MODELING OF REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF LAND-USE DEGREE IN CHINA

This paper presents an index system and a method for calculating the comprehensive index of land-use degree. The latest data form two projects titled "Remote sensing Macro Investigation and Dynamic Study of National Resources and Environment" and "Resources and Environment Database of China" have been fully applied. In addition, this paper analyzes the regularity of the regional differentiation of land-use degree in China and the socio-economic and physical factors which affect the change of land-use degree in China. The "polar" model and the "longitude-distance" model of land-use degree of China are also developed.

EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF FUNCTIONAL-COEFFICIENT REGRESSION MODELS WITH DIFFERENT SMOOTHING VARIABLES

In this article,a procedure for estimating the coefficient functions on the functional-coefficient regression models with different smoothing variables in different coefficient functions is defined.First step,by the local linear technique and the averaged method,the initial estimates of the coefficient functions are given.Second step,based on the initial estimates,the efficient estimates of the coefficient functions are proposed by a one-step back-fitting procedure.The efficient estimators share the same asymptotic normalities as the local linear estimators for the functional-coefficient models with a single smoothing variable in different functions.Two simulated examples show that the procedure is effective.

Using autologistic spatial models to simulate the distribution of land-use patterns in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province

Nowadays, spatial simulation on land use patterns is one of the key contents of LUCC. Modeling is an important tool for simulating land use patterns due to its ability to integrate measurements of changes in land cover and the associated drivers. The conventional regression model can only analyze the correlation between land use types and driving factors but cannot depict the spatial autocorrelation characteristics. Land uses in Yongding County, which is located in the typical karst mountain areas in northwestern Hunan province, were investigated by means of modeling the spatial autocorrelation of land use types with the purpose of deriving better spatial land use patterns on the basis of terrain characteristics and infrastructural conditions. Through incorporating components describing the spatial autocorrelation into a conventional logistic model, we constructed a regression model （Autologistic model）, and used this model to simulate and analyze the spatial land use patterns in Yongding County. According to the comparison with the conventional logistic model without considering the spatial autocorrelation, this model showed better goodness and higher accuracy of fitting. The distribution of arable land, wood land, built-up land and unused land yielded areas under the ROC curves （AUC） was improved to 0.893, 0.940, 0.907 and 0.863 respectively with the autologistic model. It is argued that the improved model based on autologistic method was reasonable to a certain extent. Meanwhile, these analysis results could provide valuable information for modeling future land use change scenarios with actual conditions of local and regional land use, and the probability maps of land use types obtained from this study could also support government decision-making on land use management for Yongding County and other similar areas.

Three-dimensional forward modeling and inversion of borehole-to-surface electrical imaging with different power sources

Borehole-to-surface electrical imaging （BSEI） uses a line source and a point source to generate a stable electric field in the ground. In order to study the surface potential of anomalies, three-dimensional forward modeling of point and line sources was conducted by using the finite-difference method and the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient （ICCG） method. Then, the damping least square method was used in the 3D inversion of the formation resistivity data. Several geological models were considered in the forward modeling and inversion. The forward modeling results suggest that the potentials generated by the two sources have different surface signatures. The inversion data suggest that the low- resistivity anomaly is outlined better than the high-resistivity anomaly. Moreover, when the point source is under the anomaly, the resistivity anomaly boundaries are better outlined than when using a line source.

Modeling Tracer Flow Characteristics in Different Types of Pores: Visualization and Mathematical Modeling

Structure of porous media and fluid distribution in rocks can significantly affect the transport characteristics during the process of microscale tracer flow.To clarify the effect of micro heterogeneity on aqueous tracer transport,this paper demonstrates microscopic experiments at pore level and proposes an improved mathematical model for tracer transport.The visualization results show a faster tracer movement into movable water than it into bound water,and quicker occupancy in flowing pores than in storage pores caused by the difference of tracer velocity.Moreover,the proposed mathematical model includes the effects of bound water and flowing porosity by applying interstitial flow velocity expression.The new model also distinguishes flowing and storage pores,accounting for different tracer transport mechanisms(dispersion,diffusion and adsorption)in different types of pores.The resulting analytical solution better matches with tracer production data than the standard model.The residual sum of squares(RSS)from the new model is 0.0005,which is 100 times smaller than the RSS from the standard model.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the dispersion coefficient and flowing porosity shows a negative correlation with the tracer breakthrough time and the increasing slope,whereas the superficial velocity and bound water saturation show a positive correlation.

