Particle size characterization and sources of sediments in the Uzhumqin sand dunes

Sediment constitutes the fundamental basis for forming and evolving aeolian geomorphology.The characteristics of sediment particle size offer insights into the development and evolution of sandy terrain,making their study critical to understanding aeolian geomorphology and sand control.In this study,we combined high-density collection of surface sediments in the Uzhumqin sand dunes and GIS spatial analysis to analyze the particle size parameters and changes in the spatial distribution of surface sediments in this region.In addition,we used an end-member analysis to identify the potential sources of the sediments.The results showed that surface sediments in the Uzhumqin sand dunes had distinct spatial distributions.Medium and coarse grain sands dominated the sediments in the dunes,and the mean grain size and the sorting coefficient generally increased along the prevailing wind direction,with high values in individual areas related to factors such as material sources and vegetation cover.Skewness was strongly influenced by factors such as landform change and human activity,and spatial variability became more complex.Kurtosis and the soil fractal dimension showed generally decreasing trends along the prevailing wind direction.With dune fixation,the contents of clay and powder particles in the soil increased;the mean particle size,the sorting coefficient,and the fractal dimension of the soil gradually increased,and the skewness and kurtosis gradually decreased.The end-member analysis results indicated the existence of five end-members(EM)in the dune sediments.EM 1 was a mixed component of wind-deposited fine sands and nearby fluvial sediments.EM 2 was the main component of sediments in the study area and was the result of sorting lake sediments by wind action and by the local topography.EM 3 may be a product of river flood deposition.EM 4 and EM 5 had coarser grain sizes.EM 4 was a lake-phase sediment product influenced by topographic and vegetation cover factors,and EM 5 was primarily a river and lake sediment product modified by weathering.The sediment particle size results from the study area indicate that the sediment in the sandy region is generally coarse due to multiple factors,including topography,climate,hydrology,and human activity.Sandy material in the study area originated from nearby,with very little sand being transported from long distances.

Morphodynamics and sediment connectivity index in an unmanaged,debris-flow prone catchment:a through time perspective

Torrential processes are among the main actors responsible for sediment production and mobility in mountain catchments.For this reason,the understanding of preferential pathways for sediment routing has become a priority in hazard assessment and mitigation.In this context,the sediment Connectivity Index(IC)enables to analyse the existing linkage between sediment sources and the selected target(channel network or catchment outlet).The IC is a grid-based index that allows fast computation of sediment connectivity based on landscape information derived from a single Digital Terrain Model(DTM).The index computation is based on the log-ratio between an upslope and a downslope component,including information about drainage area,slope,terrain roughness,and distance to the analysis target(e.g.outlet).The output is a map that highlights the degree of structural connectivity of sediment pathways over analysed catchments.Until now,these maps are however rarely used to help defining debris-flow hazard maps,notably due to a lack of guidelines to interpret the IC spatial distribution.This paper proposes an exploitation procedure along profiles to extract more information from the analysis of mapped IC values.The methodology relies on the analysis of the IC and its component variables along the main channel profile,integrated with information about sediment budgeting derived from Difference of DEMs(DoD).The study of connectivity was applied in the unmanaged sub-catchment(without torrent control works)of the Rio Soial(Autonomous Province of Trento–NE Italy)to understanding the geomorphic evolution of the area after five debris flows(in ten years)and the related changes of sediment connectivity.Using a recent DTM as validation,we demonstrated how an IC analysis over the older DTM can help predicting geomorphic changes and associated hazards.The results show an IC aptitude to capture geomorphic trajectories,anticipate debris flow deposits in a specific channel location,and depict preferential routing pathways.

