A triboelectric nanogenerator based on a spiral rotating shaft for efficient marine energy harvesting of the hydrostatic pressure differential

Equipment used in underwater sensing and exploration typically relies on cables or batteries for energy supply,resulting in a limited and inconvenient energy supply and marine environmental pollution that hinder the sustainable development of distributed ocean sensing networks.Here,we design a deep-sea differential-pressure triboelectric nanogenerator(DP-TENG)based on a spiral shaft drive using modified polymer materials to harness the hydrostatic pressure gradient energy at varying ocean depths to power underwater equipment.The spiral shaft structure converts a single compression into multiple rotations of the TENG rotor,achieving efficient conversion of differential pressure energy.The multi-pair electrode design enables the DP-TENG to generate a peak current of 61.7μA,the instantaneous current density can reach 0.69μA cm^(-2),and the output performance can be improved by optimizing the spiral angle of the shaft.The DP-TENG can charge a 33μF capacitor to 17.5 V within five working cycles.It can also power a digital calculator and light up 116 commercial power light-emitting diodes,demonstrating excellent output capability.With its simple structure,low production cost,and small form factor,the DP-TENG can be seamlessly integrated with underwater vehicles.The results hold broad prospects for underwater blue energy harvesting and are expected to contribute to the development of self-powered equipment toward emerging“smart ocean”and blue economy applications.

Differential pressure difference based altitude control of a stratospheric satellite

An autonomous altitude adjustment system for a stratospheric satellite(StratoSat)platform is proposed.This platform consists of a helium balloon,a ballonet,and a two-way blower.The helium balloon generates lift to balance the platform gravity.The two-way blower inflates and deflates the ballonet to regulate the buoyancy.Altitude adjustment is achieved by tracking the differential pressure difference(DPD),and a threshold switching strategy is used to achieve blower flow control.The vertical acceleration regulation ability is decided not only by the blower flow rate,but also by the designed margin of pressure difference(MPD).Pressure difference is a slow-varying variable compared with altitude,and it is adopted as the control variable.The response speed of the actuator to disturbance can be delayed,and the overshoot caused by the large inertia of the platform is inhibited.This method can maintain a high tracking accuracy and reduce the complexity of model calculation,thus improving the robustness of controller design.

Differential diagnosis of gastric submucosal masses and external pressure lesions

Lesions of the left triangular ligament of the liver are rare,and there are even fewer cases of vascular tumors misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors.We comment on the two cases reported in the article.The article did not include pictures of laparoscopic surgery,making it unconvincing.For gastric submucosal lesions,enhanced computed tomography venous phase imaging may be beneficial for differential diagnosis.Although endoscopic ultrasound is an effective tool for diagnosing submucosal lesions of the stomach,due to various factors,it cannot achieve an accurate diagnosis.During endoscopic examination,a more accurate diagnosis can be made depending on the personal experience of the operators.

Sand Production Prediction and Safe Differential Pressure Determination in a Deepwater Gas Field

Sand production is a critical issue during the development of offshore oil and gas fields.Certain gas fields(e.g.the AB gas field)have high porosity and high permeability,and with water at the bottom of the reservoir,the risk of sand production greatly increases at high differential pressures.Based on reservoir properties,geological conditions,production requirements,and well logging data,in this study an ultrasonic time difference method,a B index method,and a S index method are used together with a model of rock mass failure(accounting for water influx and pressure depletion)to qualitatively predict sand production.The results show that considered sample gas field has an overall high risk of sand production.The critical differential pressure(CDP)without water influx is in the range of 1.40 to 2.35 MPa,the CDP after water influx is from 0.60 to 1.41MPa.The CDP under pressure depletion is in the range of 1.20 to 1.92 MPa.The differential pressure charts of sand production are plotted,and the safe differential pressure windows with or without water influx are obtained.The model calculation results and the experimental results are consistent with the field production data,which indicates that the implemented prediction method could be taken as a reference for sand production prediction in similar deep water gas fields.

