Study on Methanol Oxidation at Pt and PtRu Electrodes by Combining in situ Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry

Methanol oxidation reaction （MOR） at Pt and Pt electrode surface deposited with various amounts of Ru （denoted as PtxRuy, nominal coverage y is 0.17, 0.27, and 0.44 ML） in 0.1 mol/L HClO4＋0.5 mol/L MeOH has been studied under potentiostatic conditions by in situ FTIR spectroscopy in attenuated-total-reflection con guration and di erential electro-chemical mass spectrometry under controlled flow conditions. Results reveal that （i） CO is the only methanol-related adsorbate observed by IR spectroscopy at all the Pt and PtRu electrodes examined at potentials from 0.3 V to 0.6 V （vs. RHE）; （ii） at Pt0.56Ru0.44, two IR bands, one from CO adsorbed at Ru islands and the other from COL at Pt substrate are detected, while at other electrodes, only a single band for COL adsorbed at Pt is observed; （iii） MOR activity decreases in the order of Pt0.73Ru0.27〉Pt0.56Ru0.44〉Pt0.83Ru0.17〉Pt; （iv） at 0.5 V, MOR at Pt0.73Ru0.27 reaches a current e ciency of 50% for CO2 production, the turn-over frequency from CH3OH to CO2 is ca. 0.1 molecule/（site sec）. Suggestions for further improving of PtRu catalysts for MOR are provided.

Effect of mass transfer and solution composition on the quantification of reaction kinetics by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry

Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS)is one of the most powerful techniques for both the mechanistic and kinetic study of complicated electrocatalytic reactions.It can provide information on the nature and yields of the products generated,their production rate,and the structure-activity relationship between the electrocatalysts and the target reactions.The precise calibration of the mass signal is a prerequisite for the accurate evaluation of reaction kinetics.In this work,we use the oxidation reactions of CO and HCOOH to demonstrate how certain conditions,such as the flow rate and solution composition,affect the collection efficiency and ionization probability of the species to be detected.These parameters can affect the determination of the mass calibration constant and the accuracy of the subsequent quantitative DEMS analysis.We show the relationship between the mass calibration constant and the flow rate,and provide strategies for eliminating this and the related problems.

Unraveling the decomposition mechanism of Li_(2)CO_(3)in the aprotic medium by isotope-labeled differential electrochemical mass spectrometry

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)represent the highest energy density in the contemporary energy storage community,typically delivering a practical energy density of 150-350 Wh kg-1in the current technique,which can hardly satisfy the evergrowing demand for the portable electronic devices and power tools requiring long service time[1-3].

Oxidation of Carbon Supports at Fuel Cell Cathodes： Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometric Study

The effects of O2 and the supported Pt nano-particles on the mechanisms and kinetics of the carbon support corrosion are investigated by monitoring the CO2 production using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry in a dual-thin layer flow cell. Carbon can be oxidized in different distinct potential regimes; O2 accelerates carbon oxidation, the rates of CO2 production from carbon oxidation in O2 saturated solution are two times of that in N2 saturated solution at the same potential; Pt can catalyze the carbon oxidation, with supported Pt nanoparticles, the overpotential for carbon oxidation is much smaller than that without loading in the carbon electrode. The mechanism for the enhanced carbon oxidation by Pt and O2 are discussed.

微分电化学质谱测定石墨在析氧反应中的结构腐蚀

电催化析氧反应(OER)不仅是电解水制氢的半反应,也是电催化二氧化碳还原、氮气还原、硝酸根还原、有机小分子还原、金属-空气电池的重要半反应。OER过程是通过四电子机制驱动的。由于OER自身缓慢而复杂的动力学及其自带的强氧化特性,研究电催化材料在OER中的氧化重构规律及其催化机制,对于提高析氧反应的效率意义重大。碳材料作为一类无金属电极材料广泛应用于电催化过程中,其价格低廉、储量丰富、活性、稳定性高,是一种有潜力的OER催化剂。碳材料表面的含氧官能团已被证明是OER的活性位点,但在更高的氧化电位下,由于缺乏对活性位点演化机制的认识,导致对碳材料OER性能的失活机制仍不清楚。正确识别出析氧条件下碳材料的活性位点已成为该领域的研究热点。然而,非原位的表征技术,如X射线衍射技术、扫描电子显微镜技术等难以反映碳材料在工作条件下的催化状态。因此,本文以石墨作为模型材料,利用微分电化学质谱(DEMS)探究石墨在OER过程中的结构变化,研究测试过程中外加电压和电解液pH值对石墨氧化的影响。结果表明,在酸性(pH 0)、中性(pH 7)和碱性(pH 14)条件下,高纯石墨片均是先发生自身的氧化并产生氧化官能团;随着电位的增加,酸性、中性和碱性环境中的石墨阳极均在1.6 V vs.可逆氢电极(RHE)产生CO_(2)和CO,且CO_(2)产量逐渐增大;在酸性条件下,O_(2)的生成电位高于CO_(2),而碱性条件则相反。因此,在碱性条件下,高纯石墨片在一定的电位区间下可以作为OER催化剂使用。本工作不仅揭示了碳材料在电化学氧化条件下全pH值范围内的结构转化规律和相应的演化产物,也提出了碳材料作为OER催化剂时可行的电位操作区间。

