Dynamicity of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC):An analysis from peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation(DMC)in India

The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.

EVAPORATION AND WATER BALANCE IN ARID LAND——AN EXAMPIE IN TURPAN,XINJIANG,CHINA

This paper discussed some observation and calculation methods of evaporation and itscharacteristics in arid land taken an example in Turpan, Xinjiang, China by using the dataobtained from July 1, 1991 to June 30, 1992 in the observation station which was settled forthe Japan-China cooperation study in the marginal area of an oasis in Turpan, Xinjiang,China. It is pointed out that due to very low water content in arid land, real evaporation de-

Water, land, and energy use efficiencies and financial evaluation of air conditioner cooled greenhouses based on field experiments

High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.

Disposal and Treatment Methods for Pesticide Containing Wastewaters: Critical Review and Comparative Analysis

Pesticides provide the primary means for controlling organisms that compete with man for food and fibre or cause injury to man, livestock and crops. They played a vital role in the economic production of wide ranges of vegetable, fruit, cereal, forage, fibre and oil crops which now constitute a large part of successful agricultural industry in many countries. After application to the target areas, pesticide residues are removed from applicators by rinsing with water which results in the formation of a toxic wastewater that represents a disposal problem for many farmers. Pesticides can adversely affect people, pets, livestock and wildlife in addition to the pests they are intended to destroy. The phenomenon of biomagnification of some pesticides has resulted in reproductive failure of some fish species and egg shell thinning of birds such as peregrine falcons, sparrow hawk and eagle owls. Pesticide toxicity to humans include skin and eye irritation and skin cancer. Therefore, care must be exercised in the application, disposal and treatment of pesticides. Currently, disposal of pesticide wastewater is carried out by: 1) land cultivation, 2) dumping in soil pits, plastic pits and concrete pits or on land and in extreme cases in streams near the rinsing operation, 3) use of evaporation beds and 4) land filling. These methods of disposal are unsafe as the surface run off will reach streams, rivers and lakes and the infiltration of the wastewater into the local soil will eventually reach ground water. The treatment methods currently used for pesticide wastewater include: 1) incineration (incinerators and open burning), 2) chemical treatments (O3/UV, hydrolysis, Fenton oxidation and KPEG), 3) physical treatments (inorganic, organic absorbents and activated carbon) and 4) biological treatments (composting, bioaugmentation and phytoremediation). Therefore, the choice of safe, on farm disposal techniques for agricultural pesticides is very important. A comparative analysis was performed on 18 methods of pesticide disposal/treatment using six criteria: containment, detoxification ability, cost, time, suitability for on farm use, size and evaporation efficiency. The results indicated that of the 18 methods evaluated, 9 scored above 80/100 and can be used on farm. They were organic absorbents (97), composting (94), bioaugmentation (92), inorganic absorbents (90), Fenton oxidation (86), O3/UV (83), activated carbon (82), hydrolysis (82), and land cultivation (80). The other methods are not suitable for on farm use as they suffered from containment problems, high cost and variability of effectiveness.

Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal Using Remote Sensing

Land use and land cover are essential for maintaining and managing the natural resources on the earth surface. A complex set of economic, demographic, social, cultural, technological, and environmental processes usually result in the change in the land use/land cover change (LULC). Pokhara Metropolitan is influenced mainly by the combination of various driving forces: geographical location, high rate of population growth, economic opportunity, globalization, tourism activities, and political activities. In addition to this, geographically steep slope, rugged terrain, and fragile geomorphic conditions and the frequency of earthquakes, floods, and landslides make the Pokhara Metropolitan region a disaster-prone area. The increment of the population along with infrastructure development of a given territory leads towards the urbanization. It has been rapidly changing due to urbanization, industrialization and internal migration since the 1970s. The landscapes and ground patterns are frequently changing on time and prone to disaster. Here a study has been carried to study on LULC for the last 18 years (2000-2018). The supervised classification on Landsat Imagery was performed and verified the classification through computing the error matrix. Besides, the water bodies and vegetation area were extracted through the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDWI) respectively. This research shows that during the last 18 years the agricultural areas diminishing by 15.66% while urban area is increasing by 13.2%. This research is beneficial for preparing the plan and policy in the sustainable development of Pokhara Metropolitan.