The difference analysis of physical-mechanical properties of sediments in the central South Yellow Sea and Zhe-Min coastal area in China

The difference analysis of physical-mechanical properties of muddy sediments is made in the central South Yellow Sea and the Zhe-Min（Zhejiang Province to Fujian Province of China） coastal area. The results show that sediments in the two regions are both dominated by mud. There are perfect negative power function correlations between the water content and the density, the compression coefficient and the compression modulus; a good positive power function correlation between the liquid limit and the plastic limit, a perfect positive linear correlation between the water content and the void ratio, and a perfect polynomial function correlation between the miniature vane shear strength and the pocket penetration resistance. In general, compared with sediments in the Zhe-Min coastal area, sediments in the central South Yellow Sea possess high water content, high void ratio,low density, high plasticity, high compressibility, low shear strength. The causes of the differences between physical-mechanical properties of sediments are analyzed from the topographic features, material sources,hydrodynamic conditions, deposition rate, and material composition. Compared with the Zhe-Min coastal area,the central South Yellow Sea is far from the Mainland and low-lying; has poor hydrodynamic condition; the materials diffused to the area are less and dominated by fine clay, have the high content of smectite and organic matters. These factors lead to sediments of the central South Yellow Sea has the higher water content, the higher plasticity, the lower density, and the lower strength than sediments in the Zhe-Min coastal area.

IN-SITU DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND IN CULTIVATION PONDS

This paper presents a method for in situ determining sediment oxygen demand (SOD) in cultivation pond. This method based on sediment surface structure, temperature, and other determining conditions like those in shrimp cultivation environments, overcomes defects of old methods and provides more accurate estimation of SOD’s effect on dissolved oxygen in culture waters. Our experiment shows that the sediment surface structure and temperature had important effect on SOD in culture water. Different SOD values were derived from different parts of oxygen consumption curves of sediment, because the curves were not linear. According to the oxygen consumption curves of sediment and saturated DO in culture water, it was thought more suitable to calculate SOD with dissolved oxygen reduction from 5.0 to 2.0 mg/l. This method to determine the SOD of shrimp ponds yielded satisfactory results.

Sediment Oxygen Demand of a Leachate Pond at an Offshore Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site 2 Years after the Site Was Closed

Various water quality parameters of a leachate pond at an offshore municipal solid waste disposal site were monitored. The pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water temperature at the bottom of the leachate pond were measured during Sep. (the 1st period) and Nov.-Dec. (the 2nd period) of 2011. The results suggested that the stratification of water temperature in the pond had gradually broken down due to convection occurring between the end of the 1st period and the 2nd period. The pH was almost constant at 10 - 11 during the 1st period and was approximately 11.5 during the 2nd period. The DO was almost zero during both periods. An anaerobic batch experiment with sampled sediment was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of material leaching from the sediment. DO decreased under all experimental conditions. With respect to oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and total sulfide in addition to DO, the condition most closely mimicking that of the site became the most anaerobic. The average sediment oxygen demand, SODave, was calculated using a brief numerical model based on batch experiment data. The SODave was 1114.7 mg/m2/d, indicating that at least 434 g/d of oxygen must be supplied to the leachate pond to maintain the DO.

Environmental change inferred from Rb and Sr of lacustrine sediments in Huangqihai Lake,Inner Mongolia

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986,the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution,and winter monsoon change.First,these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions,i.e.,total sediments,77-20μm and〈20μm. Second,the chemical elements-Rb and Sr-of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper.Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument,respectively.The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company.The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size.But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments〈20μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples.Therefore,the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction〈20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites.It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.

Iron and inorganic carbon in Liaodong Gulf sediments of Bohai Sea in China

Iron in seawater is an essential trace metal for phytoplankton that plays an important role in the marine carbon cycle. But most studies focused on oceanic iron fertilization in high nutrient low chlorophyll （HNLC） seawaters. A study of inorganic carbon （IC） forms and its influencing factors was presented in Liaodong Gulf sediments, and especially the influence of iron was discussed in detail. Inorganic carbon in Liaodong Gulf sediments was divided into five forms： NaCl, NH3·H2O, NaOH, NH2OH·HCl and HCl. The concentration of NaCl and NaOH forms were similar and they only occupied the minority of total inorganic carbon （TIC）. However, NH3 ·H2O, NH2OH · HCl and HCl forms were the principal forms of TIC and accounted for more than 80% of TIC. Especially, the percentage of NH3·H2O form was much higher than that in the Changjiang River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay sediments. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon, pore water, iron, pH, redox potential （Eh） and sulfur potential（Es） in sediments, moreover, the influences had different characteristics for different IC forms. However, the redox reactions of iron affected mainly active IC forms. Iron had little effect on NH2OH· HCl and HCl forms of IC which were influenced mainly by pH. Iron had a stronger influence on NaCl, NaOH and NH3· H2O forms of IC ; the influence of Fe^2＋ was higher than Fe^3＋ and its effect on NH3 ·H2O form was stronger than on NaCl and NaOH forms.

