EM-based detection scheme for differential unitary space-time modulation

The performance loss of an approximately 3 dB signal-to-noise ratio is always paid with conventional differential detection compared to the related coherent detection. A new detection scheme consisting of two steps is proposed for the differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM） system. In the first step, the data sequence is estimated by conventional unitary space-time demodulation （DUSTD） and differentially encoded again to produce an initial estimate of the transmitted symbol stream. In the second step, the initial estimate of the symbol stream is utilized to initialize an expectation maximization （EM）-based iterative detector. In each iteration, the most recent detected symbol stream is employed to estimate the channel, which is then used to implement coherent sequence detection to refine the symbol stream. Simulation results show that the proposed detection scheme performs much better than the conventional DUSTD after several iterations.

ROTATION CONSTELLATION FOR DIFFERENTIAL UNITARY SPACE-TIME MODULATION

A new constellation which is the multiplication of the rotation matrix and the diagonal matrix ac- cording to the number of transmitters is proposed to increase the diversity product, the key property to the performance of the differential unitary space-time modulation. Analyses and the simulation results show that the proposed constellation performs better and 2dB or more coding gain can be achieved over the traditional cyclic constellation.

Novel differential unitary space-time modulation schemes for fast fading channels

Differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM）, which obtains full transmit diversity in slowly fiat-fading channels without channel state iufonnation, has generated significant interests recently. To combat frequency-selective fading, DUSTM has been applied to each subcarrier of an OFDM system and DUSTM-OFDM system was proposed. Both DUSTM and DUSTM-OFDM, however, are designed for slowly fading channels and suffer performance deterioration in fast fading channels. In this paper, two novel differential unitary space-time modulation schemes are proposed for fast fading channels. For fast fiat-fading channels, a subatrix interleaved DUSTM （SMI-DUSTM） scheme is proposed, in which matrix-segmentation and sub-matrix based interleaving are introduced into DUSTM system. For fast frequency-selective fading channels, a differential unitary space-frequency modulation （DUSFM） scheme is proposed, in which existing unitary space-time codes are employed across transmit antennas and OFDM subcarriers simultaneouslv and differential modulation is performed between two adjacent OFDM blocks. Compared with DUSTM and DUSTM-OFDM schemes, SMI-DUSTM and DUSFM-OFDM are more robust to fast channel fading with low decoding complexity, which is demonstrated by performance analysis and simulation resuits.

Novel time-frequency differential space-time modulation for multi-antenna OFDM systems

Differential space-time （DST） modulation has been proposed recently for multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh fading channels, where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the fading coefficients. Among existing schemes, differential modulation is always performed in the time domain and suffers performance degradations in frequency-selective fading channels. In order to combat the fast time and frequency-selective fading, a novel time-frequency differential space-time （TF-DST） modulation scheme, which adopts differential modulation in both time and frequency domains, is proposed for multi-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system. A corresponding suboptimal yet low-complexity non-coherent detection approach is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is robust for time and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.

Differential modulation based on space-time block codes

A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme

A NOVEL LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME MODULATION

Based on the Complex Orthogonal Linear Dispersion (COLD) code,a novel linear Differ- ential Space-Time Modulation (DSTM) design is proposed in this paper.Compared with the existing nonlinear DSTM schemes based on group codes,the proposed linear DSTM scheme is easier to design, enjoys full diversity and allows for a simplified differential receiver,which can detect the transmitted symbols separately.Furthermore,compared with the existing linear DSTM based on orthogonal design, our new construction can be applied to any number of transmit antennas.Similar to other algorithms, the proposed scheme also can be demodulated with or without channel estimates at the receiver,but the performance degrades approximately by 3dB when estimates are not available.

Differential space-time modulation in rapidly fading channels

Previously proposed differential modulation schemes for time-varying channels may not achieve the full transmit diversity and the maximum Doppler diversity simultaneously. Based on an existing basis expansion model, a new differential space-time code, which wisely combines interleaver/de-interleaver with traditonal space-time transmitting technique to overcome such limitation, .is presented. Two noncoherent differential decoders, named decision-feedback differential detector （DF-DD） and Viterbi-algorithmbased multiple-symbol-detection differential detector （ MSD-DD）, are also derived. We show that our design may recover data symbols with full antenna diversity and the maximum Doppler diversity at high signal-to-noise ratio. System performance is evaluated with simulations.