间接蒸发冷却技术在数据中心节能改造中的应用

将间接蒸发冷却技术、大温差高温冷冻水技术及动态冰蓄冷技术运用于某老旧数据中心的节能改造,并实际运行测试,结果表明:经过节能改造后,该数据中心PUE由改造前2.00降至改造后的1.25,数据中心空调系统耗电量降低75%。

三峡库区水陆水面蒸发量差异特性及其原因探讨

三峡水库是中国最大的人工水资源调蓄中心,其库区蒸发深刻影响着地表生态水文过程,研究三峡库区漂浮水面蒸发和陆上水面蒸发变化差异及其原因,对于理解区域水文循环和气候变化具有重要意义。基于三峡库区巴东水面漂浮站和相邻陆面站的多年蒸发观测资料,分析库区水陆水面蒸发的季节差异;结合ERA5辐射资料,分析水陆水面蒸发能量平衡的各组分季节变化特征,探究水陆水面蒸发差异的主控因子。结果表明:(1)水陆水面蒸发存在显著的季节变化差异,其中陆面站水面蒸发峰值通常出现在8月,而漂浮站水面蒸发峰值通常出现在12月;(2)能量平衡分析表明,三峡库区水体在夏半年蓄热,在冬半年则释放热量显著增加表层水体可利用能量,进而增加潜热效能,导致漂浮站蒸发峰值出现的时间较陆面站平均滞后约4个月;(3)主控因素分析表明,水陆水面蒸发及热力性质差异受多种微气象因素非线性综合影响,其中在水体蓄热阶段(3—9月),主控因素为气温和饱和水汽压,在水体放热阶段(10月至翌年2月),主控因素为水温和水气温差。

中国农业碳排放时空特征及驱动因素分析

为探究中国农业碳排放的时空分布特征及驱动因素,基于2000—2021年中国31个省(自治区、直辖市,不包括香港地区、澳门地区和台湾地区,下同)统计年鉴数据,考察水利用、土地利用和能源消耗的碳排放,利用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)碳排放因子建立2000—2021年水、土地和能源3个子系统相关变量,计算各省(自治区、直辖市)农业年碳排放总量,结合莫兰指数对农业碳排放时空演变趋势及空间关联特征进行分析,并运用对数均值迪氏分解法(Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index,简称LMDI)探析农业碳排放的主要驱动因素。结果表明:1)从时序变化看,农业碳排放量整体呈倒“V”型变化趋势。2)从农业碳排放来源看,农业源碳排放中源于化肥的碳排放占比最高。3)从农业碳排放空间差异看,碳排放较大的省份(自治区、直辖市)主要集中在黄淮海区域以及中部平原等水土资源条件丰富且优质的地区,西部地区与部分直辖市(北京、上海、天津)农业碳排放量较少,高农业碳排放地区存在向北蔓延的趋势。4)农业碳排放在空间上具有集聚效应,且随着时间推移,集聚效应的显著性有所下降,其中河南、安徽、山东等省份(自治区、直辖市)具有显著的“高-高集聚”效应,北京、天津、青海等省份(自治区、直辖市)具有显著的“低-低集聚”效应。5)农业水资源经济产出因素和农业劳动力密集度因素为正向驱动因素,农业水资源经济产出因素为中国农业碳排放增加的最主要因素;农业生产效率因素、劳动力规模因素和农业水土匹配度因素为碳排放负向驱动因素,其中农业生产效率因素的碳减排贡献率最高,为中国农业碳排放减少的最主要驱动因素。基于以上结果,本文针对中国农业碳减排提出以下建议:政府应加大对低碳农业的投入,支持新型肥料和新能源农机的研发,提高水土资源利用效率。同时,要利用农业碳排放的集聚效应,推动农业集中发展和区域间合作,培养新型农业人才。

守住生命之源:高标准农田建设与农业用水效率

高标准农田建设有助于推动“粮田”变“良田”,在保障国家粮食安全和推动农业高质量发展中发挥着重要作用。以高标准农田建设政策为准自然实验,探究高标准农田建设对农业用水效率的影响效应及作用机理。研究结果发现:高标准农田建设对农业用水效率具有显著提升作用,且具有长期提升效应,这一结论通过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。异质性分析表明,在强水资源禀赋、高农业依赖程度的地区及粮食主产区,高标准农田建设的农业用水效率提升效应相对更强。机理分析发现,高标准农田建设通过高效节水灌溉、农业种植结构调整等渠道提升农业用水效率。此外,高标准农田建设的农业节水效应也将带来显著的农村节能效应与农民增收效应。本文研究结论为中国提升农业用水效率提供一定借鉴与证据。

