Discussion of the Horizontal Intensity of Late Quaternary Fault Activity Along the Tianjingshan Fault Zone in Different Time Intervals and Fault Segments

By computing and classifying the data of gully offset obtained from field surveys along the Tianjingshan fault zone and estimating the ages of three types of gullies,the strike-slip rates along the fault zone are discussed in different time intervals and fault segments.The results suggest that the intensity of activity along the fault zone is not strong,but the differences between different time intervals and fault segments since the late Pleistocene have been obvious.The average rates range from 0.23 mm/a to 1.62 mm/a.The largest average rate is 1.40 mm/a,which occurred in the early and middle of late Pleistocene along the western segment of the fault zone.Since the late stage of the late Pleistocene,the center of faulting activity of the fault zone has shifted to the middle segment,and the average slip rates range have changed from 1.30 mm/a to 1.63 mm/a.

Mapping soil organic matter content using Sentinel-2 syntheticimages at different time intervals in Northeast China

Mapping soil organic matter(SOM)content has become an important application of digital soil mapping.In this study,we processed all Sentinel-2 images covering the bare-soil period(March to June)in Northeast China from 2019 to 2022 and integrated the observation results into synthetic materials with four defined time intervals(10,15,20,and 30 d).Then,we used synthetic images corresponding to different time periods to conduct SOM mapping and determine the optimal time interval and time period beforefinally assessing the impacts of adding environmental covariates.The results showed the following:(1)in SOM mapping,the highest accuracy was obtained using day-of-year(DOY)120 to 140 synthetic images with 20 d time intervals,as well as with different time intervals,ranked as follows:20 d>30 d>15 d>10 d;(2)when using synthetic images at different time intervals to predict SOM,the best time period for predicting SOM was always within May;and(3)adding environmental covariates effectively improved the SOM mapping performance,and the multiyear average temperature was the most important factor.In general,our results demonstrated the valuable potential of SOM mapping using multiyear synthetic imagery,thereby allowing detailed mapping of large areas of cultivated soil.

Physical background on estimating bvalue

The G R relation lg N=a-bM( 1954)is an empirical formula used widely in the seismicity research. But the linearity of b curves has great difference in different time and space domains. An interested question in this paper is that in how large a space time strength domain the b value has certain physical connotation. This study told us that we can get optimal statistical results of b value in those space time domains which can develop correspondent strong shocks with magnitude interval( M S≥8.5, 8.0≤ M S<8.5, 7.0≤ M S<8.0). Thus, the possible seismogenic areas in which strong shocks with different magnitude intervals develop can be inferred in different regions of the mainland of China. Finally, some new problems are proposed, such as the delimitation of seismic province, the seismicity parameter determination in seismic hazard analysis and in earthquake predictions by using b value.

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

High accuracy in automatic detection of atrial fibrillation for Holter monitoring

Atrial fibrillation(AF) has been considered as a growing epidemiological problem in the world,with a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality.Ambulatory electrocardiography(e.g.,Holter) monitoring is commonly used for AF diagnosis and therapy and the automated detection of AF is of great significance due to the vast amount of information provided.This study presents a combined method to achieve high accuracy in AF detection.Firstly,we detected the suspected transitions between AF and sinus rhythm using the delta RR interval distribution difference curve,which were then classified by a combination analysis of P wave and RR interval.The MIT-BIH AF database was used for algorithm validation and a high sensitivity and a high specificity(98.2% and 97.5%,respectively) were achieved.Further,we developed a dataset of 24-h paroxysmal AF Holter recordings(n=45) to evaluate the performance in clinical practice,which yielded satisfactory accuracy(sensitivity=96.3%,specificity=96.8%).