Forms and functions of inorganic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments

Inorganic carbon forms and their influencing factors, mutual transformation and contribution to carbon cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments were discussed. The results show that inorganic carbon in sediments could be divided into five forms： NaCl form, NH3-H20 form, NaOH form, NH20H-HCl form and HCI form. Thereinto, NH2OH.HCl form and HCl form account for more than 70% of total inorganic carbon. There was close relationship among every form of inorganic carbon and their correlativity was clearly different with different sedimentary environment except the similar strong positive correlation among NH-OH-HCl form, HCl form and total inorganic carbon in all regions of the Jiaozhou Bay. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon, pH, Eh, Es, nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments, but their influence had different characteristics in different regions. Every form of inorganic carbon transformed into each other continuously during early diagenesis of sediments and the common phenomenon was that NaCl form, NH3-H2O form, NaOH form and NH2OH-HCl form might transform into steady HCl form. NaCl form, NH3-H2O form, NaOH form and NH2OH-HCl form could participate in carbon recycle and they are potential carbon source; HCl form may be buried for a long time in sediments, and it may be one of the final resting places of atmospheric C02. Inorganic carbon which entered into sediments was about 4.98× 1010 g in the Jiaozhou Bay every year, in which about 1.47×1010 g of inorganic carbon might be buried for a long time and about 3.51 × 1010 g of inorganic carbon might return into seawater and take part in carbon recycling.

Differences on Condition and Mechanism of Potash Deposited in O2 m5-6 Subsection of Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin

The Northern Shaanxi salt basin locates in the east of the Ordos basin.In this area,the thick layer salt sediment exists in the Majiagou Formation of Ordovician.Especial in the sixth subsection of the Majiagou fifth member,it

Impact of agricultural activities-motor vehicles and e-waste on sediment characteristics of the Serin River, Malaysia

Sediment is a sink for organic materials, nutrients and heavy metals and sediment condition affects the overlying water Though Serin River is a source of drinking water, agricultural and waste disposal activities in the watershed may impact the sediment of the river. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals in the sediment of the Serin River. Five stations were selected for sediment sample collection. Results of the study show that organic matter （OM） ranged from 0.7% to 5.9%, TP was 100 -366 （mg/kg）, TAN was 16-141 （mg/kg）, TON was 550-3019（mg/kg）, and TKN was 566-3160 （mg/kg）. Sediment oxygen demand （SOD20） ranged from 5.6 to 14.2 （g O2/m^2/d）. Among the five stations OM, TKN, and SOD of the sediment were second highest at the two stations downstream of animal （fish, chicken and pig） farming. TP and TAN were the second highest at the station downstream of fish farming and third highest at the station downstream of pig farming. Zn, Cu and Cd ranged from 132-357 （mg/kg）, 26.7-96.7 （mg/kg） and 4.0-19.3（mg/kg）. According to USEPA guideline, sediments at four stations were heavily polluted with Zn, Cu and Cd whereas the station that was farthest upstream, near a village, was slightly polluted with Zn and Cu. This study indicates that animal farming has an impact on the organic matter content, nutrients （N and P）, oxygen demand and heavy metals of the sediment. Motor vehicles and discarded e-waste also contributed to the heavy metals in the sediment. Farm effluents and storm water should be treated and e-waste recycled to protect the water quality of the river for its designated use.