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Pd-Modified Cu Foil

Bimetallic catalysts can improve CO2 reduction efficiency via the combined properties of two metals.CuPd shows enhanced CO2 reduction activity compared to copper alone.Using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS)and electrochemical infrared(IR)spectroscopy,volatile products and adsorbed intermediates were measured during CO2 and CO reduction on Cu and CuPd.The IR band corresponding to adsorbed CO appears 300 mV more positive on CuPd than that on Cu,indicating acceleration of CO2 reduction to CO.Electrochemical IR spectroscopy measurements in CO-saturated solutions reveal similar potentials for CO adsorption and CO3^2-desorption on CuPd and Cu,indicating that CO adsorption is controlled by desorption of CO3^2-.DEMS measurements carried out during CO reduction at both electrodes showed that the onset potential for reduction of CO to CH4 and CH3OH on CuPd is about 200 mV more positive than that on Cu.We attribute these improvements to interaction of Cu and Pd,which shifts the d-band center of the Cu sites.

乙醇电催化氧化反应动力学分析与研究进展

乙醇是一种很有吸引力的燃料电池电动汽车燃料。乙醇电催化氧化反应动力学研究对于直接醇类燃料电池和间接醇类燃料电池的阳极电催化剂开发有重要作用。本文依据反应机理和阳极电催化剂活性对乙醇的电催化氧化反应动力学进行了讨论, 介绍了先进的微分电化学质谱技术在乙醇电催化反应动力学研究中的应用。

铜电极上二氧化碳还原机理的研究进展

本文从历史角度综述了二氧化碳在铜基催化剂上的还原机理的最新研究进展,对区分C1和C2产物路径发生的机制,以及调控二氧化碳还原产物选择性的影响因素和方法进行了重点阐述,着重讨论了如何利用电化学红外光谱与微分电化学质谱等技术在揭示反应机理方面的研究思路与方法学.

Gas Generation Mechanism in Li-Metal Batteries

Gas generation induced by parasitic reactions in lithium-metal batteries(LMB)has been regarded as one of the fundamental barriers to the reversibility of this battery chemistry,which occurs via the complex interplays among electrolytes,cathode,anode,and the decomposition species that travel across the cell.In this work,a novel in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry is constructed to differentiate the speciation and source of each gas product generated either during cycling or during storage in the presence of cathode chemistries of varying structure and nickel contents.It unambiguously excludes the trace moisture in electrolyte as the major source of hydrogen and convincingly identifies the layer-structured NCM cathode material as the source of instability that releases active oxygen from the lattice at high voltages when NCM experiences H2→H3 phase transition,which in turn reacts with carbonate solvents,producing both CO_(2)and proton at the cathode side.Such proton in solvated state travels across the cell and becomes the main source for hydrogen generated at the anode side.Mechanisms are proposed to account for these irreversible reactions,and two electrolyte additives based on phosphate structure are adopted to mitigate the gas generation based on the understanding of the above decomposition chemistries.

半夹心钌分子催化剂的水氧化电催化

设计和合成以五甲基环戊二烯基(Cp*)半夹心钌配合物为代表的一种具有开放的空间结构和高电荷密度的分子催化剂,通过对配体的调控,成功筛选出具有良好水氧化电催化活性、易固载到电极表面且在强碱性环境下抗水解的[Cp*Ru(PPh 3)2Cl]Cl配合物分子.电化学和在线微分电化学质谱实验表明:该分子可提供易于被进攻Ru(Ⅴ)活性中心,显著加速水氧化生成O 2的反应速率.

微分电化学质谱:研究锂离子电池的一项关键技术

锂离子电池的安全性问题在很大程度上限制了其在纯电动汽车、规模储能等领域的广泛应用。电池材料|电解质界面副反应所产生的可燃性气体是锂离子电池安全隐患的首要原因。微分电化学质谱是解析锂离子电池产气副反应机制的强有力研究技术。本文综述了微分电化学质谱的发展历程、工作原理、技术要点及其在锂离子电池安全性研究中的应用,并展望了微分电化学质谱在储能领域的机遇、挑战和策略。

质谱离子源技术用于电化学反应机理研究的进展

电化学反应是连续的动态变化过程,伴随着瞬时中间体和复杂结构物质的产生,因此,精确而有效地捕捉反应过程中的一系列产物,有助于准确推导其电化学反应机理,进而优化反应条件,提高反应效率.目前,主流的电化学在线监测技术包括光谱法、循环伏安法和线性极化曲线等,这些方法能够胜任反应过程中大部分物质的结构及组成变化检测,然而,为了更加系统和精确地掌握电化学反应过程中所有产物的信息,仍需进一步拓展实时、原位反应监测技术.质谱具有灵敏度高、选择性好、分析速度快、可以结构解析等特点,是一种理想的电化学反应研究手段.近年来,采用质谱法研究电化学反应机理的报道越来越多,尤其是采用以电喷雾离子源(Electrospray Ionization,ESI)及其衍生离子源为代表的常压离子源对电化学反应过程进行实时、原位监测已经成为研究热点.本综述主要介绍了近期发表的电化学-质谱联用技术,详细描述了其针对不同类型电化学反应监测要求而设计和开发的电化学离子源装置.