基于加权混合SPF主动轮廓的SAR图像水陆分割

针对现有主动轮廓模型(Active Contour Model,ACM)无法进行准确高效的SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像水陆分割的难题,提出一种基于加权混合符号压力(Signed Pressure Force,SPF)主动轮廓的新模型.该模型将中值拟合中心和均值拟合中心结合起来,建立新的混合符号压力函数,以抑制干扰边缘的影响.通过设计基于绝对中位差的自适应权重,实现自动调节内外拟合中心的比例系数,以更合理地描述灰度差异.此外,计算平滑后图像梯度信息构建边缘引导函数并引入到SPF函数中,以进一步提高分割性能和演化效率.在实际SAR图像上进行分割实验,结果表明:与相关实验模型相比,提出模型在保持高效的同时能获得更加准确的分割结果,其中Dice相似系数(Dice Similarity Coefficient,DSC)至少提高6%.

Wheat Yield Response to Water Deficit under Central Pivot Irrigation System Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Scarcity of rainfall and limited irrigation water resources is the main challenge for agricultural expanding policies and strategies. At the same time, there is a high concern to increase the area of wheat cultivation in order to meet the increasing local consumption. The big challenge is to incerese wheat production using same or less amount of irrigation water. In this trend, the study was carried out to analyze the sensitivity of wheat yield to water deficit using remotely sensed data in El-Salhia agricultural project which located in the eastern part of Nile delta. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were extracted from Landsat 7. Water Deficit Index (WDI) used both LST minus air temperature (Tair) and vegetation index to estimate the relative water status. Yield response factor (ky) was derived from relationship between relative yield decrease and relative evapotranspiration deficit. The relative Evapotranspiration deficit was replaced by WDI. Linear regression was found between predicted wheat yield and actual wheat yield with 0.2?6, 0.025, 0.252 and 0.76 as correlation coefficient on 30th of Dec. 2012, 15th of Jan. 2013, 16th of Feb. 2013 and 20th of Mar. 2013 respectively. The main objective of this study is using a combination between FAO 33 paper approach and remote sensing techniques to estimate wheat yield response to water.

Impacts of Mau Forest Catchment on the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya

Remote sensing and GIS applications are being widely used for various projects relating to natural resource management. Forests are very important national assets for economic, environmental protection, social and cultural values and should be conserved in order to realize all these benefits. Kenya’s forests are rapidly declining due to pressure from increased population, technological innovation, urbanization human development and other land uses. Mau forest is one of the major forests in Kenya that is a catchment area for many Great Rift Valley lakes within the country and faces a lot of destruction. Continued destruction of the Mau forest will cause catastrophic environmental damage, resulting in massive food crises and compromising the livelihoods of millions of Kenyans, and the possible collapse of the tourism industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the increasing rate of deforestation and the reduction of the volumes of water in the neighboring lakes between the years 1989 to 2010. Satellite images from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used for the detection of changes in the Mau forest and the dynamics of the neighboring water bodies that included lakes: Naivasha, Baringo, Nakuru, Elementaita and Bogoria. The research showed that from a period of 1989 to 2010 Mau forest has been decreasing due to deforestation and the water bodies have irregular dynamics in that, from 1989 to 2000, there was rise in the volume of water, this is attributed to the El Nino rains experienced in the country during the year 1997 and 1998. But between 2000 and 2010 the volume decreased as the forest is also decreasing. It is recommended that the government creates awareness to sensitize the public on the importance of such forests as catchment areas in Kenya.

光照与阴影对无人机热红外遥感监测土壤含水率的影响

为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响,该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象,将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分,分别提取光照温度与阴影温度后计算了11:00、13:00、15:00的冠气温差(冠层温度与大气温度之差,ΔT)、作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)、蒸发比(潜热通量与有效能量的比值,evaporative fraction,EF),并对比了3种指数在不同时刻使用光照温度(ΔT_(L)、CWSI_(L)、EF_(L))与阴影温度(ΔT_(S)、CWSI_(S)、EF_(S))后对土壤含水率的监测效果变化情况。结果表明:1)3种指数的监测效果会随时间发生变化,11:00与15:00时EF监测效果较好,13:00时CWSI监测效果较好,ΔT的监测效果较差但随时间波动最小;2)拔节期在区分光照温度与阴影温度后监测效果在11:00时提升幅度最大,EF、EF_(S)、EF_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.54、0.65、0.78,CWSI、CWSI_(S)、CWSI_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.47、0.64、0.70,抽雄期与灌浆期使用光照温度对监测效果提升不大,但使用阴影温度的指数监测效果有明显降低,在13:00时CWSIS较CWSI有最大降幅,R^(2)降幅分别为0.11、0.06;3)在拔节期与抽雄期使用11:00的EFL,在灌浆期使用13:00的CWSI能取得最好的土壤含水率监测效果,验证期预测土壤含水率的R2分别为0.75、0.75、0.89。该研究可以为无人机热红外监测土壤含水率提供参考。

