Purpose: Urbanization, obesity and ageing associated with lifestyle changes (Westernized diet patterns, pollution, physical inactivity) have been proposed as the major contributing factors for the global rise in breas...Purpose: Urbanization, obesity and ageing associated with lifestyle changes (Westernized diet patterns, pollution, physical inactivity) have been proposed as the major contributing factors for the global rise in breast cancer (BCa) and have been the variables used to predict the future breast cancer rate. At the same time, socio-economic level, instead of birth rate, has been proposed for explanation of dramatic regional variations of breast cancer incidence. We sought to determine which factor plays the determining role in predicting worldwide breast cancer incidence rates and regional variations. Methods: Bivariate correlation was conducted to examine the relationships between country-specific estimates of birth rate, BCa incidence, urbanization, overweight, ageing and GDP. Partial correlation was performed to identify the correlation between BCa incidence with each independent variable while we controlled the other four variables. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the most significant predictors of BCa incidence. Post hoc Scheff and independent T-Test analysis were performed to compare mean differences in BCa incidence rates and residuals of BCa standardised on birth rate in the WHO regions, and UN developed and developing regions respectively. Results: Worldwide, BCa incidence rate tends to increase while birth rate decreases and urbanization, overweight, ageing and GDP increase. However, birth rate was the only variable that had a significant correlation with BCa incidence when controlled for the other four variables. Birth rate was the only significant predictor of BCa incidence in regression analysis. Multiple mean differences of BCa incidence between regions were significant, but all disappeared when the contributing effect of birth rate on BCa incidence rate was removed. Conclusions: Birth rate plays a determining role in worldwide BCa incidence rate and regional variations. Current BCa projection methods may estimate future rates of BCa poorly if they fail to incorporate the impact of birth rate.展开更多
The Environmental Protection Tax Law that took effect in 2018 gave local authorities a certain amount of discretionary power to set the local rates for environmental protection tax.The inter-provincial gradient tax ra...The Environmental Protection Tax Law that took effect in 2018 gave local authorities a certain amount of discretionary power to set the local rates for environmental protection tax.The inter-provincial gradient tax rates pattern may induce strategic relocation of enterprises,leading to unintended policy results.Combined with the data on trans-regional investment of listed companies,this paper employs the Difference-in-Difference(DID)approach to study the impact of inter-provincially different environmental tax rates on the trans-regional migration of polluting enterprises.The study shows that due to the regional differences in the tax rates,the polluting enterprises opt for the relocation strategy of"avoiding high tax rates and opting for low rates",setting up more subsidiaries in regions with relatively low tax rates.Further research demonstrates that the trans-regional migration induced by different tax rates can help reduce production costs and increase corporate profits,while dampening the corporate enthusiasm for green innovation in the short term and resulting in pollution transfer.This paper reveals the unintended policy effects that may derive from the environmental tax reform,providing concrete proof for the comprehensive evaluation and understanding of the actual policy effects of existing environmental tax reform.展开更多
【目的】研究不同稻作区域钾肥和秸秆还田对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及农田钾素表观平衡的影响,分析不同稻区秸秆还田可替代化学钾肥的用量,为不同区域稻田秸秆还田条件下钾肥的合理配置提供理论依据。【方法】2013年在湖北省鄂东丘陵、...【目的】研究不同稻作区域钾肥和秸秆还田对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及农田钾素表观平衡的影响,分析不同稻区秸秆还田可替代化学钾肥的用量,为不同区域稻田秸秆还田条件下钾肥的合理配置提供理论依据。【方法】2013年在湖北省鄂东丘陵、鄂中丘陵岗地和江汉平原3个区域的19个县(市)布置稻田秸秆还田替代钾肥效果研究田间试验,试验共设置6个处理:分别为(1)不施钾(NP);(2)施化学钾肥(NPK);(3)施秸秆(NP+S);(4)秸秆还田配施1/2化学钾肥(NP+1/2K+S);(5)秸秆还田配施3/4化学钾肥(NP+3/4K+S);(6)秸秆还田配施全量化学钾肥(NPK+S)。【结果】不同稻作区钾肥和秸秆均能不同程度增加水稻产量和地上部钾素吸收量。与NP处理相比,鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区NPK处理水稻分别增产0.36、0.36和1.07 t·hm-2,平均增产率分别为6.4%、5.0%和15.3%;而施秸秆(NP+S)处理水稻分别平均增产0.57、0.49和0.24 t·hm-2,增产率为7.6%、6.9%和4.0%。3个稻作区施化学钾肥(NPK)地上部钾素吸收量平均增加20.1—61.9 kg K2O·hm-2,施秸秆(NP+S)钾素吸收量平均增加8.5—39.1 kg K2O·hm-2,江汉平原区施化学钾肥处理产量和钾素吸收量均显著高于施秸秆处理,而鄂东丘陵区和鄂中丘陵岗地区NP+S与NPK处理的产量和钾素吸收量均没未表现出差异。通过计算土壤-作物系统钾素表观平衡,发现一季水稻收获后土壤钾素均处于亏缺(平均钾素亏缺量为144.3—284.4kg K2O·hm-2)状态,但秸秆还田处理亏缺量小于秸秆不还田处理。在保证水稻产量(即NPK处理产量)时秸秆还田条件下,采用模型计算出鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区的平均钾肥用量分别比目前钾肥推荐用量(60kg K2O·hm-2)节约化学钾肥66.8%、75.2%和9.7%;参考2013年钾肥和水稻价格,可计算出秸秆还田条件下鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区最经济钾肥推荐用量分别比推荐用量节省化学钾肥54.3%、53.5%和36.9%。【结论】湖北省不同稻区均可采用秸秆还田的方式减少钾肥投入,不但可以缓解土壤钾素亏缺,而且对农田钾素的可持续管理具有重要意义。展开更多
文摘Purpose: Urbanization, obesity and ageing associated with lifestyle changes (Westernized diet patterns, pollution, physical inactivity) have been proposed as the major contributing factors for the global rise in breast cancer (BCa) and have been the variables used to predict the future breast cancer rate. At the same time, socio-economic level, instead of birth rate, has been proposed for explanation of dramatic regional variations of breast cancer incidence. We sought to determine which factor plays the determining role in predicting worldwide breast cancer incidence rates and regional variations. Methods: Bivariate correlation was conducted to examine the relationships between country-specific estimates of birth rate, BCa incidence, urbanization, overweight, ageing and GDP. Partial correlation was performed to identify the correlation between BCa incidence with each independent variable while we controlled the other four variables. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the most significant predictors of BCa incidence. Post hoc Scheff and independent T-Test analysis were performed to compare mean differences in BCa incidence rates and residuals of BCa standardised on birth rate in the WHO regions, and UN developed and developing regions respectively. Results: Worldwide, BCa incidence rate tends to increase while birth rate decreases and urbanization, overweight, ageing and GDP increase. However, birth rate was the only variable that had a significant correlation with BCa incidence when controlled for the other four variables. Birth rate was the only significant predictor of BCa incidence in regression analysis. Multiple mean differences of BCa incidence between regions were significant, but all disappeared when the contributing effect of birth rate on BCa incidence rate was removed. Conclusions: Birth rate plays a determining role in worldwide BCa incidence rate and regional variations. Current BCa projection methods may estimate future rates of BCa poorly if they fail to incorporate the impact of birth rate.
