Recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated or diethylstilbestroltreated mice:Implications for rodent management

Fertility control is an alternative strategy to traditional culling for the management of rodent pests.Previous studies have demonstrated that quinestrol is a potential contraceptive for male rodents,but the recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated rodents has not been evaluated.This study used C57BL/6J mice to evaluate the recovery rate of male fertility after the administration of quinestrol.Diethylstilbestrol(DES),a non-steroid estrogenic compound,was used for comparison.Different groups of mice were treated with 1 mg/kg quinestrol,1 mg/kg DES,or castor oil separately for 7 days.These mice were then killed on days 8,22 and 50 respectively.Our results indicated that the weight of epididymides and seminal vesicles decreased significantly on days 8 and 22 in quinestrol/DES-treated mice,with extensive histological changes in the seminiferous tubules.Sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymal fluid were significantly reduced on days 8 and 22 in both quinestrol and DES treatment groups and on day 50 for the DES,but not the quinestrol group.Further analysis revealed that DES-treated mice exhibited a higher proportion of abnormal sperm accumulation in the epididymis,indicating that the normal sperm transportation to the cauda epididymis was blocked.Our results indicate that the anti-fertility effects on male mice given quinestrol were of shorter duration than for those receiving DES at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight.

Reference gene validation for quantification of gene expression during final oocyte maturation induced by diethylstilbestrol and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in common carp

Final oocyte maturation is the key step to successful spawning and fertilization.Quantitative real-time PCR(q PCR) is the technique of election to quantify the abundance of functional genes in such study. Reference gene is essential for correct interpretation of q PCR data. However, an ideal universal reference gene that is stable under all experimental circumstances has not been described. Researchers should validate their reference genes while performing q PCR analysis. The expression of 6 candidate reference genes: 18 s r RNA,28 s r RNA, Cathepsin Z, Elongation factor 1-α, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase andβ-actin were investigated during final oocyte maturation induced by different compounds(DES and DEHP) in common carp(Cyprinus carpio). Four softwares(Bestkeeper, ge Norm,Norm Finder and Ref Finder) were used to screen the most stable gene in order to evaluate their expression stability. The results revealed that EF1α was highly stable expressed when final oocyte maturation was induced by DES, while gapdh was the most stable gene when final oocyte maturation was induced by DEHP. Stable expressed reference gene selection is critical for all q PCR analysis to get accurate target gene m RNA expression information.

Preparation of an anti-diethylstilbestrol monoclonal antibody and development of an indirect competitive ELISA to detect diethylstilbestrol in biological samples

Based on the preparation of an anti-diethylstilbestrol(DES) monoclonal antibody,a simple and convenient indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method for DES detection has been developed.The monoclonal antibody demonstrated high sensitivity to DES with an IC50 value of 275 pg mL-1 and detection limit(LOD) of 90 pg mL-1.The specificity of the assay was studied by measuring cross-reactivity of the antibody with structurally related compounds of ethinyl estradiol(<7%),estrone(<0.1%),estriol(<0.1%),and diethylstilbestrol benzoate(<0.1%).Chicken,fish,shrimp,urine and bile spiked with different concentration of DES were detected by the developed method,and the recovery rates were greater than 79.5%.Intra-and inter-assay variations were about 6%.This method exhibited high stability with a coefficient of variation less than 10% in buffer and in real samples.The LODs in fish/shrimp,liver,feed and urine spiked with DES were 600,600,4800 and 600 pg mL-1,respectively.These results confirmed that the antibody to DES was successfully produced and could be used to establish ELISA methods for DES detection in food producing animals.

Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA Based on Polyclonal Antibody for the Detection of Diethylstilbestrol in Water Samples

间接竞争连接酶的 immunosorbent 试金(icELISA ) 基于为雌激素已烯雌酚(DES ) 的 polyclonal 抗体被开发。与这个目的，二不同 haptens mono-O-3-carboxypropyl- 已烯雌酚(DES-CP ) 和与羧基的组一起的 mono-O-carboxymethyldiethylstilbestrol (DES 厘米) 保存已烯雌酚的分子的结构特性被综合。haptens 与搬运人蛋白质被结合由为 immunogen 的混合酐方法的牛的浆液白朊(BSA ) 并且为涂层抗原由活跃酉旨方法与 ovalbumin (卵) 结合了。为已烯雌酚的 Polyclonal 抗体被与有免疫力的抗原 DES-CP-BSA 使老鼠免疫提起。在优化系统下面，已烯雌酚的察觉(LLD ) 的最低限制是 0.01 ng/mL，和 IC50 = 1.02 ng/mL。它的类似物被测试并且不明显跨反应被发现到反已烯雌酚抗体。强化 DES 的水样品被简单冲淡决定减少矩阵效果。在 ELISA 估计的 DES 的数量和增加的数量之间的比较为测试的所有水样品显示好同意，与从 86% ～ 120.2%的吝啬的恢复价值。

Development of Monoclonal Antibody-based Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay to the Estrogen Diethylstilbestrol

已烯雌酚(DES ) 是曾经全球被使用了的合成雌激素。Polyclonal 抗体(PAbs ) 在以前的纸在环境、农业的样品为 DES 残余的察觉在免疫分析被使用。在这份报纸，间接竞争连接酶的 immunosorbent 试金(icELISA ) 为已烯雌酚的决心基于 monoclonal 抗体(MAb ) 被开发。Mono-o-carboxypropyldiethylstilbestrol (DES-CP ) 和 mono-o-carboxymethyldiethylstilbestrol (DES-CME ) 被综合是 haptens。DES-CP 被联合到牛的浆液白朊(BSA ) 是在为 MAb 生产的 BALB/c 雌老鼠的 immunogen。MAb 在 icELISA 为到 DES 的特性和亲密关系被描绘。在最佳条件下面， icELISA 显示出 9.8 ng/mL 的 IC50， 2.3 ng/mL 的察觉(IC20 ) 和 242 ng/mL 的一个工作范围的限制。Hexestrol 和 dienestrol 展出了跨反应的价值分别地是 44% 和 27% 。自然雌激素 17-estradiol 跨反应是不到 0.1% 。象试金上的盐集中， pH 和器官的溶剂集中那样的一些因素的影响被评估。在试金决定的强化的水样品的 DES 的集中与筑堡层次被相关很好。结果被 HPLC 与分析证实。

GC-MS/MS法测定水产品中己烯雌酚衍生化条件研究

[目的]研究气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)法测定水产品中己烯雌酚的前处理方法。[方法]乙酸乙酯提取样品,SLH固相萃取小柱净化,经衍生化试剂BSTFA-TMCS衍生后,用GC-MS/MS法分析。[结果]通过正交试验得到最佳衍生化条件:衍生化试剂添加量为70μL,衍生化温度为80℃,衍生化时间为30 min。[结论]该研究为水产品中己烯雌酚的测定提供了一个快速、绿色的检测方法。

LC-MS分析饲料中的己烯雌酚

己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)是一种非甾体激素,曾被广泛用于促进动物生长,增加瘦肉率,提高饲料转化率.从而其药物原形或代谢产物不可避免地残留于食品动物的器官、组织或通过排泄物进入外界环境成为环境雌激素,通过食物链进入消费者体内或通过人与污染的外界环境的接触而在体内发挥雌激素的效果而影响消费者健康.……