绿洲灌区水肥耦合对连作饲用型高粱‘近甜1号’生长的调控效应

以荒漠绿洲沙荒地饲用型‘近甜1号’(BJ0601)高粱(Sorghum bicolor)头茬种植的最佳水肥需求(灌溉量7800 t·hm^(−2);施肥量600 kg·hm^(−2))和栽培模式(株距×行距:23 cm×40 cm)为依据,以头茬和轮作为对照,对连作3年的‘BJ0601’生长适应性(生长发育、茎秆鲜重、种子产量和质量等)、茎秆糖含量及土壤地力(有机碳、矿质养分)变化等进行分析。结果表明:与头茬相比,‘BJ0601’轮作茎秆鲜重无显著差异(P>0.05),但种子产量(925.1 kg·hm^(−2))显著低于头茬(2029.5 kg·hm^(−2))(P<0.05)连作3年后‘BJ0601’生长适应性受到明显抑制;与头茬相比,‘BJ0601’连作3年后出苗数、成苗率及株高分别降低了11.5%、11.4%和43.7%,茎秆鲜重(57.8 t·hm^(−2))和种子产量(677.2 kg·hm^(−2))分别降低了26.4%和71.5%;各处理茎秆可溶性糖含量无显著差异。‘BJ0601’连作3年后土壤地力显著下降。与头茬和轮作相比,连作3年后‘BJ0601’根区10-20 cm土层有机碳含量降低了34.4%和36.7%,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量降低了71.9%和43.9%、85.7%和38.8%、30.9%和16.9%(其他耕作层养分变化同10-20 cm土层)。然而,在高水肥耦合(灌溉量9000 t·hm^(−2);施肥量825 kg·hm^(−2))下,‘BJ0601’连作3年茎秆鲜重(74.9 t·hm^(−2))和种子产量(962.6 kg·hm^(−2))与最佳水肥下连作3年相比分别提高了29.6%和66.3%,且茎秆鲜重和茎秆可溶性糖含量与头茬和轮作相比无显著差异。连作显著影响‘BJ0601’的生长适应性及土壤地力状况,但高水肥耦合和轮作能够减轻连作对‘BJ0601’生长的抑制作用,减缓土壤地力衰退。在荒漠绿洲区须对‘BJ0601’的灌溉施肥方式、耕作措施和栽培管理等进行综合改善,以减缓连作障碍对‘BJ0601’生长及土壤肥力造成的不利影响,才能保证‘BJ0601’高生产力和水肥资源的高效利用。

某地铁车站中蒸发冷凝式冷水机组的应用分析

目前,地铁地下车站的空调冷源系统通常采用水冷冷水机组+冷却塔的组合方式。在实际工程中,冷却塔在室外地面的安装位置存在用地困难、景观难以协调以及运行噪声投诉等问题。结合重庆某地铁车站的实际案例,分析具体存在的问题,采用整体蒸发冷凝式冷水机组替代传统的水冷冷水机组和冷却塔,较好地解决车站空调冷源的问题,并从占地面积、投资费用、节能、节水方面进行了方案比较,分析了蒸发冷凝式冷水机组在地铁工程中应用的适用性。