Differential space-time modulation based on orthogonal design for cooperative network

Differential modulation was widely used for wireless networks in which channel estimation was diffi-cult.Based on orthogonal design,a novel distributed differential space-time coding/decoding scheme forM-PSK modulations was proposed,which had a high code rate of 2/3 and second-order diversity for thetwo-user cooperative networks.The performance of decode-and-forward (DF) protocols was evaluated.Simulations show that the differential space-time modulation scheme in this paper has better bit error rate(BER) performance or higher code rate than the schemes proposed by Tarasak and Wang when interuserchannel states are good enough.The impacts of transmission error between two users for the whole systemBER performance were also investigated.

SIGNAL CONSTELLATIONS DESIGN FOR DIFFERENTIAL UNITARY SPACE-TIME IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM OVER FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE FADING CHANNELS

In this paper, the design of signal constellations parameters is studied for Differential Unitary Space-Time Modulation (DUSTM) based on the design criterion of maximizing the diversity product. Further, noninteger searching method for the signal constellation parameters design is proposed in order to get better codes. Experimental results show that under the different Doppler spread and data transmission rate, the proposed design performs better than the previous design using integer parameters in Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system over frequency-selective fading channels.

Multiple symbol differential detection based on sphere decoding for unitary space-time modulation

Recently, a multiple symbol differential （MSD） sphere decoding （SD） algorithm for unitary spacetime modulation over quasi-static channel has been proved to achieve the performance of maximumlikelihood （ML） detection with relatively low complexity. However, an error floor occurs if the algorithm is applied over rapid-fading channels. Based on the assumption of continuous fading, a multiple symbol differential automatic sphere decoding （MSDASD） algorithm is developed by incorporating a recursive form of an ML metric into automatic SD （ASD） algorithm. Furthermore, two algorithms, termed as MSD approximate ASD （MSDAASD） and MSD pruning ASD （MSDPASD）, are proposed to reduce computational complexity and the number of comparisons, respectively. Compared with the existing typical algorithms, i.e., multiple symbol differential feedback detection （MS-DFD） and noncoherent sequence detection （NSD）, the performance of the proposed algorithms is much superior to that of MS-DFD and a little inferior to that of NSD, while the complexity is lower than that of MS-DFD in most cases and significantly lower than that of NSD.

LDPC based differential unitary space-frequency coding for MIMO-OFDM systems

This paper proposes a novel LDPC based differential unitary space-frequency coding (DUSFC) scheme for MIMO-OFDM systems when neither the transmitter nor the receiver has access to the channel state information (CSI). The new DUSFC strategy basically consists of coding across transmit antennas and OFDM tones simultaneously as well as differential modulation in the time-domain. It can fully exploit the inherent advantages provided by the multipath fading channels, resulting in a high degree of diversity. The state-of-the-art low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are concatenated with our DUSFC as channel coding to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance considerably. Owing to the maximum multipath diversity and large coding advantages, LDPC-DUSFC strongly outperforms the differential unitary space-time coded OFDM techniques re- cently proposed in literature. The corresponding iterative decoding algorithm without channel estimation is finally provided to offer significant performance gain. Simulation results illustrate the merits of the proposed scheme.

Differential Space Frequency Mapping Schemes and Norm Criterion

This paper proposed four types of differential modulation to map the unitary code into the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) signal. The time-varying channel model is established and the norm of detection metric is deduced. The norm is the inherent interference of the time-varying channel, so it can be used as criterion to evaluate the performance of the mapping schemes. The simulation results agree with the analytic conclusion.

一种新的快衰落信道下的差分Unitary时空编码调制方法

该文提出了一种新的基于循环对角群码的差分Unitary时空编码调制方法,这种新方法通过改变发送符号的顺序来降低快衰落信道时变对解码造成的影响,从而提高在快衰落信道下的性能。这种性能的提高是以处理时延和额外能量开销的增加为代价的,在实际应用中需要在这两者之间寻求平衡,处理时延越大,额外的能量开销就越小,反之亦然。与传统的差分Unitary时空编码调制方法比较,理论分析和matlab做的Monte Carlo仿真结果表明, 在快衰落信道下,提出的差分Unitary时空编码调制方法可获得明显的性能增益,能够显著降低系统的成对差错概率和误比特率。

