Grassland-type ecosystem stability in China differs under the influence of drought and wet events

Ecological stability is a core issue in ecological research and holds significant implications forhumanity. The increased frequency and intensity of drought and wet climate events resulting from climatechange pose a major threat to global ecological stability. Variations in stability among different ecosystemshave been confirmed, but it remains unclear whether there are differences in stability within the sameterrestrial vegetation ecosystem under the influence of climate events in different directions and intensities.China's grassland ecosystem includes most grassland types and is a good choice for studying this issue.This study used the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index-12 (SPEI-12) to identify thedirections and intensities of different types of climate events, and based on Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index (NDVI), calculated the resistance and resilience of different grassland types for 30consecutive years from 1990 to 2019 (resistance and resilience are important indicators to measurestability). Based on a traditional regression model, standardized methods were integrated to analyze theimpacts of the intensity and duration of drought and wet events on vegetation stability. The resultsshowed that meadow steppe exhibited the highest stability, while alpine steppe and desert steppe had thelowest overall stability. The stability of typical steppe, alpine meadow, temperate meadow was at anintermediate level. Regarding the impact of the duration and intensity of climate events on vegetationecosystem stability for the same grassland type, the resilience of desert steppe during drought was mainlyaffected by the duration. In contrast, the impact of intensity was not significant. However, alpine steppewas mainly affected by intensity in wet environments, and duration had no significant impact. Ourconclusions can provide decision support for the future grassland ecosystem governance.

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Isolation Mechanism by Distance of Different Ecological Type Sheep Breeds in Mon-golia Sheep Group

In the present study with Tan sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep, and Wadi sheep, we detected the distribution of gene frequency of several microsatellite sites in different chromosomes, the result showed that： 1） Hu sheep was in the status of Hardy-Weinberg extreme disequilibrium （P 〈 0.01）, while populations including Tong sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, and Wadi sheep were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium （P 〉 0.05）. 2） Variance analysis of the heterozygosity and poly- morphic information content at rnicrosatellite makers showed that there were not significant differences among populations as to heterozygosity and PIC （P 〉 0.05）, as to effective number of alleles there were not significant differences both among Tan sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep, and Wadi sheep, and between Wadi sheep and small-tailed sheep （P 〉 0.05）, but between the former three populations and the latter two populations, there were significant differences （0.01〈 P 〈0.05）. The variation levels of small-tailed Han sheep was the highest in the five populations based on microsatellite maker data, subsequently followed by Wadi sheep, Tong sheep, Tan sheep, and then Hu sheep. 3） The phylogenetic relationships of the five sheep populations in this study did not meet the mechanism of isolation by distance, and the genetic differentiation relationships among five sheep populations were not closely linearly correlative with their geography distribution. Our findings supported related records in literature： The five populations originated on different time stage from the primogenitor population and communicated genetically with each other thereafter in the process of natural and artificial selection and on different ecological environment.

不同症状类型苜蓿病毒病AMV病原检测及其寄主范围测定

为明确采自田间不同症状类型苜蓿病毒病病样中苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa mosaic virus,AMV)的带毒情况、症状表现与叶绿素含量的相关性及AMV的寄主范围,本试验通过田间调查采样、症状归类、丙酮乙醇混合液法和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定(DAS-ELISA)法对不同病样的叶绿素和AMV含量进行测定和检测,并对提纯至不同症状类型病样中AMV对9科32种植物的致病性进行测定。结果表明田间苜蓿病毒病病样有轻花叶、重花叶、叶片边缘褪绿黄化型和叶片畸形皱缩花叶矮化型4种症状类型,均带有AMV,且叶绿素含量、AMV含量与症状表现之间具有正相关性,症状表现最严重的叶片畸形皱缩花叶矮化型病样的叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素含量均比对照低58.00%以上,类胡萝卜素含量比对照高134.06%,AMV含量最高,为252.96 pg·mL^(-1);寄主范围测定表明AMV可侵染7科27种植物,对西葫芦致病性最强,症状表现为局部枯斑,30 d时AMV浓度为316.19 pg·mL^(-1)。

CFD-Based Method of Determining Form Factor k for Different Ship Types and Different Drafts

The value of form factor k at different drafts is important in predicting full-scale total resistance and speed for different types of ships. In the ITTC community, most organizations predict form factor k using a low-speed model test. However, this method is problematic for ships with bulbous bows and transom. In this article, a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)-based method is introduced to obtain k for different type of ships at different drafts, and a comparison is made between the CFD method and the model test. The results show that the CFD method produces reasonable k values. A grid generating method and turbulence model are briefly discussed in the context of obtaining a consistent k using CFD.