Land Use Dynamics and Ecosystem Service Value Changes in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Under Different Scenarios

Urban agglomerations,serving as pivotal centers of human activity,undergo swift alterations in ecosystem services prompted by shifts in land utilization.Strengthening the monitoring of ecosystem services in present and future urban agglomerations contributes to the rational planning of these areas and enhances the well-being of their inhabitants.Here,we analyzed land use conversion in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)urban agglomeration during 1990-2020 and discussed the spatiotemporal response and main drivers of changes in ecosystem service value(ESV).By considering the different development strategic directions described in land use planning policies,we predicted land use conversion and its impact on ESV using the Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS)model in three scenari-os in 2025 and 2030.Results show that:1)from 1990 to 2020,land use change is mainly manifested as the continuous expansion of con-struction land to cultivated land.Among the reduced cultivated land,82.2%were occupied by construction land.2)The land use types conversion caused a loss of 21.85 billion yuan(RMB)in ESV during 1990-2020.Moreover,the large reduction of cultivated land area led to the continuous decline of food production value,accounting for 13%of the total ESV loss.3)From 2020 to 2030,land use change will mainly focus on Yangzhou and Zhenjiang in central Jiangsu Province and Taizhou in southern Zhejiang Province.Under the BAU(natural development)and ED(cultivated land protection)scenarios,construction land expansion remains dominant.In contrast,under the EP(ecological protection)scenario,the areas of water bodies and forest land increase significantly.Among the different scenarios,ESV is highest in the EP scenario,making it the optimal solution for sustainable land use.It can be seen that the space use conflict among urban,agriculture and ecology is a key factor leading to ESV change in the urban agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta.There-fore,it is crucial to maintain spatial land use coordination.Our findings provide suggestions for scientific and rational land use planning for the urban agglomeration.

Susceptibility-weighted imaging is suitable for evaluating signal strength in different brain regions of a rabbit model of acute hemorrhagic anemia

Acute hemorrhagic anemia can decrease blood flow and oxygen supply to brain, and affect its physiological function. While detecting changes in brain function in patients with acute hemorrhagic anemia is helpful for preventing neurological complications and evaluating therapeutic effects, clinical changes in the nervous systems of these patients have not received much attention. In part, this is because current techniques can only indirectly detect changes in brain function following onset of anemia, which leads to lags between real changes in brain function and their detection.

Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Strain Differences

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts, images etc.) and compulsions (repetitive, stereotyped and perseverant acts). Animal models of OCD are specifically devoted to simulating compulsive features of the disorder. In OCD, compulsive behaviors are recognized as repetitive and maladaptive and symptoms relief can be experienced due to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many animal models of OCD are provided with some degree of validity. Genetically based differences in behavior in animal models of OCD are of great value, given that human OCD is reported to involve genetic factors. Some animal models of OCD were already used in studies for the evaluation of strain differences. These works were explored in the present review.

Study on Soil Infiltration Capability and Its Impact Factors of Different Land-use Types in Purple Soil Region