生物炭施用方式及用量对土壤水分入渗与蒸发的影响

研究生物炭施用方式及用量对土壤水分入渗、蒸发特性的影响,可为旱区农业与生态建设中应用生物炭改良土壤水文特性提供科学依据与技术支持。该文采用室内土柱模拟方法,研究了3种生物炭施用方式A（施在表层0-10 cm）、B（施在下层〉10-20 cm）和C（施在耕层0-20 cm）和4种质量添加比例（0、1%、2%和4%）对土壤水分湿润峰、累积入渗量及蒸发的影响。结果表明：生物炭对土壤水分入渗、蒸发的影响受施用方式和用量的共同制约。与对照（不施生物炭）相比,A与C施用方式在1%和2%用量均可以减缓湿润峰运移速度,而较高用量（4%）可以促进湿润峰运移;B施用方式2%用量明显促进湿润峰运移,1%与4%用量无明显影响;以入渗时间50 min为例,A4%能显著增加累积入渗量,增量达对照的10.63%（P〈0.05）,而B1%、A1%、C2%、C1%、C4%可显著降低累积入渗量（P〈0.05）,减少量分别达对照的13.90%、12.46%、8.49%、5.32%、4.66%,其余处理与对照相比差异不显著。在同一施用方式下,除C2%和C1%外,各处理累积入渗量均随生物质炭用量增加而呈上升趋势。各处理土壤湿润峰运移距离与时间之间呈幂函数关系,且累积入渗量与时间关系可用Kostiakov入渗经验公式描述,Philip入渗模型可用于描述耕层（0-20 cm）混合生物炭土壤累积入渗量变化过程。各处理35d累积蒸发量与对照相比差异不显著。A4%可显著增加耕层土壤入渗能力,在改良质地较黏土壤入渗性能时,在土壤表层添加较高用量（4%）生物炭效果较好。

陇东黄土高原土壤储水量与蒸发和气候研究

利用长期土壤湿度和气候观测资料,分析了陇东黄土高原陆面蒸发和土壤储水量的年际变化及其与气候因素的关系。在近20年来,陇东黄土高陆面蒸发和土壤储水量的年际变化主要表现为逐年减少的趋势,个别季节表现为增加的趋势;年际变化的速率具有季节和空间差异性。陆面蒸发和土壤储水量随着温度的升高而减少,随着降水的增加而增加。但是陆面蒸发和土壤储水量与温度的关系不密切,与降水的关系密切。变暖不是陇东黄土高陆面蒸发和土壤储水量逐年减少的气候因素,降水的逐年减少才是陇东黄土高原陆面蒸发和土壤储水量逐年减少的气候因素。陇东黄土高原的土壤干旱化与地表蒸发关系不大,降水的逐年减少可能是土壤干旱化的根本原因。

红壤坡地不同土地利用方式土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾规律研究

为明确红壤坡地土壤水分耗散特征,通过田间定位观测,分析了农作区、茶园和柑园土壤水分蒸发和蒸腾过程。结果表明:蒸发、蒸腾与土壤表层含水率和植被叶面积指数关系密切,不同利用方式日蒸发量大小顺序为遮荫茶园<对照茶园<柑园<农作区。茶树和柑蒸腾速率日变化曲线均呈现单峰型,柑日蒸腾速率比对照茶树弱,这两种土地利用方式下6-10月均以蒸腾耗水为主。遮荫可有效削弱茶园土壤蒸发及植被蒸腾。茶园蒸发受微地形条件影响较大,梯地蒸发比梯坎蒸发弱,而农作区和柑园土壤蒸发更多受水分条件的影响。合理的土地利用方式和适度遮荫可以有效降低红壤坡地土壤水分散失,提高水分利用效率和防治季节性干旱。

森林枯枝落叶层抑制土壤蒸发的研究

本文研究了森林枯枝落叶层抑制土壤蒸发的机制及其与影响因子的关系,结果表明:枯枝落叶层抑制土壤蒸发的效应随枯枝落叶层厚度和土壤含水量的增加而增大。当土壤水分低于11％时,枯枝落叶层抑制土壤蒸发的作用很小。文内给出了枯枝落叶层抑制土壤蒸发与各影响因子的回归方程。

黄土半干旱区刺槐林地土壤蒸发特性研究

对黄土半干旱区刺槐林内的土壤蒸发状况,进行比较系统的试验研究。试验采用微型蒸发器（Micro-lysimeters,MLS）,人为控制土壤水分梯度,对不覆盖、枯枝落叶物覆盖和苔藓覆盖3种处理的林地土壤蒸发进行了分析。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,利用枯落物覆盖减小林地土壤蒸发效果晴天好于多云天,枯落物覆盖、苔藓覆盖与无覆盖相比,分别减少了20.15%～52.46%和11.11%～36.72%的土壤蒸发,枯落物覆盖效果好于苔藓;林地土壤蒸发量随土壤水分的增加呈上升趋势,当土壤含水量增加到一定临界值以后,林地土壤蒸发量由上升变为下降,表现出土壤水分对林地土壤蒸发具有明显的阈值反应,土壤含水量的临界值分别为14.2%（枯落物覆盖）和16.8%（不覆盖）;基于林地土壤蒸发量（E1）与水面蒸发量（E0）的观测数据,利用STATISTICA软件统计分析,建立林地土壤蒸发模型,可用于林地土壤蒸发量的估算,为林地土壤水分管理提供理论依据。