From Differential Mode of Association to Tianxia Worldview:A Study on Chinese Entrepreneurial Spirit

China has made significant strides in economic and social development since reform and opening up over the past four decades.This process has been influenced by the exceptional innovation and entrepreneurship of Chinese business leaders,as well as their profound sentiments of compassion for the world and their country.It is of great significance to foster and promote an entrepreneurial spirit with distinctive Chinese characteristics.Not only is such spirit essential to the high-quality development of enterprises and the economy,but it is also a critical impetus for achieving Chinese modernization.Nevertheless,there is still a paucity of adequate theoretical discourse on the cultural origins and entrepreneurial spirit of outstanding Chinese business leaders.This paper employs the classical grounded theory method to conduct a 10-year follow-up research on 11 representative entrepreneurs and their enterprises.The results indicate that these entrepreneurs exhibit an evolving worldview along the paths of“self-cultivation and moral conduct”,“assisting employees to achieve”,“multilateral symbiosis”,and“the oneness of existence”when interacting with themselves,employees,partners,the general public,and all things in nature.Such entrepreneurial spirit is embodied in this paper as the“Tianxia(all-under-heaven)worldview”.Through theoretical construction,this study defines the concept of“Tianxia worldview”and extensively examines the distinctions and connections between the broadminded“Tianxia worldview”and the kinship-centered“differential mode of association”in terms of internal structure,value orientation,and applicable groups.It is posited that the transition from the former to the latter is a continuous process of transcendence and evolution of the individual mindset.This study has theoretical significance in the context of advancing the research on the Chinese entrepreneurial spirit,transcending the constraints of the management approach based on the“differential mode of association”,and enhancing the research on social responsibility from the perspective of“benefit corporations”.It also has practical value in overcoming the trust dilemma and development impediment of family businesses,ensuring that enterprises consciously fulfill their social responsibilities in a broader social context,and achieving common prosperity and progress for both enterprises and society.

How Group Leaders Build Stable Community Buying Groups:A Perspective Based on the Differential Mode of Association

Since 2016,community group buying has grown significantly in China,largely driven by its efficient logistics,supply chains,low prices,and convenience.This model has been further popularized during the COVID-19 pandemic due to its effectiveness in meeting daily needs while minimizing human-to-human contact.A key component of this business model is the“group leaders”-influential individuals within a community responsible for managing group buying activities,which include order collection,supplier liaison,and goods distribution.Their primary task is to form and sustain a reliable community group buying consortium,a task that demands excellent organizational and interpersonal skills.This paper examines this phenomenon using the lens of the differential mode of association,a theoretical model explaining interpersonal relationships in traditional Chinese society.The research indicates that group leaders,through regular interaction with consumers,are able to alter their social network position,increase their influence,understand consumer needs,provide satisfying services,and enhance trust,thereby transforming consumers into loyal group buying participants.This transformation not only brings stability to group buying activities but also reinforces the community influence of group leaders,thus fostering the growth of community group buying.

Buck Converter Current Measurement Using Differential Amplifier

The accuracy of the measured current is a preeminent parameter for Current Control based Power Converter applications to ensure genuine operation of the designed converter.The current measurement accuracy can be affected by several parameters which includes the type of technology used,components used for the selected technology,aging,usage,operating and environmental conditions.The effect of gain resistors and their manufacturing tolerances on differential amplifier-based buck converter current measurement is investigated in this work.The analysis mainly focused on the output voltage variation and its accuracy with respect to the change in gain resistance tolerances.The gain resistors with 5%,1%,0.5%and 0.1%manufacturing tolerances taken for the worst-case analysis and the calculated performance results are compared and verified with the simula-tion results.The Operational amplifiers(Op-Amp)for high frequency power con-verter applications must operate in a high frequency noise environment and the intended current measuring system must manage common mode noise distur-bances paired with the signal to be measured.Based on the Common Mode Rejec-tion Ratio(CMRR)the common mode voltages and noise signals will effectively getfiltered out.Lesser CMRR results in lower common mode signal rejection,resulting in poor precision and noise rejection.In differential amplifiers,the CMRR predominantly depends on gain resistors.So,the variations in Common Mode Rejection Ratio due to gain resistor tolerances also analyzed and compared with the output voltage variations.Besides the effects of resistor tolerances,this paper also examines the effect of Op-Amp offset voltage on output accuracy spe-cifically for low magnitude input currents.The obtained results from this analysis clearly shows that the gain resistors with 0.1%tolerance gives maximum accuracy with improved CMRR and accuracy at low magnitude input currents will get well improved by using Op-Amps with Low Offset voltage specifications.