Soil infiltration capability is the hot spot topic of soil erosion studies and soil physical and chemical properties have great influence on it. A new infiltration method point- source infiltration method was used to precisely evaluate the infiltration capability in different purple soil land- use types. And correlation analysis on soil physical and chemical properties and soil infiltration capability of different land- use types was performed. Results showed that:( i) there is a large difference among soil physical and chemical properties in different land- use types,soil water content,non- capillary porosity,capillary porosity,content of > 0. 25 mm aggregates and organic matter content in the top soil are greater than those in the subsoil;( ii) soil infiltration capability showed differences among different land- use types. Land use showed great effects,in general,the order of decrease on initial infiltration rate and average infiltration rate was: woodland slope > slope farmland >grassland,the order of decrease on steady infiltration rate was: slope farmland > woodland > grassland and the time reaching stable state was:slope farmland > woodland > grassland;( iii) correlation analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between initial infiltration rate and wet sieve MWD value and structural damage rate,and it had a significantly negative correlation with capillary porosity;( iv)steady infiltration rate and non- capillary porosity showed the significantly positive correlation,and it had a significantly negative correlation with the soil bulk density;( v) the average infiltration rate and non- capillary porosity and structural damage rate showed a positive correlation and the correlation coefficient was large and there was a negative correlation between average infiltration rate and soil bulk density and capillary porosity,and the absolute value of correlation coefficient was relatively large. The results of this study can provide the theoretical basis for soil infiltration study in purple soil area.

Migrated Exploding Reflectors in Evaluation of Finite Difference Solution for Inhomogeneous Seismic Models

Earth is inhomogeneous, which means its elastic characteristics change with depth. The seismic method employs the propagation of waves throughout the earth to locate different structures and stratigraphy. Understanding the wave propagation is an important matter in exploration seismology;therefore modeling of seismic wave is an important tool. To validate the interpreted earth model out of the seismic data, seismic synthetic seismograms should be generated in a process named “seismic forward modeling”. Finite difference method is used as one of the most common numerical modeling techniques. In this paper the accuracy of finite difference method in seismic section modeling is explored on different modeled data set of heterogeneous earth. It is shown that finite difference method completes with migration to reposition the events in their correct location. Two different migration methods are used and various velocities are also tested to determine an appropriate migration velocity. Finally the validly of finite difference modeling is examined using a 2D structural similarity index technique.

Calogero Model with Different Masses

We study a multispecies one-dimensional Calogero model with two- and three-body interactions. Here, we factorize the ground stateout of the Hamiltonian H in order to get the new operatorwhich preserves some spaces of polynomialsin the case of equal masses, i.e. (the usual Calogero model) and in the case with different masses. The spectrum of these both cases is found easily.

Feasibility of establishing model of Parkinson disease by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine at different parts of the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain of rats

BACKGROUND： Previous researches found that animal models with Parkinson disease （PD） could be established by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA） into medial forebrain bundle （MFB）, substantia nigra compacta （SNC） and caudate-putamen complex （CPU） of the nigrostriatal pathway. OBJECTIVE ： To compare behavioral, biochemica 6-OHDA injections in the areas of MFB, SNC and DESIGN： Controlled observational study and histological properties of these rats undergoing the CPU respectively. SEI-IING： Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University MATERIALS： A total of 64 adult female SD rats weighing 180-230 g were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of Guangxi Medical University. 6-OHDA （Sigma Company, USA）; Brain solid positioner （Standard model 51600, Stoelting Co., IL, USA）; rotational monitoring of little animal （type QL-1, USA）; high liquid chromatography （HLC, Waters Company）. METHOOS： The experiment was carried out in the Medical Experimental Center of Guangxi Medical University from February to December 2005. ① According to digital table, 64 SD rats were divided into MFB group, SNC group, CPU group and control group with 16 in each group. On the basis of the brain atlas of Paxinos, rats in the first three groups were injected with 5 μL 6-OHDA into right MFB （0 mm of line of incisor tooth, A/P 4.4 mm, L/R 1.2 mm, ON -7.8 mm）, SNC （line of incisor tooth just equal to horizon, A/P -4.8 mm, L/R 1.6 mm, ON -7.8 mm） and CPU （0 mm of line of incisor tooth, A/P 1.2 mm, L/R 2.7 mm, ON -5.4 mm）, respectively. The rats in control group were injected with 5 μL ascorbic acid solution （2 g/L）. One week after operation, 0.1 g/L apomorphine （Apo, 0.05 mg/kg） was subcutaneously injected into neck and then rotational behavior induced by Apo was recorded once a week for 8 weeks. The PD models were considered successful only when rotational times more than or equal to 7 times per minute. Eight weeks after operation, micro-perfusion was used to obtain micro-perfusate in bilateral CPU and contents of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid （3,4-DOPAC） and homovanillic acid （HVA） were also measured. In addition, amount of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells （TH＊） in SNC was counted with immuno- histochemical staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： ① Successful rate of PD models; ② contents of dopamine and its metabolite in MFB, SNC and CPU groups and TH＊ amount. RESULTS： All 64 SD rats were involved in the final analysis. ③ Successful rate and rotational behavior： One week after operation, there were 6 successful models both in SNC and MFB groups; in the 2^nd week, there were 6 both in SNC and MFB groups and 1 in CPU group; in the 3^nd week, there were 1 in MFB group and 3 in CPU group; in the 4^nd week, there were 3 in CPU group. Otherwise, no successful case was found out in the next 3 weeks. Abnormal rotational behavior was not observed in control group. Four weeks after operation, successful rates were 81% （13/16） in MFB group, 75% （12/16） in SNC group and 44% （7/16） in CPU group.② Contents of 3, 4-DOPAC and HVA： Eight weeks after operation, contents in the SNC area of the injured side were lower than those on non-lesion side （P 〈 0.01）.③Changes of TH＋ amount： Eight weeks after operation, TH＋ amount in the SNC area of the lesion side was lower than that on non-lesion side （P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： Injecting 6-OHDA into MFB, SNC and CPU can damage dopaminergic cells and establish successful PD models.