Distribution of soil carbon in different grassland types of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Accurate estimate of soil carbon storage is essential to reveal the role of soil in global carbon cycle. However, there is large uncertainty on the estimation of soil organic carbon(SOC) storage in grassland among previous studies, and the study on soil inorganic carbon(SIC) is still lack. We surveyed 153 sites during plant peak growing season and estimated SOC and SIC for temperate desert, temperate steppe, alpine steppe, steppe meadow, alpine meadow and swamp, which covered main grassland in the Qinghai Plateau during 2011 to 2012. The results showed that the vertical and spatial distributions of SOC and SIC varied by grassland types. The SOC amount mainly decreased from southeast to northwest, whereas the SIC amount increased from southeast to northwest. The magnitude of SOC amount in the top 50 cm across grassland types ranked by: swamp > alpine meadow >steppe meadow > temperate steppe > alpine steppe > temperate desert, while the SIC amount showed an opposite order. There was a great deal of variation in proportion of SOC and SIC among different grassland types(from 55.17 to 94.59 for SOC and 5.14 to 44.83 for SIC). The total SOC and SIC storage was 5.78 Pg and 1.37 Pg, respectively, in the top 50 cm of soil in Qinghai Province. The mixed linear model revealed that grassland types was the predominant factor in spatial variations of SOC amount while grassland types and soil p H accounted for those of SIC amount. Our results suggested that the community shift of alpine meadow towards alpine grassland induced by climate warming would decrease carbon sequestration capacity by 6.0 kg C m2.

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS FOR LANDING-GEAR WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DUAL-CHAMBER SHOCK-STRUTS

In this paper three types of dual- chamber shock- struts are considered in dynamic analyses of landing-gear behavior during impact and taxi. Their dynamic characteristics are compared with each other according to calculation results, and some conclusions are presented.It is very helpful for selecting a suitable type of dual-chamber shock-strut in landing-gear design.

Modeling Tracer Flow Characteristics in Different Types of Pores: Visualization and Mathematical Modeling

Structure of porous media and fluid distribution in rocks can significantly affect the transport characteristics during the process of microscale tracer flow.To clarify the effect of micro heterogeneity on aqueous tracer transport,this paper demonstrates microscopic experiments at pore level and proposes an improved mathematical model for tracer transport.The visualization results show a faster tracer movement into movable water than it into bound water,and quicker occupancy in flowing pores than in storage pores caused by the difference of tracer velocity.Moreover,the proposed mathematical model includes the effects of bound water and flowing porosity by applying interstitial flow velocity expression.The new model also distinguishes flowing and storage pores,accounting for different tracer transport mechanisms(dispersion,diffusion and adsorption)in different types of pores.The resulting analytical solution better matches with tracer production data than the standard model.The residual sum of squares(RSS)from the new model is 0.0005,which is 100 times smaller than the RSS from the standard model.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the dispersion coefficient and flowing porosity shows a negative correlation with the tracer breakthrough time and the increasing slope,whereas the superficial velocity and bound water saturation show a positive correlation.

OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN THIRD ORDER MIXED NEUTRAL DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

The objective of this paper is to study the oscillatory and asymptotic properties of the mixed type third order neutral difference equation of the form△（an△^2（xn＋bnxn-τ1＋cnxn＋τ2））＋qnx^βn＋1-σ1＋pnx^^βn＋1＋σ2=0,where （an）, （bn}, （cn}, （qn} and （pn} are positive real sequences, β is a ratio of odd positive integers, τ1, τ2, and σ2 are positive integers. We establish some sufficient conditions which ensure that all solutions are either oscillatory or converges to zero. Some examples are presented to illustrate the main results.

Effects of Different Woodland Types on Soil Properties and Soil Nematode Community Structure

Upland red soil has strong acidity and low fertility, different woodland types produce varying impacts on soil properties and nematode communities. To explore the response of soil, 2 different types of woodland were selected to investigate the changes of soil properties and nematode communities compared to wasteland. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in chestnut forest soil were the highest, 16.41 g/kg and 0.46 g/kg respectively; while the highest contents of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus appeared in wasteland soil, and basal respiration of wasteland soil was 28.36 mg CO_2/kg·d, significantly higher than that of the other 2 soils(p <0.05). The nematode abundance also reached the peak in wasteland soil. Three types of soil exhibited a completely different nematode community structure: the dominant trophic group in wasteland soil was herbivores,while omnivores/predators and bacterivores in forest from farmland and chestnut forest soil, respectively.The influence of different types of woodland on ecological indices of nematode communities was not consistent. Degradation trends of soil properties and nematode communities were presented in the 2woodland types compared with wasteland soil. These results are instructive for the local woodland planning.