Differential mode-gain equalization via femtosecond laser micromachining-induced refractive index tailoring

The mode-division multiplexing technique combined with a few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier(FM-EDFA)demonstrates significant potential for solving the capacity limitation of standard single-mode fiber(SSMF)transmission systems.However,the differential mode gain(DMG)arising in the FM-EDFA fundamentally limits its transmission capacity and length.Herein,an innovative DMG equalization strategy using femtosecond laser micromachining to adjust the refractive index(RI)is presented.Variable mode-dependent attenuations can be achieved according to the DMG profile of the FM-EDFA,enabling DMG equalization.To validate the proposed strategy,DMG equalization of the commonly used FM-EDFA configuration was investigated.Simulation results revealed that by optimizing both the length and RI modulation depth of the femtosecond laser-tailoring area,the maximum DMG(DMGmax)among the 3 linear-polarized(LP)mode-group was mitigated from 10 dB to 1.52 dB,whereas the average DMG(DMGave)over the C-band was reduced from 8.95 dB to 0.78 dB.Finally,a 2-LP mode-group DMG equalizer was experimentally demonstrated,resulting in a reduction of the DMGmax from 2.09 dB to 0.46 dB,and a reduction of DMGave over the C band from 1.64 dB to 0.26 dB,with only a 1.8 dB insertion loss.Moreover,a maximum range of variable DMG equalization was achieved with 5.4 dB,satisfying the requirements of the most commonly used 2-LP mode-group amplification scenarios.

Evolutionary Trajectory Planning for an Industrial Robot

This paper presents a novel general method for computing optimal motions of an industrial robot manipulator （AdeptOne XL robot） in the presence of fixed and oscillating obstacles. The optimization model considers the nonlinear manipulator dynamics, actuator constraints, joint limits, and obstacle avoidance. The problem has 6 objective functions, 88 variables, and 21 constraints. Two evolutionary algorithms, namely, elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA-II） and multi-objective differential evolution （MODE）, have been used for the optimization. Two methods （normalized weighting objective functions and average fitness factor） are used to select the best solution tradeoffs. Two multi-objective performance measures, namely solution spread measure and ratio of non-dominated individuals, are used to evaluate the Pareto optimal fronts. Two multi-objective performance measures, namely, optimizer overhead and algorithm effort, are used to find the computational effort of the optimization algorithm. The trajectories are defined by B-spline functions. The results obtained from NSGA-II and MODE are compared and analyzed.

Multi-objective optimization for draft scheduling of hot strip mill

A multi-objective optimization model for draft scheduling of hot strip mill was presented, rolling power minimizing, rolling force ratio distribution and good strip shape as the objective functions. A multi-objective differential evolution algorithm based on decomposition （MODE/D）. The two-objective and three-objective optimization experiments were performed respectively to demonstrate the optimal solutions of trade-off. The simulation results show that MODE/D can obtain a good Pareto-optimal front, which suggests a series of alternative solutions to draft scheduling. The extreme Pareto solutions are found feasible and the centres of the Pareto fronts give a good compromise. The conflict exists between each two ones of three objectives. The final optimal solution is selected from the Pareto-optimal front by the importance of objectives, and it can achieve a better performance in all objective dimensions than the empirical solutions. Finally, the practical application cases confirm the feasibility of the multi-objective approach, and the optimal solutions can gain a better rolling stability than the empirical solutions, and strip flatness decreases from （0± 63） IU to （0±45） IU in industrial production.

Design and Comparison of Controller for the Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference in an Inverter

This paper presents the design of a controller for the measurement and reduction of conducted Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) caused in the power electronic circuits. The conducted EMI is also separating the Common Mode (CM) and Differential Mode (DM) simultaneously using Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN). EMI is mitigated by the fuzzy controller. By comparing common mode voltage with the standard reference value, the generated error can be minimized by using fuzzy controller. Fuzzy controller is varying the PWM signal of the power electronic switching devices for reducing the electromagnetic interference. In this paper, comparison of PI and fuzzy controller of the open loop and closed loop models are implemented using MATLAB® SIMULINK for measurement and reduction of the EMI level;and also simulation results of the PI controller and fuzzy controller analysis are presented in this paper. The fuzzy controller is provided to achieve the EMI level of the inverter within the standard limit.