Research on double differential pressure dynamic flowmeter

When testing an electrohydraulic proportional valve,it is necessary to test the high frequency dynamic flow with bias.Because of the limitation of the piston stroke,a no-load hydraulic cylinder is only suitable for a reciprocating symmetrical dynamic flow test.Since the traditional differential pressure flowmeter is affected by viscosity and inertia of the fluid,it is only suitable for measuring steady flow.Therefore,a new type of double pressure differential dynamic flowmeter is designed to improve the traditional differential pressure flowmeter.The influence of fluid viscosity and inertia in the flow process are negated by subtracting the differential pressure in section expansion from the differential pressure in section contraction.The double differential pressure flowmeter is modeled and a flow meter prototype is designed.Then,the flow coefficients are identified and corrected by a practical test.Finally,the dynamic performance and steady-state precision of the flowmeter are verified by comparing with the test results of the no-load hydraulic cylinder.The double differential pressure dynamic flowmeter is proven to measure dynamic flow accurately,especially at higher dynamic frequencies.

Recension of boron nitride phase diagram based on high-pressure and high-temperature experiments

Cubic boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride are the two predominant crystalline structures of boron nitride.They can interconvert under varying pressure and temperature conditions.However,this transformation requires overcoming significant potential barriers in dynamics,which poses great difficulty in determining the c-BN/h-BN phase boundary.This study used high-pressure in situ differential thermal measurements to ascertain the temperature of h-BN/c-BN conversion within the commonly used pressure range(3-6 GPa)for the industrial synthesis of c-BN to constrain the P-T phase boundary of h-BN/c-BN in the pressure-temperature range as much as possible.Based on the analysis of the experimental data,it is determined that the relationship between pressure and temperature conforms to the following equation:P=a+1/bT.Here,P denotes the pressure(GPa)and T is the temperature(K).The coefficients are a=-3.8±0.8 GPa and b=229.8±17.1 GPa/K.These findings call into question existing high-pressure and high-temperature phase diagrams of boron nitride,which seem to overstate the phase boundary temperature between c-BN and h-BN.The BN phase diagram obtained from this study can provide critical temperature and pressure condition guidance for the industrial synthesis of c-BN,thus optimizing synthesis efficiency and product performance.

Influence of bluff body shape on wall pressure distribution in vortex flowmeter

To investigate the influence of bluff body shape on wall pressure distribution in a vortex flowmeter,experiments were conducted on a specially designed test section in a closed water rig at Reynolds numbers of 6.2×10 4-9.3×10 4.The cross sections of the bluff bodies were semicircular,square,and triangular shaped,and there were totally 21 pressure tappings along the conduit to acquire the wall pressures.It is found that the variation trends of wall pressures are basically identical regardless of the bluff body shapes.The wall pressures begin to diverge from 0.3D(D is the inner diameter of the vortex flowmeter) in front of the bluff body due to the diversity in shape,and all reach the minimum values at 0.3D behind the bluff body.A discrepancy between the triangular or square cylinder and the semicircular cylinder in wall pressure change is observed at 0-0.1D behind the bluff body.It is also found that the wall pressures and irrecoverable pressure loss coefficients increase with flow rates,and the triangular cylinder causes the smallest irrecoverable pressure loss at a fixed flow rate.

Newly developed vacuum differential pressure casting of thin-walled complicated Al-alloy castings

The newly designed vacuum differential pressure casting (VDPC) unit was introduced, by which the capabilityof the VDPC process to produce thin-walled complicated Al-alloy castings, that are free from oxides, gas pore andshrinkage cavity and thus enhance overall part quality, was studied. Experimental results were compared with those oftraditional gravity pouring and vacuum suction casting. The first series of experiments were focused on investigating thecastability of thin section Al-alloy casting. In the second series of experiments the metallographic evidence, castingstrength and soundness were examined. Finally, case studies of very interesting thin walled complicated casting applicationswere described. The advantages of the described technique have made possible to produce thin walled complicatedAl-alloy casting (up to a section thickness of 1 mm), which is not practical for gravity pouring and vacuum suction casting.

Liquid Level Measurement in Oil Tanks Based on Double-differential Pressure Technique

The system principle and configuration of the double differential pressure method for measuring oil tank level are presented. The fundamental method and circuit of fiber optic transmission are analyzed .The accuracy and security of level measurement in the oil tanks have been greatly improved.