China rural financial different demands and hierarchical supply behaviors ——Model analysis from the perspective of mechanism design theory

Based on the ideas and framework of Mechanism Design Theory, the paper establishes model analysis on the differences rural financial demands and the choices of hierarchical supply behaviors, studies the relevant variables constraints choices on the rural financial supply and demand behavior, and thus presents a further improvement of the rural financial market variables, promotes the matching efficiency behavior selection between rural financial supply and demand, improves efficiency of the rural financial markets, strengthens financial supports for agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

国家数字经济创新发展试验区设立的创新效应:基于供给侧与需求侧双重视角

将国家数字经济创新发展试验区作为一项准自然实验,以2016—2021年A股上市公司为研究对象,采用双重差分法考察试验区设立的创新效应。结果表明:第一,试验区设立能促进企业创新,各试点政策的创新效应从大到小依次为:创新型城市建设、国家数字经济创新发展试验区、智慧城市创建、国家级大数据综合试验区、宽带中国示范城市;第二,试验区设立通过降低交易成本、集聚人才资源、促进知识产权保护、推动数字化转型,进而激励企业创新;第三,试验区设立对企业创新的促进作用在非国有企业、高新技术企业、在位企业中更显著,且相比于渐进式创新,试验区设立对突破式创新的影响更显著。此外,试验区设立对毗邻城市企业创新有正向扩散效应,对经济发展水平相似城市的企业创新有负向虹吸效应。

考虑用户出行差异与充电决策偏好的电动汽车充电站规划

大规模电动汽车的出行一般具有规律性,但其充电负荷的分布受到用户出行主观意愿的影响。首先考虑到用户在日常活动中存在的出行差异,针对不同性质车辆建立出行需求响应模型;依据用户出行中的决策偏好,确定不同状态下电动汽车的充电路径选择策略;其次,基于各候选站单位时间的最大并行服务量及优化约束对充电站进行容量配置,以用户经济损失与充电站建设运营年均综合成本最低为目标建立充电设施规划模型;最后,采用改进的粒子群算法求解模型,通过具体案例分析验证了所提规划方法的合理性与有效性。

基于典型气象数据分析的南北方 供暖特性研究

针对南、北方供暖的需求差异,基于历年气象数据,综合考虑累年最冷月平均温度、供暖度日数HDD18、供暖期天数等多种因素,分析了中国南、北方8个典型城市的气候特征;同时结合需求调研和温度分布、波动差异对比情况,讨论了不同地区热负荷动态特性及负荷求解宜使用的方法;分析总结了南、北方地区的系统运行特征情况,给出了关于供暖系统设计、系统形式、运行策略的建议;并通过实际案例具体分析了供暖系统设置的适宜性问题,为后续供暖设计方法、参数确定,供暖方式选择和系统设置提供基础。

考虑需求响应和风电不确定性的电网调度

风电不确定性对电力系统的影响日益增加,文中提出一种考虑需求响应的电网源荷网经济调度方法。根据需求价格弹性理论和消费者心理学原理构建价格型需求响应模型,基于灵活补偿激励型需求响应充分考虑两类需求响应互补特性,增加两类需求响应对系统的备用约束。引入通用概率分布描述风电出力特性,以期望成本量化风电不确定性惩罚成本,并将目标函数中的非线性变量线性化处理,采用混合整数线性规划问题对模型进行求解。仿真结果表明,所提模型能够有效降低负荷的峰谷差,提高风电的消纳能力。

计及多重需求响应的综合能源系统多时间尺度低碳运行

为挖掘需求侧资源响应潜力,文中提出一种计及多重需求响应的综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)多时间尺度低碳调度策略。首先,考虑到需求侧资源在不同时间尺度下的响应差异性,建立计及价格型和激励型的多重综合需求响应(integrated demand response,IDR)模型。然后,为减少源、荷预测误差对IES运行的影响,分别构建日前低碳经济调度模型和日内双时间尺度滚动优化平抑模型。最后,算例仿真设置不同场景进行对比分析。结果表明,相比传统IDR,多重IDR能有效挖掘用户响应潜力,提升系统经济性。此外,计及多重IDR的多时间尺度调度策略能有效缓解源、荷误差带来的功率波动并降低系统碳排放量,实现IES低碳、经济和稳定运行。