Algorithm for Harmonic Tidal Analysis along T/P Tracks： Taking Differences of Observed Sea Surface Heights at Adjacent Points as Observations

An algorithm （differential mode） is presented for the improvement of harmonic tidal analysis along T/P tracks, in which the differences between the observed sea surface heights at adjacent points are taken as observations. Also, the observation equations are constrained with the results of the crossover analysis; the parameter estimations are performed at 0.1° latitude intervals by the least squares. Cycle 10 to 330 T/P altimeter data covering the China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean （2°-50° N,105°-150° E） are adopted for a refined along-track harmonic tidal analysis, and harmonic constants of 12 constituents in 8 474 points are obtained, which indicates that the algorithm can efficiently remove non-tidal effects in the altimeter observations, and improve the precision of tide parameters. Moreover, parameters along altimetry tracks represent a smoother distribution than those obtained by traditional algorithms. The root mean squares of the fitting errors between the tidal height model and the observations reduce from 11 cm to 1.3 cm.

The Differential Mode of Criminalization in Traditional China

Drawing upon a concept developed by Fei Xiaotong, this article offers a preliminary theory for conceptualizing the regulation of criminal acts in imperial China. Centred upon the concept of a ＂differential mode of criminalization,＂ this article argues that the Confucianization of law in traditional China emphasized without ambiguity the implications of the closeness/remoteness in human rela- tionships-the measure of distance conditioned upon the two main loci in everyday life, namely blood and non-blood relationships. This differential mode of criminalization fits into the Confucian imagery of a harmonious society.

Differential Mode of Status： Theoretical Perspectives and an Analysis on Its Impact on Employee Engagement

With the gradual deepening of China＇s economic reform, ＂differential mode of status,＂ which is created by the dual-track employment system in state-owned enterprises, has become a major hindrance for employees＇ enthusiasm and initiative in workplaces. Drawing upon the ＂differential mode of status＂ theory, this paper firstly explores the internal relationships among ＂differential mode of status,＂ employees＇ perception of fairness and sense of belonging, and employee engagement. Then the mechanism of ＂differential mode of status＂ influencing employee engagement is discussed. Lastly, coping strategies are brought forward based on the actual situation of low work devotion especially in China＇s state-owned enterprises.

Electrochemical Study of Cadmium (Ⅱ) Complexation with Cysteine

The complexation of Cd with cysteine has been investigated at pH ~9, and in constant ionic medium 0.59 M NaNO3 and borate buffer. Reduction signals of the hydrated Cd2+ and Cd-cysteinate complex were resolved on the potential scale during amperometric titration of 2 × 10-6 M Cd2+ with cysteine and cysteine with Cd2+, in a differential pulse (DP) mode on HMDE. The 1:1 molar ratio of Cd2+ to cysteine, and cysteine to Cd2+, was defined for Cd-cysteinate complex formed under the defined conditions. The appearance of the prepeak on the Cd-cysteinate reduction signal is showed, as the result of cysteine adsorption in reduced form. From the mass balance equations, the stoichiometric stability constants of Cd-cysteinate complex were calculated. Under various experimental conditions, comparable log K values were obtained. The grand average log K = 7.83 M-1 refers to 0.59 M ionic strength and 23℃.

Novel adaptive neural control of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles based on sliding mode differentiator

A novel adaptive neural control strategy is exploited for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle（FAHV）.By utilizing functional decomposition method, the dynamics of FAHV is decomposed into the velocity subsystem and the altitude subsystem.For each subsystem, only one neural network is employed for the unknown function approximation.To further reduce the computational burden, minimal-learning parameter（MLP）technology is used to estimate the norm of ideal weight vectors rather than their elements.By introducing sliding mode differentiator（SMD） to estimate the newly defined variables, there is no need for the strict-feedback form and virtual controller.Hence the developed control law is considerably simpler than the ones derived from back-stepping scheme.Finally, simulation studies are made to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach in spite of the flexible effects, system uncertainties and varying disturbances.