Dual constellations space-time modulation

Next generation communication systems will be expected to operate under environment with high-speed motion and increasing number of antennas where it will be difficult or even impractical to estimate the real-time channel coefficients. For this reason, the DSTM (differential space time modulation) and USTM (unitary space time modulation) approaches that do not require the channel estimation became hot topics in recent years. In this paper, we propose a general approach to designing high spectral-efficiency signaling schemes. A novel modulation, dual constellations space-time modulation (DCSTM), is derived by extending DSTM and USTM theoretically. DCSTM preserves the good features of USTM such as low error rate and the capability of being demodulated without channel estimation. At the same time, it enhances the spectral efficiency and reduces the complexity of the modulation/demodulation. It can be adapted to different data rates and thus has a wider applicable area. Simulation results verify the theoretical analysis and the design of the new modulation method.

Differential space-time block-diagonal codes

A new differential space-time code, called differential space-time block-diagonal code （DSTBDC）, is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） wireless communication systems. By exploiting the block-diagonal construction of DSTBDC, we can design a variety of high-performance DSTBDC, especially for the cases of large numbers of transmit antennas and high date rates. In flat fading channels, DSTBDC outperforms traditional differential space-time codes if the data rate is higher than 1 bps/Hz, especially when the number of transmit antennas is large. In frequency-selective fading channels, multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （MIMO-OFDM） systems using DSTBDC have the powerful ability to achieve very high diversity gain in space, time, and frequency simultaneously. Due to the special orthogonal construction, DSTBDC has a simple decoding algorithm. In addition, DSTBDC can significantly save the cost of radio frequency circuits.

A construction of fully diverse unitary space-time codes

Fully diverse unitary space-time codes are useful in multiantenna communications, especially in multiantenna differential modulation. Recently, two constructions of parametric fully diverse unitary space-time codes for three antennas system have been introduced. We propose a new construction method based on the constructions. In the present paper, fully diverse codes for systems of odd prime number antennas are obtained from this construction. Space-time codes from present construction are found to have better error performance than many best known ones.

CONSTRUCTIONS OF UNITARY SPACE-TIME CODES WITH FULL DIVERSITY

The problem of constructing unitary space-time codes with high diversity product has been studied in many prior works.Recently,constructions of parametric fully diverse unitary space-time codes for prime number antennas system have been introduced.In this paper,the authors propose new construction methods based on these constructions.And fully diverse codes of any number antennas are obtained from these constructions.Unitary space-time codes from present constructions are found to have better error performance than many best known ones.

多中继协同差分宽带通信性能优化

多中继协同的差分宽带通信方法能得到完全的协同分集和频率分集增益,为了优化误比特性能,以均值信噪比最大为准则,对影响均值信噪比的多个参数进行理论分析和优化求解。理论分析表明中继个数和中继位置是关于均值信噪比的非凸函数且优化解在边界点上。为使优化更有实际意义,确定了常用的中继个数和中继位置取值,在此基础上得到了功率分配因子和最大比合并因子的最优解。仿真实验结果验证了理论分析及参数优化解的有效性,以及多参数优化误比特性能的优越性。另外,理论分析和仿真结果还给出了合理选择中继个数和中继位置的方法。

一种低复杂度的差分酉空时调制多符号球形译码算法

该文提出了一种瑞利衰落信道下差分酉空时调制系统中多符号差分球形译码的改进算法。该算法在执行球形译码的最大似然度量搜索时,仅对具有较小最大似然度量的部分测试符号进行搜索,从而大大减少了搜索的次数,同时提出了一种逐项进行的最大似然度量计算方法,可以尽早发现超过搜索范围的测试符号并终止计算,在避免无谓的运算负担的同时得到所需的具有较小最大似然度量的部分测试符号。仿真表明,在适中的信噪比范围内,该算法在牺牲少量系统性能的基础上降低了超过50%的运算量。

莱斯快衰落信道下差分酉空时调制的性能

无线衰落信道的快速时变给空时调制和编码算法带来极大的难度,该文将一个信道分为常数镜像部分和时变漫射部分,在此基础上,借助AR模型讨论其中漫射信道系数的逐符号变化。随着SNR的增大,对系统性能起主要影响的是信道的变化。借助平方酉信号和AR模型,推导出在时变信道下存在一个SNR极限,并给出这个极限的具体值。同时,借助SNR极限和基本差分表达式,给出差分调制下成对误差概率的近似表达式。最后,给出一些相应的仿真,对上述推导进行验证。