Reliability of gas holdup measurements using the differential pressure method in a cyclone-static micro-bubble flotation column

Gas holdup is one of the key parameters in flotation process. Gas holdup as measured by a differential pressure method was investigated and the relative errors compared to the average gas holdup from the volume expansion method. The errors were used to establish optimum measurement positions. The results show that the measurement position should be in the middle of the column and in the region half way from the center to the wall (the half-radius). The gas holdup along the axial direction is lower at the bottom and higher at the top of the floatation column. The gas holdup along the radial direction is lower near the wall and higher near the center of the flotation column. The average gas holdup measure- ment can be replaced by regional gas holdup values.

Simulation research on control algorithm of differential pressure casting process

To improve the precision of the filling pressure curve of differential pressure casting controlled with PID controller,the model of differential pressure casting process is established and two pressure-difference control systems using PID algorithm and Dahlin algorithm are separately designed in MATLAB. The scheduled pressure curves controlled with PID algorithm and Dahlin algorithm,respectively,are comparatively simulated in MATLAB. The simulated pressure curves obtained show that the control precision with Dahlin algorithm is higher than that with PID algorithm in the differential pressure casting process,and it was further verified by production practice.

Grain refinement and mechanical properties improvement of casting A357 alloy by high pressure differential pressure casting process

By using conventional differential pressure casting process and high pressure differential pressure casting process respectively, Al-Si-Mg system A357 alloy castings were produced. The results show that compared with the conventional differential pressure casting process, the high pressure differential pressure casting process can further refine grain and improve the tensile strength and elongation of as-cast and heat treated A357 alloy. For as-cast A357 alloy with SiO2 resin sand mould, the increasing scales exceed 6% and 50%, respectively. After heat treatment, the increasing scales exceed 15% and 50% respectively. For as-cast A357 alloy with SiO2-Fe chill mould, the increasing scales exceed 6% and 17% respectively. After heat treatment, the increasing scales exceed 7% and 23% respectively. But the increasing scale depends on the cooling rate of casting. With the increase of the cooling rate, the increasing scale decreases.

High Pressure-Differential Thermal Analysis and Ultrasonic Wave Amplitude Analysis of Ice-Water Equilibrium at 1.5-5.0 GPa

Water is the most active component in all geological systems. It has an importanteffect on the physical properties of minerals and melts. It also plays a key role in the evolutionof the Earth. Accurate thermodynamics data on water are currently confined to pressures below1.0 GPa and temperatures below 900℃. Presented in this paper are new data available on theP-T properties of water at pressures up t0 5. 0 GPa, developed from differential thermal analysis and ultrasonic wave amplitude analysis. It has been found that there may exist anotherternary point at 3. 0 GPa and that ultrasonic wave amplitude change of ice-water transitionshows two inflection points above 2. 0 GPa, consistent with the two peaks of differential thermal curves above 2. 0 GPa. It may be a new phenomenon which needs further study.

Design of Na-K Alloy Differential Pressure Sensor with On-line Monitoring Function

Because the melting point of the alkalis is very high and the metal activity is strong, the common pressure sensor can＇t be used to measure pressure of liquid metal. In this paper, a differential transformer differential pressure sensor for measuring liquid alkalis pressure is designed, the working principle and specific design plan of the sensor are introduced, the standard current signal （ 4 -20 mA） or digital communication RS485 can be output according to the needs, and the functions of remote monitoring and data optimization can be realized through the LAN interface.

Analysis of Gas Flow Rate and Pressure Loss of Medical Mask Differential Pressure Tester

The objective of this study is to find a suitable method to overcome the pressure loss problem in the gas pipe during the gas exchange detection of medical masks.Based on the European Standards EN 14683,the parameters of a medical mask differential pressure tester were selected,subsequently two schemes of gas pipe layouts were designed,including four kinds of pipe diameter which are 4,5,6.5,and 8mm respectively.Lastly,the models of each scheme were established and imported into Fluent,and the relevant parameters were set for simulation.After data analysis,the results showed that among the four different pipe diameters,the pressure loss of 8mm diameter of the pipe was lower in both the schemes,additionally the pressure loss of the second scheme(the gas pipe was short and smooth)was lower under the same pipe diameter.At the flow rate of v=8L/min,the pressure loss from the inlet to the measurement point is less than 200Pa,and the estimated measurement error is less than 1.5%.In conclusion,shortening the length of the pipe,and increasing the diameter of the pipe can reduce the gas pressure loss,subsequently improve the measurement accuracy of the medical mask differential pressure tester.