Multi-objective differential evolution with diversity enhancement

Multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) is a powerful and efficient population-based stochastic search technique for solving multi-objective optimization problems in many scientific and engineering fields. However, premature convergence is the major drawback of MODE, especially when there are numerous local Pareto optimal solutions. To overcome this problem, we propose a MODE with a diversity enhancement (MODE-DE) mechanism to prevent the algorithm becoming trapped in a locally optimal Pareto front. The proposed algorithm combines the current population with a number of randomly generated parameter vectors to increase the diversity of the differential vectors and thereby the diversity of the newly generated offspring. The performance of the MODE-DE algorithm was evaluated on a set of 19 benchmark problem codes available from http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/epnsugan/. With the proposed method, the performances were either better than or equal to those of the MODE without the diversity enhancement.

Compact input-reflectionless balanced bandpass filter with flexible bandwidth using three-line coupled structure

A compact input-reflectionless balanced bandpass filter(BPF)with flexible bandwidth(BW)using a three-line coupled structure(TLCS)is presented in this paper.For the differential mode(DM),the TLCS is applied to achieve the bandpass response;meanwhile,the input coupled-feed line of the TLCS is reused in the input absorption network.This design shows a good fusion of the absorptive and BPF sections,effectively reducing the circuit size,and the BWs of the two sections that can be controlled separately result in a flexibly controllable DM response BW of the proposed input-reflectionless balanced BPF.Detailed analyses of the ratio of the two-part BWs have been given for the first time,which is vital for the passband flatness and reflectionless feature.In the codesign of this work,the input-reflectionless DM bandpass response can be optimized easily,while wideband common mode(CM)noise absorption is achieved by the input absorption network.To verify the design method,a prototype with a compact layout(0.52λ×0.36λ)is designed and measured in the 0-7.0 GHz range.The DM center frequency(f0)is 2.45 GHz with a measured 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 31.4%.The simulation and measurement results with good agreement are presented,showing good performance,e.g.,low insertion loss(0.43 dB),wide upper stopband for the DM bandpass response(over 20 dB rejection level up to 2.72f0),and wideband DM reflectionless and CM noise absorption(fractional absorption bandwidth of 285.7%).

Prediction of the conducted EMI in PWM converter system with parasitic parameters considered

This paper presents a new approach for modeling of the conducted electromagnetic interference(EMI) prediction for widely used converter systems.Coupling paths and mechanism of differential mode(DM) interference and common mode(CM) interference have been analyzed.Models to predict the high-frequency noise of PWM converter system are created.A direct calculation method in frequency domain is proposed for the deduction of frequency spectrum.A method is given for obtaining the parasitic parameters and topological structure of the model.An experimental investigation of the conducted emission from an actual high-power rectifier system is described.The validity of the models is confirmed by comparison to laboratory measurements.

The hydrodynamics of self-rolling locomotion driven by the flexible pectoral fins of 3-D bionic dolphin

The novel autonomous rolling performance is realized by the pair of pectoral fins of a three-dimensional(3-D)bionic dolphin in this paper numerically.3-D Navier-Stokes equations are employed to simulate the viscous fluid around the bionic dolphin.The effect of self-rolling manoeuvrability is ex-plored using the dynamic mesh technology and user-defined function(UDF).By varying the parameter ratios,the interaction of flexible pectoral fins is divided into two motion modes,amplitude differential and frequency differential mode.As the primary driving source,the differential motion of a pair of pec-toral fins can effectively provide the rolling torque,and the trajectory of the entire rolling process is approximately the clockwise spiral.The results demonstrate that the rolling angular velocity and driving torque in the steady state can be improved by increasing parameter ratios,and the rolling efficiency can reach the maximum under the optimal parameter ratio.Meanwhile,different parameter ratios do not af-fect the rolling radius of the self-rolling dolphin.The evolution process around the pair of pectoral fins is shown by the flow structures in self-rolling swimming,reasonably revealing that self-rolling locomotion is produced by the pressure and wake vortices surrounding the pair of pectoral fins,and the wake struc-tures depend primarily on the variation of parameter ratio.It properly turns out that the application of the pair of pectoral fins can realize the self-rolling performance through parameter differential modes.