Genetic Analysis on Plant Height in Rice in Different Growing Seasons

[Objective] The aim was to carry out the genetic analysis on plant height of rice（Oryza sativa L.）cultivated in different seasons.[Method] Three rice parents with great difference in plant height including CB1（83.1 cm）,CB4（105.5 cm）and CB7（115.6 cm）were chosen to construct two parental combinations：CB1×CB4 and CB7×CB4,and the corresponding filial generations P1,F1,P2,B1,B2 and F2 were obtained.The 6 populations were planted in middle and late seasons respectively to measure their height traits.The Akaike＇s information criterion（AIC）of the mixed major gene and polygene model was used to indentify the existence of major genes affecting quantitative traits in B1,B2,F2 populations.When the major genes existed,the genetic effects of the major genes and polygenes and their genetic variance were estimated through segregation analysis.[Result] One additive major gene plus additive-dominance polygenes was the most fitted genetic model for the trait in all B1,B2,F2 populations in two planting seasons.The heritability values of the major genes varied from 38.63% to 78.53% and those of polygenes varied from 1.72% to 36.04%,and the total heritability values were 45.52-92.93%.The additive effect d value of the two genetic populations under two planting seasons was-4.56,-9.16,-7.19,and-9.38,respectively,as suggested that additive effect of the major genes would decrease the express of the plant height trait.[Conclusion] The heritability of plant height trait was affected by planting seasons and the combinations clearly as a whole.

Diagnostics in generalized nonlinear models based on maximum L_q-likelihood estimation

In order to detect whether the data conforms to the given model, it is necessary to diagnose the data in the statistical way. The diagnostic problem in generalized nonlinear models based on the maximum Lq-likelihood estimation is considered. Three diagnostic statistics are used to detect whether the outliers exist in the data set. Simulation results show that when the sample size is small, the values of diagnostic statistics based on the maximum Lq-likelihood estimation are greater than the values based on the maximum likelihood estimation. As the sample size increases, the difference between the values of the diagnostic statistics based on two estimation methods diminishes gradually. It means that the outliers can be distinguished easier through the maximum Lq-likelihood method than those through the maximum likelihood estimation method.