不同条件下高速剪切均质和高压均质对红景天复合饮料的影响

基于CiteSpace软件可视化分析及结合实际情况下复合饮料极易产生沉淀问题,该研究发现高速剪切均质和高压均质均能降低饮料的沉淀,但不同的均质方式对饮料的影响不同。以粒径、沉淀率、稳定系数、色差值、L^(*)和感官评分为指标,在不同参数条件下采用高压均质和高速剪切均质对复合饮料进行均质,选取最优的均质方法。结果表明,虽然高压均质和高速剪切均质均能明显提高饮料的稳定性,但经高压均质后的饮料色泽过于暗沉。而采用均质转速为12500 r/min,均质次数为2次的高速剪切均质的方式对复合饮料进行均质后,饮料的稳定性升高的同时,色泽鲜艳明亮,呈鲜艳的暖橙色,使人食欲感增强,感官评分也较高。故均质转速为12500 r/min,均质次数为2次的高速剪切均质的方式更适用于复合饮料,其作用效果也较好。研究结果可为后续饮料均质提供一定的参考。

汛期与非汛期水沙条件对黄河下游不同河段过流能力的影响

20世纪80年代以来黄河下游水沙输移特性显著改变,下游河道经历强来沙作用下的持续淤积与小浪底水库调控下的持续冲刷过程。基于黄河下游1986—2020年实测水沙数据与固定断面地形,计算了河段尺度的平滩流量,量化了汛期与非汛期水沙过程对各河段过流能力的相对贡献。结果表明:①小浪底枢纽运行前水流冲刷强度随时间减弱,下游河道呈汛期淤积、非汛期冲刷的整体淤积态势,平滩流量持续减小,最小过流能力小于2000 m^(3)/s。②小浪底枢纽运行后水流冲刷强度显著增大,尤其在非汛期,对河床冲刷产生重要影响;各河段过流能力显著恢复,其中游荡段恢复最为迅速。③各河段平滩流量与前5 a汛期、非汛期平均水流冲刷强度呈良好的幂律关系,该关系能较好地反映汛期与非汛期累积水沙过程对过流能力的综合影响。④小浪底枢纽运行后,非汛期水沙条件对平滩流量的贡献率增大,尤其是对游荡段具有重要影响(占比53%),对过渡段与弯曲段贡献则较小(占比不到20%)。

福宁湾及附近海域悬沙粒度与影响因素

基于闽北福宁湾及附近海域冬、夏两季水文泥沙实测数据,分析了不同时间尺度下悬沙的粒度特征,探讨了影响悬沙粒度季节差异的主要因素以及悬沙粒度与浓度的关系。结果表明:正常天气下,研究区悬沙中值粒径普遍大于6.5Φ。悬沙粒度具有“冬细夏粗”的季节分布特征;受潮动力影响,悬沙粒度大小潮变化明显;潮周期内悬沙粒径变化规律不明显。悬沙粒级-标准偏差曲线显示两种主要的敏感粒级分布范围为2.8~3.4μm和21.1~25.1μm。悬沙粒度“冬细夏粗”的季节差异主要受底质再悬浮和泥沙来源的影响。冬季悬沙粒径与浓度的相关性不明显,夏季两者存在显著的线性关系,悬沙粒径随悬沙浓度的增加而减小,这种季节差异可能与悬沙来源和混合作用有关。夏季悬沙粒径的粗化可能与细颗粒发生絮凝沉降有关。

基于不确定性分析的供水管网压力监测点优化布置

针对现有供水管网压力监测点布置中产生的异参同效问题,基于正态分布利用蒙特卡罗随机抽样法分析管网节点需水量的不确定性,引入节点压力波动系数,讨论节点需水量的随机性对供水管网全局的影响,结合节点水压灵敏度,解决供水管网压力监测点布置中存在的异参同效问题。以华东某城区供水管网为例,结合水压相关性与水压灵敏性构建模型,采用蝙蝠算法求解,获得测压点布置方案。以稳态水力模型的节点需水量初始值为基准进行20 000次随机抽样,应用抽样值进行模拟,计算节点压力波动系数与节点灵敏度,确定最优方案,解决异参同效问题,为供水管网压力监测点布置方案的选取提供了新思路。