超临界二氧化碳流量测量方法研究

在临界点附近的超临界流体,操作温度或操作压力的微小变化,都会引起超临界流体密度的很大变化,因此,尚无能够满足实时、准确、可溯源要求的超临界流体流量测量方法及仪表。该文首先分析超临界二氧化碳在拟临界温度区域的物理特性;然后分别研究科里奥利质量流量计和差压流量计的超临界流体测量特点,确定流量测量所需的工况条件;最后提出一种以科里奥利质量流量计对差压流量计进行动态密度修正,从而提高超临界流体质量流量测量精度的流量计组合方法。验证实验中,该文以质量法液体流量标准装置对上述两种流量计进行校准,再基于雷诺数近似原理采用质量法气体流量标准装置进行模拟测试,评估动态响应能力及两种被测介质之间的测量误差。实验结果表明:该流量计组合方法具备超临界二氧化碳流量测量的能力,可实现以科里奥利质量流量计作为工作级标准的超临界二氧化碳量值溯源。

基于CFD的传感器体积对旋进旋涡流量计的影响

针对旋进旋涡流量计的精确测量,使用CFD数值模拟软件,以DN20口径的旋进旋涡流量计作为研究对象,得到了类似于钝体涡街旋涡脱落的现象,并对仿真的可行性进行了深入分析,验证了仿真工作的可靠性.分析比较低流量下不同取压点的压差,得到内流场压差变化规律,确定了DN20流体域的最佳取压点.将压电传感器置于最佳取压点后,使用音速喷嘴装置进行试验.将试验数据与仿真数据进行对比,发现两者之间存在一定的误差.分析其中原因,以小口径壳体内压电传感器自身体积较大为切入点,去除流体域内压电传感器体积,将去除压电传感器体积前后的流体域进行仿真,对结果比较分析,发现去除压电传感器体积后的流体域仿真得到的K值系数与试验值误差较小,说明压电传感器体积对内流场有一定影响,并且压电传感器的探针放置于流量计中会一定程度地增加旋进旋涡流量计的压力损失.

新能源汽车动力电池压差故障及维修技术探析

新能源汽车动力电池压差故障是一种常见的故障问题,该故障会严重影响电池性能,不利于新能源汽车正常行驶。为解决这一问题,通过对新能源汽车动力电池压差故障与维修技术进行了分析,首先,简单介绍了新能源汽车的特点,其次,分析了新能源汽车动力电池压差故障问题,包括相应的故障类型、故障原因等,最后,对新能源汽车动力电池压差故障诊断与维修技术进行了分析,系统汇总了新能源汽车动力电池压差故障诊断技术,讨论了相关的维修技术,希望能够为相关研究提供一定的参考。

基于压差法的波向测量方法初步研究

为解决波向测量误差大的问题,本文首次提出了一种基于压差法的波向测量新技术,根据海浪的运动变化规律,在这里巧妙地引进了压差技术,通过对放置在水下一个圆环上多个压力传感器同圆心点上的压差变化进行分析可以得出,圆环上不同方向上的压力传感器同圆心点上的压力传感器之间的差值及相位是随波浪方向变化而变化的,对圆环上不同方向上的压力传感器同圆心点上的压力传感器之间的差值进行分析,找出变化规律与波向的关系,以此得出真实的波向分布。本文通过波浪水池实验验证了该方法的可行性,并通过对实验数据的解析初步得出了压差变化规律与波向的变换关系。

伸缩式钻孔机器人动力学模型及仿真分析研究

钻孔机器人在油矿井下作业环境中逐渐广泛应用,提出了一种由钻孔液驱动的新型伸缩式钻孔机器人。首先根据钻孔机器人驱动力的工作原理,建立了压差流体力学模型,在此基础上分别推导了钻孔机器人在空载和负载条件下的牵引力计算方程,从而建立了钻孔机器人的动力学模型,提出了钻压、钻速等关键参数的计算方法。通过仿真分析了表明,随着流量的增加,钻速/速度和钻孔机器人的牵引力均呈近似线性增加趋势,在空载条件下,钻孔机器人将处于加速状态,直到伸缩缸停止泵送钻孔液为止。在负载条件下,钻孔机器人与机械钻孔速率能快速达到平衡。