Application of Land-use Change Model in Guiding Regional Planning:A Case Study in Hun-Taizi River Watershed,Northeast China

This paper firstly investigated the land-use and land-cover change （LUCC） in the Hun-Taizi River water- shed, Northeast China from 1988 to 2004 based on remotely sensed images and geographic information systems （GIS） technology. Then, using the famous land-use change model of Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small re- gional extent （CLUE-S）, this paper simulated the land use changes under historical trend （HT）, urban planning （UP） and ecological protection （EP） scenarios considering urban planning and ecological protection over the next 20 years. The simulated results under UP scenario in 2020 were compared with the planning map to assess the feasibility of us- ing land-use change model to guide regional planning. Results show that forest land, dry farmland, paddy, and shrub land were the main land-use categories. Paddy and dry farmland being converted to urban area and rural settlement characterized the land-use change from 1988 to 2004. The main land-use categories changed over time. Landscape-pattem fragmentation will be worse under HT and UP scenarios, but better in EP scenario. The comparing results of simulated map with planning map in 2020 show that land-use change model is powerful tool to guide regional planning. Land-use scenarios can support regional planning and policy-making through analyzing future consequences scientifically.

The Precise Finite Difference Method for Seismic Modeling

D seismic modeling can be used to study the propagation of seismic wave exactly and it is also a tool of 3-D seismic data processing and interpretation. In this paper the arbitrary difference and precise integration are used to solve seismic wave equation, which means difference scheme for space domain and analytic integration for time domain. Both the principle and algorithm of this method are introduced in the paper. Based on the theory, the numerical examples prove that this hybrid method can lead to higher accuracy than the traditional finite difference method and the solution is very close to the exact one. Also the seismic modeling examples show the good performance of this method even in the case of complex surface conditions and complicated structures.

CFD-Based Method of Determining Form Factor k for Different Ship Types and Different Drafts

The value of form factor k at different drafts is important in predicting full-scale total resistance and speed for different types of ships. In the ITTC community, most organizations predict form factor k using a low-speed model test. However, this method is problematic for ships with bulbous bows and transom. In this article, a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)-based method is introduced to obtain k for different type of ships at different drafts, and a comparison is made between the CFD method and the model test. The results show that the CFD method produces reasonable k values. A grid generating method and turbulence model are briefly discussed in the context of obtaining a consistent k using CFD.

A Hybrid Inexact Optimization Model for Land-use Allocation of China

Land scarcity has become the prominent obstacle on the way to sustainable development for China. Under the constraints of land shortage, how to allocate the finite land resources to the multiple land users in China considering various political, environmental, ecological and economic conditions have become research topics with great significance. In this study, an interval fuzzy national-scale land-use model(IFNLM) was developed for optimizing land systems of China. IFNLM is based on an integration of existing interval linear programming(ILP), and fuzzy flexible programming(FFP) techniques. IFNLM allows uncertainties expressed as discrete interval values and fuzzy sets to be incorporated within a general optimization framework. It can also facilitate national-scale land-use planning under various environmental, ecological, social conditions within a multi-period and multi-option context. Then, IFNLM was applied to a real case study of land-use planning in China. The satisfaction degree of environmental constraints is between 0.69 and 0.97, the system benefit will between 198.25 × 1012 USD and 229.67 × 1012 USD. The results indicated that the hybrid model can help generate desired policies for land-use allocation with a maximized economic benefit and minimized environmental violation risk. Optimized land-use allocation patterns can be generated from the proposed IFNLM.

Irregular surface seismic forward modeling by a body-fitted rotated–staggered-grid finite-difference method

Finite-difference(FD) methods are widely used in seismic forward modeling owing to their computational efficiency but are not readily applicable to irregular topographies. Thus, several FD methods based on the transformation to curvilinear coordinates using body-fitted grids have been proposed, e.g., stand staggered grid(SSG) with interpolation, nonstaggered grid, rotated staggered grid(RSG), and fully staggered. The FD based on the RSG is somewhat superior to others because it satisfies the spatial distribution of the wave equation without additional memory and computational requirements; furthermore, it is simpler to implement. We use the RSG FD method to transform the firstorder stress–velocity equation in the curvilinear coordinates system and introduce the highprecision adaptive, unilateral mimetic finite-difference(UMFD) method to process the freeboundary conditions of an irregular surface. The numerical results suggest that the precision of the solution is higher than that of the vacuum formalism. When the minimum wavelength is low, UMFD avoids the surface wave dispersion. We compare FD methods based on RSG, SEM, and nonstaggered grid and infer that all simulation results are consistent but the computational efficiency of the RSG FD method is higher than the rest.