基金Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China"Research on Local Financial System Reform in the Development of Equal Access to Basic Public Services"(18ZDA096)the Sci-Tech Innovation Program for Postgraduates of Department of Finance at the School of Economics of Xiamen University"Research on Financial Pressure and Coping Strategies of Local Governments".The authors would like to express appreciation for the valuable suggestions from anonymous reviewers and the editorial department.The authors take sole responsibility for the paper.
文摘The Environmental Protection Tax Law that took effect in 2018 gave local authorities a certain amount of discretionary power to set the local rates for environmental protection tax.The inter-provincial gradient tax rates pattern may induce strategic relocation of enterprises,leading to unintended policy results.Combined with the data on trans-regional investment of listed companies,this paper employs the Difference-in-Difference(DID)approach to study the impact of inter-provincially different environmental tax rates on the trans-regional migration of polluting enterprises.The study shows that due to the regional differences in the tax rates,the polluting enterprises opt for the relocation strategy of"avoiding high tax rates and opting for low rates",setting up more subsidiaries in regions with relatively low tax rates.Further research demonstrates that the trans-regional migration induced by different tax rates can help reduce production costs and increase corporate profits,while dampening the corporate enthusiasm for green innovation in the short term and resulting in pollution transfer.This paper reveals the unintended policy effects that may derive from the environmental tax reform,providing concrete proof for the comprehensive evaluation and understanding of the actual policy effects of existing environmental tax reform.
文摘【目的】研究不同稻作区域钾肥和秸秆还田对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及农田钾素表观平衡的影响,分析不同稻区秸秆还田可替代化学钾肥的用量,为不同区域稻田秸秆还田条件下钾肥的合理配置提供理论依据。【方法】2013年在湖北省鄂东丘陵、鄂中丘陵岗地和江汉平原3个区域的19个县(市)布置稻田秸秆还田替代钾肥效果研究田间试验,试验共设置6个处理:分别为(1)不施钾(NP);(2)施化学钾肥(NPK);(3)施秸秆(NP+S);(4)秸秆还田配施1/2化学钾肥(NP+1/2K+S);(5)秸秆还田配施3/4化学钾肥(NP+3/4K+S);(6)秸秆还田配施全量化学钾肥(NPK+S)。【结果】不同稻作区钾肥和秸秆均能不同程度增加水稻产量和地上部钾素吸收量。与NP处理相比,鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区NPK处理水稻分别增产0.36、0.36和1.07 t·hm-2,平均增产率分别为6.4%、5.0%和15.3%;而施秸秆(NP+S)处理水稻分别平均增产0.57、0.49和0.24 t·hm-2,增产率为7.6%、6.9%和4.0%。3个稻作区施化学钾肥(NPK)地上部钾素吸收量平均增加20.1—61.9 kg K2O·hm-2,施秸秆(NP+S)钾素吸收量平均增加8.5—39.1 kg K2O·hm-2,江汉平原区施化学钾肥处理产量和钾素吸收量均显著高于施秸秆处理,而鄂东丘陵区和鄂中丘陵岗地区NP+S与NPK处理的产量和钾素吸收量均没未表现出差异。通过计算土壤-作物系统钾素表观平衡,发现一季水稻收获后土壤钾素均处于亏缺(平均钾素亏缺量为144.3—284.4kg K2O·hm-2)状态,但秸秆还田处理亏缺量小于秸秆不还田处理。在保证水稻产量(即NPK处理产量)时秸秆还田条件下,采用模型计算出鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区的平均钾肥用量分别比目前钾肥推荐用量(60kg K2O·hm-2)节约化学钾肥66.8%、75.2%和9.7%;参考2013年钾肥和水稻价格,可计算出秸秆还田条件下鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区最经济钾肥推荐用量分别比推荐用量节省化学钾肥54.3%、53.5%和36.9%。【结论】湖北省不同稻区均可采用秸秆还田的方式减少钾肥投入,不但可以缓解土壤钾素亏缺,而且对农田钾素的可持续管理具有重要意义。