Studies on Progressive Reactions Leading Formations of Different Types of Barium Ferrites

The present investigation is concerned with the reaction of barium and iron nitrates mixtures using three different molar ratios, 1:1 (Ⅰ), 1:2 (Ⅱ) and 2:1 (Ⅲ) at different temperatures as pointed out from the DTA data. The reaction products exhibit 12 compounds namely, Ba(NO3)2, αFe2O3, Fe3O4, BaFeO3, BaFeO2.9, hexagonal BaFeO3-x, tetragonal BaFeO3-x, BaFe2O4, αBaFe2O4, Ba2Fe6O11, Ba5Fe14O26 and BaFe12O19. The formation of these products depend on the molar ratio between the reactants and the reaction temperature. The reaction products were studied by DTA and TG techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns, magnetic susceptibility data and scanning electron microscopy, SEM.

A SECOND ORDER UNIFORM DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR A SINGULARLY PERTURBED TURNING POINT PROBLEM

We construct a positive type difference scheme for a singularly perturbed boundary value problem with a turning point. It's proved that this scheme is the second order convergence, uniformly in ? , to the solution of the singularly perturbed B. V.P. Numerical examples are provided.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ERYTHROCYTE POLYAMINE LEVELS AND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

In a study on erythrocyte polyamine levels in 20 leukemia patients and 18 healthy individuals, following results were obtained. Putrescine(Pu) in ery-throcytes was nearly undetectable but in 2 AMoL patients; Spermidine(Spd) level in ALL was higher than the control volue (P<0.05), in AML (M1, M2) and APL the Spd level was in the range of control group (P>0.1), while that in AMoL and AMMoL was considerably lower as compared to control (P< 0.001); Spermine (Spm) level in all types of leukemia was increased (P<0.001); Spd/Spm ratio was significantly decreased, showing 1.525 in control group, 0.938 in ALL (P<0.025), 0.779 in AML (M1, M2) P< 0.01), 0.319 in APL (P<0.001) and 0.296 in AMoL & AMMoL (P<0.001), and the differences between the Spd/Spm ratio in AMoL and AMMoL and in ALL were noted (P<0.05). These results suggested that determination of erythrocyte polyamines in leukemia patients may be helpful in diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis.

Fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices and analogue of Euler and Cauchy Beta formulas

As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the first time we propose the definitions of the fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices by two different ways.The analogue of Euler’s Beta formula,Cauchy’Beta formula on non-uniform lattices are established,and some fundamental theorems of fractional calculas,the solution of the generalized Abel equation on non-uniform lattices are obtained etc.

Safety Observation Study on Haemophilus Influenza Type B Conjugate Vaccines Injected at Different Sites in Chinese Infants

In the present study, the safety of Hoemophilus influenza type b conjugate vaccines inoculated in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated. 680 infants aged 2-5 months and 6-12 months were selected to be the research subjects in whom the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated by injection in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle, respectively. The safety analysis indicated that there were no statistic differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions when the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated at different sites. So we concluded that the safety of inoculation injection of Hib conjugate vaccines in vastus lateralis muscle was the same as that inoculated in the upper arm deltoid.

A research on invasion of different types of meningeomas to their surrounding tissue

Objective To explore the invasion of different types of meningeoma to their surrounding tissue. Methods The specimen from 124 patients with meningeomas,who underwent surgery in Southern Hospital from April 2009 to June 2010 were used to analyze the invasion of different types of meningeomas to their surrounding tissue. All the tumors were resected in the standard of Simposon I. We referred to WHO 2007

Initial and Stopping Condition in Possibility Principal Factor Rotation

Uemura [1] discovered the mapping formula for Type 1 Vague events and presented an alternative problem as an example of its application. Since it is well known that the alternative problem leads to sequential Bayesian inference, the flow of subsequent research was to make the mapping formula multidimensional, to introduce the concept of time, and to derive a Markov (decision) process. Furthermore, we formulated stochastic differential equations to derive them [2]. This paper refers to type 2 vague events based on a second-order mapping equation. This quadratic mapping formula gives a certain rotation named as possibility principal factor rotation by transforming a non-mapping function by a relation between two mapping functions. In addition, the derivation of the Type 2 Complex Markov process and the initial and stopping conditions in this rotation are mentioned. .

Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Five Subtropical Forests in Lingao of Hainan

With 5 types of typical forests as research object, the physical and chemical properties of different types of forests were analyzed by sample plot investigation method. The results showed that： the soil total porosity was the highest in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest （46.168%）, but the lowest in the Encalyptus robusta forest （39.46%）. The soil capillary porosity was the highest in the Acacia mangium forest （22.57%）, but the lowest in the secondary forest （18.95%）. The soil water content was the highest in the C. equisetifolia forest, with a mean value of 27.85%, but the lowest in the secondary forest, with a mean value of 4.34%. The soil pH values were in the range of 4.81-6.59, the soils in the A. mangium forest, C. equisetifolia forest and E. robusta forest were strongly acidic （pH 4.5-5.5）, and the soils in the secondary forest and C. nucifera forest were weakly acidic. The soils had organic matter contents in the range of 0.34-28.68 g/kg, and showed an order of A. mangium forest〉C. equisetifolia forest〉E. robusta forest〉secondary forest〉C. nucifera forest, with a decreasing trend with the soil depth increasing. The soil total N contents were in the range of 0.10-1.63 g/kg, the A. mangium forest showed the highest soil total N contents, while the C. nucifera forest exhibited the lowest soil total N contents; the soil total P contents were in the range of 0.21-1.74 g/kg, and the E. robusta forest had the highest soil total P contents; and the soil total K contents were in the range of 0.16-2.15 g/kg, and the A. mangium forest exhibited the highest soil total K contents. The soil available P contents were in the range of 0.98-132.46 mg/kg; and the secondary forests had the highest soil available P contents; and the soil rapidly available K contents were in the range of 3.03-27.35 mg/kg, and the C. nucifera forest exhibited the highest soil rapidly available K contents. The soil ammonium N contents were in the range of 1.38-5.15 mg/kg, and the nitrate N contents were in the range were in the range of 0.56 -3.51 mg/kg. The A. mangium forest showed the highest soil nitrate N contents （with a mean value of 2.29 mg/kg） and ammonium N contents （with a mean value of 3.93 mg/kg）. For the same forest type, with the increase of soil depth, the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content also showed a decreasing trend.

Study on Chilling Requirement of Different Fruit Branch of a Sweet Cherry Cultivar ‘Hongmanao'

With ＇Hongmanao＇, a sweet cherry cultivar from central Shanxi Province, as the experimental material, the chilling requirements of different types of fruit branches （including mixed fruit branch, long fruit branch, medium fruit branch, short fruit branch and blossom fruit branch） were studied by the 0-7.2 ℃ model in a solar greenhouse during 2012-2013. In the greenhouse, the fruit branches of ＇Hongmanao＇ were cultured in water in a thermostatic environment. The results showed that the chilling requirement of leaf buds of ＇Hongmanao＇ was lower than that of its flower buds; and the chilling requirements of the five types of fruit branches ranked as blossom fruit branch＇s〈short fruit branch＇s〈medium fruit branch＇s〈long fruit branch＇s〈mixed fruit branch＇s,

Three-dimensional forward modeling and inversion of borehole-to-surface electrical imaging with different power sources

Borehole-to-surface electrical imaging （BSEI） uses a line source and a point source to generate a stable electric field in the ground. In order to study the surface potential of anomalies, three-dimensional forward modeling of point and line sources was conducted by using the finite-difference method and the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient （ICCG） method. Then, the damping least square method was used in the 3D inversion of the formation resistivity data. Several geological models were considered in the forward modeling and inversion. The forward modeling results suggest that the potentials generated by the two sources have different surface signatures. The inversion data suggest that the low- resistivity anomaly is outlined better than the high-resistivity anomaly. Moreover, when the point source is under the anomaly, the resistivity anomaly boundaries are better outlined than when using a line source.

Forest Community Structure and Species Diversity of Eight Forest Communities in Wenchang City

The research took different forest communities in Wenchang Satellite Launch Center as the research object and selected 8 forests to explore species diversity, evenness, and dominance of forests. The results showed that species diversity tended to be volatile upon forest communities; semi-mangrove species was the richest, as high as 2.38, followed by natural secondary forest and mixed forests. Plant evenness from high to low was as follows： herbaceous layer〉shrub layer〉tree layer. Natural secondary forest was higher in canopy density, and fewer in herbaceous plants; diversity and evenness were lower than shrub layer. Mangrove forests held lower dominance, and dominance showed insignificant differences among species.